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1912–1920
CHAPTER 20
WAR AND
REVOLUTION
CREATED EQUAL
JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ
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“Let the capitalists do their own
fighting and furnish their own corpses,
and there will never be another war on
the face of the earth.”
Eugene Debs, Socialist, 1914
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TIMELINE
1908
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Austro-Hungarian Empire annexes Bosnia-Herzogovina
Madero overthrows Diaz in Mexico
Socialist Party member elected to U.S. House of Representatives
In Mexico Madero assassinated; Huerta
Huerta forced out of office in Mexico; Pancho Villa leads revolt against
Carranza
NAACP has membership of 6,000 in 50 branches in the U.S.
June: Austrian Archduke Ferdinand and wife shot and killed in Sarajevo
Wilson sends troops to Haiti and the Dominican Republic
British liner the Lusitania sunk by German U-boat
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TIMELINE continued
1917
1918
U.S. buys Danish West Indies
Germany announces unlimited submarine warfare in the Atlantic
Revolution in Russia
April: U.S. Congress votes to enter the war
June: Espionage Act passed by Congress
June: First U.S. soldiers arrive in France
January: President Wilson’s 14 Points address (League of Nations)
March: German offensive along the Somme River
May: Sedition Act
July: Allied counteroffensive begins
October: Germans propose armistice based on the 14 Points
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TIMELINE continued
1919
The Nineteenth Amendment ratified giving women the vote
The Treaty of Versailles
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WAR AND REVOLUTION
Overview
 A World in Upheaval
 The Great War and American Neutrality
 The United States Goes to War
 The Struggle to Win Peace
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A WORLD IN UPHEAVAL
 The Apex of European Conquest
 Confronting Revolutions Abroad
 Conflicts Over Hierarchies At Home
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The Apex of European Conquest
 Central Powers: Germany, Austria, and Italy
 Triple Entente or Allies: France, Russia, and
Britain
 Austro-Hungary expands by annexing
Bosnia-Herzogovina
 Goals of both to dominate the Balkans and
control the Mediterranean Sea
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Confronting Revolutions Abroad
 Haiti and the Dominican Republic
 Mexico
 Diaz
 Madero
 Huerta
 Carranza
 Villa
 General Pershing
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Conflicts Over Hierarchies At Home
African Americans
 African Americans
 Jim Thorpe and the 1912 Olympic Games in Sweden
 Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race
 D.W. Griffith inspires rebirth of Ku Klux Klan with Birth of a
Nation
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Conflicts Over Hierarchies at Home
Women
 Women
 Jeannette Rankin, Congresswoman from Montana
 Carrie Chapman Catt and the American Women
Suffrage
 Alice Paul and the militant National Women’s Party
 Sheppard-Towner Act
 Socialist Margaret Sanger and birth control
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Conflict Over Hierarchies at Home
Workers
 Workers
 60% of wealth belongs to 2% of population
 Socialist Party and the Industrial Workers of the World
 Strikes and Violence
 Rockefeller’s Colorado Fuel and Iron Company
 The Department of Labor
 William B. Wilson
 U.S. Committee on Industrial Relations
 Frank Walsh
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THE GREAT WAR AND
AMERICAN NEUTRALITY
 “The One Great Nation at Peace”
 Reform Priorities at Home
 The Great Migration
 Limits to American Neutrality
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“The One Great Nation
at Peace”
 Neutrality is profitable: farm and factories trade
abroad, banks loan money to the Entente, and the U.S.
is no longer a debtor nation.
 The new-style warfare: machine guns, poison gas,
trench warfare.
 Neutrality makes political sense: new, diverse
European immigrants doing battle in their old
homelands? European hatreds dangerous to the balance
of the diverse American communities
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Reform Priorities at Home
 The Progressive Movement
The Federal Reserve Act
Federal Reserve Board
Underwood-Simmons Tariff
Clayton Antitrust Act
Sherman Antitrust Act
Keating-Owens Act
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The Great Migration
 At least 500,000 African
Americans moved from the South
to northern cities
 Mexican and Mexican Americans
in jobs across the Southwest and
Midwest
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Limits to American
Neutrality
 The British pull
 Economic ties to the Allies
 Theodore Roosevelt leads in preparing
nation for war. “. . .the only way to yank the
hyphen out of America.”
 Opposition to war from Progressives;
 Debs: “Let the capitalists do their own fighting
and furnish their own corpses, and there will
never be another war.
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THE UNITED STATES GOES
TO WAR
 The Logic of Belligerency
 Mobilizing the Home Front
 Ensuring Unity
 The War in Europe
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The Logic of Belligerency
 Neutral nation’s right to trade with belligerents
dealt blow by German U-boats and civilian deaths
 Sinking of the Lusitania, Arabic, Sussex
 Mexico and Germany
 April 6, 1917: Congress votes to enter the “war to
end all wars”
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Mobilizing the Home Front
 The War Industries Board
 The Shipping Board
 Food Administration
 Fuel Administration
 Railroad Administration
 War Trade Board
 War Labor Board
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Ensuring Unity
 Creel Committee
 George Creel sells the war to the public with pamphlets,
leaflets, anti-German posters, and movies
 Espionage Act: $10,000 fine and 20 years for
obstructing the draft or encouraging disloyalty
 Sedition Act: Extends Espionage Act to “disloyal,
profane, scurrilous, or abusive language” toward
government, Constitution, flag or military
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The War in Europe
 American Expeditionary Force
 Gen. John J. Pershing
 July 4th 1917: Americans parade in Paris
 260,00 African Americans serve in WWI. Assigned
menial jobs, barred from Marines
 October: Allies stop Germans 40 miles from Paris
 Allies’ Meuse-Argonne counterattack on July
18th, 1918
 Russian Revolution
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Casualties
of the
Great War,
1914-1918
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THE STRUGGLE TO
WIN PEACE
 Peacemaking and the Versailles Treaty
 Waging Counterrevolution Abroad
 The Red and Black Scares at Home
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Peacemaking and the
Versailles Treaty
 The “Big Three”:
 Woodrow Wilson of America
 David Lloyd George of Great Britain
 Georges Clemenceau of France
 The Negotiations





Germany loses the Saar Valley
“The Polish Corridor” divides Germany
Germany army and navy reduced
Reparations of $33 billion
“War Guilt” clause
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Waging Counterrevolution Abroad
 The Russian Bolshevik Revolution
 Trotsky and Lenin
 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
 Russian and German peace agreement
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The Red and Black Scares at Home
 Labor strikes
 1 out of 5 workers on strike in 1919
 AFL in Pittsburgh and the United Mine Workers
 Boston police force
 The “Red Scare”
 Pinkertons and the Baldwin-Felts
 “Palmer raids”
 The “Black Scare”
 Increased lynchings; William Brown in Omaha
 Greenwood in Tulsa and Rosewood in Florida
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Europe
After
World
War I
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