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MENTAL HEALTH
PROBLEMS
AND
INTERVENTION
Famous People Who Have Had
Mental Illness
Vincent van Gogh
The gifted Dutch PostImpressionist artist, Vincent
van Gogh, had his life
shattered by mental illness.
Vincent van Gogh suffered
from Bipolar I Disorder at a
time in history when there was
no treatment for this common
disorder. Tragically, Van Gogh
died of suicide.
Famous People Who Have Had
Mental Illness
Hans Christian Anderson, Ludwig Von
Beethoven, Winston Churchill, Charles
Darwin, Thomas Edison, Johan Goethe,
Ernest Hemingway, Victor Hugo, John Keats,
Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther,
Michelangelo, Florence Nightingale, Robert
Louis Stevenson, Sir Isaac Newton.
Mental Illness Ranks Second In
Terms of Causing Disability
• Study, conducted by the World Health
Organization, the World Bank, and
Harvard University, reveal that mental
illness, including suicide, ranks second
in the burden of disease in established
market economies, such as the United
States ... Nearly two-thirds of all people
with diagnosable mental disorders do
not seek treatment.
Mental Illness Ranks Second In
Terms of Causing Disability
• In developed countries, the ten leading
causes of lost years of healthy life at ages
15-44 were: (1) Major Depressive Disorder,
(2) Alcohol Use, (3) Road Traffic Accidents,
(4) Schizophrenia, (5) Self-Inflicted Injuries,
(6) Bipolar Disorder, (7) Drug Use,
(8) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders,
(9) Osteoarthritis, (10) Violence.
DISORDERS
Adjustment Disorder
Painting by Van Gogh
Anxiety Disorders
• Acute Stress Disorder
• Panic Disorder
• Agoraphobia Without History
of Panic Disorder
• Social Phobia
• Specific Phobia (formerly
Simple Phobia)
• Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder
DISORDERS
Painting by Van Gogh
Childhood Disorders
• Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder
• Autistic Disorder
• Conduct Disorder
• Oppositional Defiant Disorder
• Separation Anxiety Disorder
Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
DISORDERS
Painting by Van Gogh
Mood Disorders
• Major Depressive Disorder
• Bipolar Disorder (Manic
Depression)
• Cognitive Disorders
(Delirium, Dementia,
Amnestic Disorders)
• Dementia Associated With
Alcoholism
• Dementia of the Alzheimer
Type
• Dementia
DISORDERS
Painting by Van Gogh
• Schizophrenia & Other
Psychotic Disorders
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Schizophrenia
Delusional Disorder
Schizoaffective Disorder
Shared Psychotic Disorder
DISORDERS
Substance-Related
Disorders
Painting by Van Gogh
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Alcohol Dependence
Amphetamine Dependence
Cannabis Dependence
Cocaine Dependence
Hallucinogen Dependence
Inhalant Dependence
Nicotine Dependence
Opioid Dependence
Phencyclidine Dependence
Sedative Dependence
DISORDERS
Painting by Van Gogh
Personality Disorders
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Paranoid Personality Disorder
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Borderline Personality Disorder
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Dependent Personality Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive
Personality Disorder
Personality Disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by
inflexible and enduring behavior patterns
that impair social functioning.
Paranoid Personality Disorder
• Paranoid personality
disorder is
characterized by a
distrust of others
and a constant
suspicion that people
around you have
sinister motives.
Paranoid Personality Disorder
• They search for hidden meanings in
everything and read hostile intentions into
the actions of others.
• They are quick to challenge the loyalties of
friends and loved ones and often appear cold
and distant to others. They usually shift
blame to others and tend to carry long
grudges.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
• antisocial personality disorder is
characterized by a lack of conscience
•People with this disorder are prone to
criminal behavior, believing that their victims
are weak and deserving of being taken
advantage of. They tend to lie and steal
Antisocial Personality Disorder
• they are careless with money and take
action without thinking about
consequences
They are often aggressive and are much
more concerned with their own needs
than the needs of others.
Borderline Personality Disorder
• characterized by mood instability and
poor self-image
People with this disorder are prone to
constant mood swings and bouts of
anger.
Borderline Personality
Disorder
• they will take their
anger out on
themselves, causing
themselves injury
Suicidal threats and actions
are not uncommon
They are quick to anger when their
expectations are not met.
Histrionic Personality Disorder
• constant attention seekers
They need to be the center of
attention all the time, often
interrupting others in order to
dominate the conversation.
Histrionic Personality
Disorder
• They may dress
provocatively or
exaggerate
illnesses in order
to gain attention.
They also tend to exaggerate friendships
and relationships, believing that everyone
loves them
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
• characterized
by selfcenteredness
They exaggerate their achievements,
expecting others to recognize them as
being superior
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
They tend to be
choosy about
picking friends,
since they believe
that not just
anyone is worthy of
being their friend.
They are generally uninterested in the
feelings of others and may take advantage
of them.
Schizoid Personality Disorder
• People with schizoid
personality disorder
avoid relationships
and do not show
much emotion
They genuinely prefer to be alone and do
not secretly wish for popularity.
Schizoid Personality Disorder
• They tend to seek jobs that require
little social contact
Their social skills are often weak and they
do not show a need for attention or
acceptance
They are perceived as humorless and
distant and often are termed "loners."
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
• characterized by a need for social
isolation, odd behavior and thinking, and
often unconventional beliefs such as
being convinced of having extra sensory
abilities.
• Some people believe that schizotypal
personality disorder is a mild form of
schizophrenia.
Avoidant personality disorder
• characterized by a pervasive pattern of
social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy,
and extreme sensitivity to negative
evaluation.
• consider themselves to be socially inept
or personally unappealing, and avoid
social interaction for fear of being
ridiculed or humiliated.
Dependent personality disorder
• characterized by a pervasive
psychological dependence on other
people.
• has difficulty making everyday decisions
without an excessive amount of advice
and reassurance from others
Obsessive Compulsive Personality
Disorder
• characterized by a general psychological
inflexibility, rigid conformity to rules
and procedures, perfectionism, and
excessive orderliness.
• people with OCPD tend to stress
perfectionism above all else, and feel
anxious when they perceive that things
aren't "right".
DIAGNOSIS & INTERVENTION
• Case History
• Clinical Diagnosis
• Psychometry
Projective Tests
Inventories
Psychiatric
Hospitalization
Intervention with medicine
Psychotherapeutic
Psychotherapy
(Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
Psychoanalysis, Play Therapy)
Counselling
Non-clinical Counseling,
Family/Group Counseling
Martin Seligman says…….
# Psychology is not just the study of
disease, weakness & damage; it is also
the study of strength & virtue.
# Treatment is not just fixing what is wrong;
it is also building what is right.
# Psychology is not just about illness or
health; it is also about work, education,
insight, love, growth, and play.
Happiness : Definition
A good life is one that is
characterized by complete
absorption in what one does.
…..Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi.
“In Flow” means
• Intense and focused concentration on
what one is doing now.
• Merging of Action & Awareness.
• Loss of Self-Consciousness.
• A sense that one can control one’s action.
• Distortion of temporal experience ( as if
time has passed faster than normal).
• Intrinsically Rewarding Experience.
Satisfaction with Life Scale
There are 5 statements that you may agree or
disagree with on 1-7 scale:
7 Strongly Agree
6 Agree
5 Slightly Agree
4 Neither Agree
nor Disagree
3 Slightly Disagree
2 Disagree
1 Strongly Disagree
---In most ways my life is close
to my ideal.
---Conditions of my life are excellent.
---I am satisfied with my life.
---So far I have got the important
things I want in life.
---If I could live my life over, I would
change almost nothing.
Satisfaction with Life Scale
Scoring & Interpretation of the Scale
5-9
10-14
15-19
20
21-25
26-30
31-35
Extremely Dissatisfied with your Life.
Very Dissatisfied with your Life.
Slightly Dissatisfied with your Life.
About Neutral.
Somewhat Satisfied with your Life.
Very Satisfied with your Life.
Extremely Satisfied with your Life.
SETTING GOALS FOR LIFE & HAPPINESS
Goals are the means by which values & dreams are
translated into reality. Happiness does not just happen. It
has to be earned by thinking, planning, and the constant
pursuit of values – both in work and in love – over the
course of a lifetime. Goal-directed action is therefore
critical to positive psychology.
Blocks to Goal Achievement
1. Irrationalism (pursuing one’s wishes ahead of reality).
2. Unwillingness to put forth mental & physical effort – both
in work and in love.
3. Fear.
PASSION TO KNOW
• According to ‘Discover’ magazine – “the
most heavily attended internet event ever”
was not about a celebrity or sports, but the
on-line photo exhibit of Mars received from
NASA’s Pathfinder spacecraft. Its homepage received an incredible 566 million
hits!!
• We want to know things simply because
they are interesting.
UNIQUENESS SEEKING
• The perception that the self is either highly
similar or highly dissimilar to others arouses
negative emotions.
• People should be happiest when perceiving that
they are moderately different relative to others.
• However, uniqueness seeking benefits society
by promoting diversity. As people seek to
differentiate themselves from others, they
pursue different interest & goals. It reduces
competition & conflict over limited resources.
RELATIONSHIP CONNECTION
• Enhancement of Closeness brings happiness.
• Close relationship is one of strong, frequent, and diverse
interdependence that lasts over a considerable period.
• Close relationship is not just a form of togetherness but a
ceaseless flowing back and forth between joining and
separating.
• Minding Model refers to behaviour of partners toward:
Knowing and Being Known,
Attribution,
Acceptance & Respect.
GRATITUDE
• Gratitude is a valued subjective
experience, a source of human strength
and promoter of civility.
• Gratitude is, at the same time, private &
public; personal & communal.
• Gratitude provides life meaning, by
encapsulating life itself as a gift.
FOGIVENESS
• Forgiveness is a response with redemptive
consequences for transgressors & their victims.
• Forgiveness is human virtue worth cultivating.
• Forgiveness is a form of social capital that helps
social units such as marriage, families and
communities to operate more harmoniously.
• Avoidance Motivations (2,4,5,7,8,10, 12).
• Revenge Motivations (1,3,6,9,11).
TRANSGRESSION-RELATED INTERPERSONAL MOTIVATIONS SCALE
1. I’ll make him pay/her pay.
2. I keep as much distance between us as
possible.
3. I wish that something bad would happen to
him/her.
4. I live as if he/she does not exist, is not
around.
5. I do not trust him/her.
6. I want him/her to get what he/she deserves.
TRANSGRESSION-RELATED INTERPERSONAL MOTIVATIONS SCALE
7. I find it difficult to act warmly toward
him/her
8. I avoid him/her.
9. I’m going to get even.
10. I cut off the relationship with him/her.
11. I want to see him/her hurt and
miserable.
12. I withdraw from him/her.
16 KEYS TO HAPPINESS
• based on a survey of more than 6,000 people,
Steven Reiss offers new insights about what it
really takes to be happy.
• Two kinds of happiness must be distinguished:
feel-good and value-based.
• We experience value-based happiness when we
satisfy any of the 16 basic desires--the more
desires we satisfy, the more value-based
happiness we experience.
16 KEYS TO HAPPINESS
• CURIOSITY - I have a thirst for
knowledge.
• ACCEPTANCE - I have a hard time coping
with.
• ORDER - It upsets me when things are out
of place.
• PHYSICAL ACTIVITY - Physical fitness is
very important to me.
16 KEYS TO HAPPINESS
• HONOR - I am a highly principled and
loyal person.
• POWER - I often seek leadership roles.
• INDEPENDENCE - Self-reliance is
essential to my happiness.
• SOCIAL CONTACT - I am known as a funloving person.
16 KEYS TO HAPPINESS
• FAMILY - My children come first.
• STATUS - I am impressed by people who
own expensive things.
• IDEALISM - Compared with most people,
I am very concerned with social causes.
• VENGEANCE - It is very important to me
to get even with those who insult or offend
me.
16 KEYS TO HAPPINESS
• ROMANCE - Compared with my peers, I
spend much more time on love and
relationship.
• EATING - I love to eat and often fantasize
about food.
• SAVING - I hate throwing things away.
• TRANQUILITY - It scares me when my
heart beats rapidly.