Download Forensic Science powerpoint Chapter 31 Criminal

Forensic Science
An Introduction to Scientific and
Investigative Techniques
Stuart H. James and Jon J. Nordby
Chapter 31
CRC Press: Forensic Science, James
and Nordby, 2nd Edition
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Chapter 31
Criminal Personality
Profiling
Chapter Authors:
Michael R. Napier and Kenneth P. Baker
•
Chapter 31
Presentation created by Greg Galardi, Peru, Nebraska
CRC Press: Forensic Science, James
and Nordby, 2nd Edition
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Criminal Personality Profiling
•
Purpose of offender profiling is to help
investigators to narrow the field of
suspects based on the characteristics
of the crime scene and initial
investigative information
Chapter 31
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and Nordby, 2nd Edition
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Criminal Personality Profiling
•
FBI Behavioral Sciences Unit has
developed an accepted investigative
tool for officers tasked with solving
violent crimes by understanding certain
aspects of violent criminal behavior
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Criminal Personality Profiling
•
•
Policing today is performed by
professionals possessing better
education and training
These individuals use advancements in
forensic science and investigations to
their advantage to assist in solving
crime
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Criminal Personality Profiling
•
Profiling process provides an approach to
conduct a thorough and competent
behaviorally based examination of crime
scenes and investigations of violent crimes
that display characteristics amenable to
profiling process
•
Behavioral evidence at crime scenes may
give insight into characteristics of offender
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Expert Test
Experts should meet following criteria:
•
Has expert had opportunity to review
criminological research at FBI BSU,
academicians or other law
enforcement researchers
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Expert Test
Has expert been trained extensively in
theoretical and behavioral aspects of
criminal behavior, crime scene
reconstruction, criminalistics and other
forensic fields
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Expert Test
Does expert have extensive
investigative experience involving
violent crimes, hands on processing of
crime scenes, examining effects of
wounding and injuries, observing
autopsies, and applying criminal
analysis to wide range of violent crimes
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Expert Test
Does the expert approach the
investigation of an unsolved violent
crime from a law enforcement
perspective rather than a clinical
psychology one?
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History of Profiling and Criminal
Investigative Analysis
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Sherlock Holmes and Charlie Chan
brought common place crime solving
skills into play
•
Experienced investigators of violent
crime develop a cumulative sense of
offender traits
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History of Profiling and Criminal
Investigative Analysis
•
•
During the 1950s and 1960s, a select
cadre of sworn law enforcement
officers was selected to attend FBI
Academy
As new techniques were developed,
ideas were shared which would
promulgate cooperative crime solving
methods
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History of Profiling and Criminal
Investigative Analysis
•
•
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FBI developed Behavioral Science Unit
Development of quantitative and
qualitative research was done
Face to face interviews with convicted
offenders were done to better
understand criminal behavior and
conduct
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Criminal Investigative Analysis
Processes of criminal investigative
analysis are:
•
•
•
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Crime from a behavioral perspective
Criminal personality profiling
Crime scene analysis and
reconstruction
Search warrant applications
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Criminal Investigative Analysis
•
•
•
•
•
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Investigative strategies
Interview and interrogation strategies
Prosecution strategies
Case linkage of serial offenses
Equivocal death analyses
Threat analyses
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General Concepts
•
National Center for the Analysis of
Behavioral Crime is operational
successor of FBI’s Behavioral Science
Unit
•
CIA collection and processes have
been very successful in assisting in the
apprehension of criminals
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Profiling
Profiling is defined as the identification
of certain characteristics of an
unknown, unidentified offender based
on the way he committed a violent act,
and his interactions with the victim
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Descriptive Traits of Offender
•
Some traits are learned from
witnesses, but most valuable are
from combination of:
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Crime scene examination
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Investigative experience
•
continued…
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Descriptive Traits of Offender
•
•
•
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Understanding of offender and victim
behaviors
Knowledge of wound patterns
Knowledge of forensic evidence
Results of research conducted by
FBI/BSU
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Categories of Profiling Descriptors
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Categories include:
• Sex
• Race
• Age
• Criminal History
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Categories of Profiling Descriptors
•
•
•
•
•
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Employment History
Social Adjustment
Sexual adjustment or abnormalities
Alcohol or drug usage
Educational level
Interpersonal skills
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Victimology
Victimology – victim’s history that
impacts the analysis of a crime and
the behavioral study of a victim of
a violent crime
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Victimology
Victimology examines areas
including victim’s reputation,
lifestyle, habits, associates, and
pastimes to form an opinion about
individual’s risk of becoming a
crime victim
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Victimology
•
Goal of victimology in investigation is
to answer critical questions:
•
•
Why was that person attacked instead of
another person?
Was the victim’s lifestyle a contributing
factor toward victimization?
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Victimology
By learning the personality, attitudes,
lifestyle habits and perspectives of a
victim, the crime scene and offense can
be better analyzed and evaluated for a
better behavioral understanding of
what transpired and why crime
occurred.
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Trophy or Souvenir- What is
Taken from Victim?
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Difference in offenders is
demonstrated by items taken from
victim and categorization of those
items:
Evidentiary
• Valuables
• Psychological
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Trophy or Souvenir- What is
Taken from Victim?
Depending on the perspective
of the criminal, items taken
from victims may represent
trophies or souvenirs
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Trophy
Is the item significant to the
offender as an accomplishment
or a victory and is a trophy of
his action
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Souvenir
Is the item taken a fondly
remembered occurrence and
retained as a souvenir for
conclusion in masturbatory
fantasies
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Three Axioms for Offender Profiling
Behavior reflects personality:
How a person acts helps to
determine their personality.
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Three Axioms for Offender Profiling
Behavior left at a crime scene can be
discerned:
Evidence left at crime, such as DNA,
prints, hair, blood, threads from
clothing, leaves behind traces of
behavior
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Three Axioms for Offender Profiling
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Cumulative research into human
behavior by the FBI and many others
has allowed behavioralists to classify
offenders into typologies
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Analysis of the Three Axioms
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To offer and analysis, investigators
must:
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•
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Base analysis on concrete data
Not venture forth and offer an opinion
before a conclusive observation of all
evidence is reviewed
Not use flawed or inaccurate data in
determination of final analysis
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Results: Type of Analysis
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Crime Analysis- Investigator gathers all
available data about commission of
criminal act, the victim and offender
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Each act or behavior at a crime scene
is examined by asking why and how
event occurred
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Results: Crime Analysis
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What type f person would have acted in
that manner?
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Crime analysis generally allows
investigator to reconstruct interaction
between offender ad the victim, and
permits explanation of individual
pieces of crime scene puzzle
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Results: Crime Analysis
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Process of crime scene analysis
allows for a better understanding
of offender’s motivation, criminal
sophistication, and possible prior
relationship with victim
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Results: Crime Analysis
•
•
As new evidence arrives during crime
analysis, investigator may rethink his
analysis, and adjust his interview and
investigative strategies
Logical thinking and specific
parameters should be used by
investigators
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Results: Crime Analysis
•
Examples of bodies of knowledge
necessary for successful investigator:
• Knowledge and limitations of
scientific techniques
• Understanding of criminal thinking
practically and academically
• Special expertise of criminal
investigators
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Crime Scene Reconstruction
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Crime scene reconstruction allows
crime scene investigator to
understand how victim was
approached and controlled, and
interactions between victim and
offender
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Crime Scene Reconstruction
Critical part of crime analysis is
to be able to reconstruct and
sequence criminal acts as they
occurred in interaction between
victim and offender
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Crime Scene Reconstruction
•
•
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Assists investigator in getting a better
feel for the crime: how and why crime
occurred
Level of spontaneity or planning of
crime by offender may be ascertained
Allows investigator to have a broader
foundation of knowledge to conduct
investigation
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Investigative and Prosecutorial
Strategies
Strategizing over investigation of crime
is part of investigator’s approach
Avenues for exploration and
psychological strengths or weaknesses
of individuals may be part of
investigative strategy
•
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Investigative and Prosecutorial
Strategies
•
Preparation of inclusive or partial
media statements can assist in framing
vulnerabilities of suspect and allow for
insider information to be withheld
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Investigative and Prosecutorial
Strategies
•
Prosecutors may use knowledge of
offender behavior and motivation
to:
•
•
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Arrange proof offered in a specific
manner
Structure questions specifically
Order questions specifically
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Investigative and Prosecutorial
Strategies
•
Prosecutor strategy continued;
•
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Include trigger terminology of special
significance to defendant
Use inside information to tie together
themes in prosecution strategy and
include information in arguments
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Interview and Interrogation
Strategies
Case resolution often rests with
results of investigator’s interview
and interrogation skills
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Interview and Interrogation
Strategies
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Two prongs of offender specific
interview and interrogation strategies:
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Behavioral evidence from crime scene
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Specific background and behavioral traits
of suspect
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Interview and Interrogation
Strategies
Prong one involves behavioral
evidence retrieved from crime scene
Evidence reveals information about
offender’s criminal makeupmotivation, skill, victim selection
process, interpersonal skills, anger
control, criminal sophistication, and
personal elements
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Interview and Interrogation
Strategies
Prong two involves the specific
background and behavioral traits of a
suspect
Valuable source of information about
suspect can be retrieved from police
officers who had prior contact with
suspect
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Interview and Interrogation
Strategies
Prong two continued:
•
•
•
Suspects have favorite mechanisms they
use without conscious thought to protect
their self concept
These are developed and honed over
years
Deeply ingrained within their personality
and have become second nature
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Interview and Interrogation
Strategies
Prong two continued:
•
•
•
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Criminals rely on three ego-defense
mechanisms called RPMs:
R- Rationalization
P- Projection
M- Minimization
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Interview and Interrogation
Strategies
Through a combination of these RPM
mechanisms, a suspect changes
objective reality to a personalized view,
and “saves face’ and feels better about
his action(s)
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Interview and Interrogation
Strategies
•
•
•
One of the principle goals of the investigator
is to tap into suspects protective mental
process
Investigator gives impression he
understands suspect’s criminal behavior
Allows criminal to believe his actions are
understandable
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Case Linkages for Serial
Offenses
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MO has three general purposes for the
criminal:
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•
•
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Enable completion of criminal act
Prevent offender’s identification
Ease escape of criminal
MO may be all information investigator
has available to use for investigation
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Case Linkages for Serial
Offenses
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More reliable method for case linkage is
recognition of aspects within a crime that go
beyond elements of MO. These may include:
•
•
•
Psychological drives of criminals and particularly
psychosexual drives of sex offenders
Repeated behavior of suspect at scenes
Unique behavior of suspect at scene
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Equivocal Death Analyses
•
•
Equivocal death involves knowing
cause of death but not accurate manner
of death
Data are placed into one of eight
columns which address factors
consistent or inconsistent with types of
death
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Equivocal Death Analyses
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Crime scene indicators coupled with
victimology and other data from initial
investigations are used to provide clear
and compelling evidence for
determining the proper manner of
death
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Equivocal Death Analyses
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Eight investigative findings to be
evaluated:
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Factors consistent with homicide
Factors inconsistent with homicide
Factors consistent with suicide
Factors inconsistent with suicide
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Equivocal Death Analyses
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Eight investigative findings to be
evaluated, continued:
•
•
•
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Factors consistent with accidental death
Factors inconsistent with accidental death
Factors consistent with natural causes
Factors inconsistent with natural causes
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Equivocal Death Analyses
•
Goal is to arrive at a preponderance of
the factors listed under one heading
•
A systematic and thorough review of all
evidence should lead to an
investigative conclusion as to the
manner of death
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Search Warrant Application
•
•
•
CIA may be used in search warrant
applications
Description of what occurred during
commission of crime and what
behavior reveals about suspect can be
correlated to suspect
Additional information such as criminal
acts, or past criminal activities can be
tied to current activities of suspect
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Concepts and Applications in
Sexual Assault Investigations
Victim risk includes subjectively
classifying victims according to
their vulnerability to violent crime
based on their everyday lifestyles
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Concepts and Applications in
Sexual Assault Investigations
Victim risk classifications are:
•
•
•
High risk
Moderate risk
Low risk
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Offender Risk Assessment
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Factors to consider for offender risk
assessment are:
•
•
Risk assessment of victim
Concern or lack of concern of offender
being caught due to factors such as time
of day, witness potential, identity
concealment, presence of alarms or
security cameras
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Victim Selection
•
•
Psychological process of selecting
victims range from simple to complex
Victim selection may be based on:
•
•
•
•
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Associational level with offender
Idealized typing of victim by offender
Availability of victim
Established rules for victims by suspect
Ability of suspect to control victim
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Offender Typologies
•
•
•
Roy Hazelwood was one of premier
designers of CIA process
Designed typologies for six categories
of rapists
Categories included manipulation of
power, expression of anger, with
subdivisions within each category
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Offender Typologies
•
•
Additional categories included rapists
who raped incidental to another crime,
and lonely heart rapists looking for
sexual arousal
Hazelwood also offered typologies in
relationships between victim and
offender, offender’s residency in
relationship to victim, prior criminal
offending, offender’s age and race, etc
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False Allegations
False allegation is defined as an
unfounded claim of having been
sexually assaulted , or having
received threatening or obscene
notes or telephone calls
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False Allegations
•
Impact of false allegation is twofold:
•
Investigative resources are spread thin by
investigation of false allegations
•
Legitimate victims may receive less
resources due to investment of time and
money in false allegations
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Applications in Homicide
Investigations
•
Two distinct patterns in homicidal
offenders:
•
Organized Offender
•
Disorganized Offender
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Patterns of Homicidal Offenders
•
Organized offender may have:
•
Planned and rehearsed crime in detail
•
Allowed for variances
•
Conceived crime and locations
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Patterns of Homicidal Offenders
Organized offender may have…
•
•
•
Determined what tools are needed to
efficiently deal with victims
Determined what is necessary to prevent
identification and apprehension
Left little to chance and selected victim
who can not be linked to him
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Patterns of Homicidal Offenders
•
Disorganized Offender is characterized:
•
•
•
By impulsiveness and thoughtlessness of
crime
By crime scenes which are messy and
chaotic
By relying on tools at scene to commit
crime
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Patterns of Homicidal Offenders
•
Disorganized Offender is
characterized by :
•
•
Lack of planning leaves abundant clues at
scene
Offender’s ability to approach, obtain, and
maintain control of the victim throughout
crime being present
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Sexual Homicide Characteristics
•
•
•
Sexual homicides can be characterized
by criminal acts performed on the body
Exposure of sexual anatomy, insertion
of foreign objects, redressing of
victims may be present
Staging may be used to misdirect
investigation
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Sexual Homicide Characteristics
•
Meticulous examination of victim’s
lifestyle and examination of offender’s
past behavior or comments concerning
the victim may lead to clues of the
identity of the offender
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Lust Murder
•
Lust murder is defined as criminal acts
involving an assault of sexual parts of a
body
•
Mutilation of victim’s body parts occurs
•
Mutilation must have been intentionally
inflicted postmortem
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Body Disposal Choices
•
Body location and methodology are
clues to revealing a prior victimoffender relationship, offender
sophistication level, degree of planning
by offender, victim representation of a
class of people, and offender
knowledge of disposal site
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Body Disposal Choices
•
•
•
Abandoning or dumping a body where
it fell may be a sign of lack of planning
or forethought
May exhibit a pattern of disorder
Offender who conceals body and
evidence suggests he has thought
about commission of crime, and may
reflect an organized offender
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Body Disposal Choices
•
Posing of a body by offender may
suggest:
•
•
Is leaving body in way that offends
discovering party or society, overall
Offender may be expressing his inner
thoughts or anger and hatred toward
victim or other represented by victimprostitutes, drug dealers, etc
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Body Disposal Choices
Each time an offender moves a
body, new crime scenes are
established, and the possibility
of evidence linking offender to
victim increases
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Body Disposal Choices
Moving may infer another step
in offender process, concealing
of body, or movement to a
specific area noted for an
activity – lover’s lane, waste
dump, etc.
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Crime Scene Staging
•
Crime scene staging involves acts that
are committed to send the investigation
off course and away from the offender
•
Spouses may stage a robbery or
burglary to hide murder
•
Innocent people may move body due to
being personally disturbed by scene
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Crime Scene Staging
•
Investigator who thoroughly examines
crime scene may find details which are
inconsistent with logical progression or
evidence presented by crime scene
•
Emotional or unemotional displays or
inconsistencies in stories of witnesses
should alert investigator to staging
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