Download Civil Rights PPT and Reflection

USA CIVIL RIGHTS
MOVEMENT
Civil Rights
What do you already know?
We will first review our
understanding of the African
American Movement towards
Civil Rights
So, how does the movement
start to take shape/Who was
involved/What were the goals
and outcomes/ and when did
it occur?
History
1620: First indentured servants arrive in Jamestown
1600s-1700s: Various attempts made by slaves to gain
freedom
1776: Slave trade deleted from DOI
1786: Slavery is extended for another
20 years
1793: Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin
1800s: Slave Codes are further extended and ensure
slaves have no rights
Slavery becomes obsolete In the North, though
heavy and severe discrimination persists.
1820: Missouri Compromise: Balance of slave states
1832: Nat Turner’s Rebellion (Slave codes)
History Continue
1830s: Abolition movement
1850s: Era of more and more compromises and
decisions (1850, 1854, Dred Scott Decision, John
Brown’s raid)
1860-1865: Civil War
1863: Emancipation Proclamation
1865: 13th Amendment and the start of the Jim Crow
Era
1867: 14th and 15th Amendment
Supreme Court Case:
Plessy v Ferguson
Supreme Court Case 1896
Homer Plessy 1/8 African
American, 7/8 Caucasian sat one
white only train car and was
arrested
Supreme Court Rules separate but
equal facilities are legal
Video Clip:
Jim Crow Law History
Why were they called "Jim Crow"?
The name "Jim Crow" comes from an AfricanAmerican character in a song from 1832. After the
song came out, the term "Jim Crow" was often used
to refer to African-Americans and soon the
segregation laws became known as "Jim Crow"
laws.
Jim Crow Laws
Jim Crow laws were designed to keep black and white people
apart. They touched on many aspects of society. Here are a few
examples of laws in different states:
Alabama - All passenger stations shall have separate waiting
rooms and separate ticket windows for the white and colored
races.
Florida - The schools for white children and the schools for black
children shall be conducted separately.
Georgia - The officer in charge shall not bury any colored
persons upon the ground set apart for the burial of white
persons.
Mississippi - Prison wardens shall see that the white convicts
shall have separate apartments for both eating and sleeping
from the negro convicts.
There were also laws that tried to prevent black people from
voting. These included poll taxes (a fee people had to pay to
vote) and reading tests that people had to pass before they
could vote.
Interesting Facts about Jim
Crow Laws
The U.S. army was segregated until 1948 when President Harry
Truman ordered the armed services desegregated.
As many as 6 million African-Americans relocated to the North
and West to get away from the Jim Crow laws of the south. This
is sometimes called the Great Migration.
Not all Jim Crow laws were in the south or were specific to black
people. There were other racial laws in other states such as a
law in California that made it illegal for people of Chinese
ancestry to vote. Another California law made it illegal to sell
alcohol to Indians.
The phrase "separate but equal" was often used to justify
segregation.
NAACP (Clip) 1909
National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People
Based off the clip:
 What
was the purpose and intent of
this organization?
 What are some example of how
this organization fought for
equality?
Civil Rights Movement,
1900-1950
– Niagara Movement begun by W.E.B.
Du Bois, William Monroe Trotter, and others
– denounced the vocational training and
gradual progress espoused by Booker T.
Washington
 1911 – Urban League formed to help poor
black workers in cities
 1920s – Marcus Garvey’s “Back to Africa”
movement and Universal Negro Improvement
Association
 1930 – Nation of Islam founded by Elijah
Muhammad
 1905
Segregation
The NAACP became one of
the most important African
American organizations of
the twentieth century. It
relied mainly on legal
strategies that challenged
segregation and
discrimination in the courts.
 Interestingly, Barak
Obama became
president 100 years after
the founding of the
NAACP.
20th Annual session of the N.A.A.C.P., 6/26/29 Cleveland, Ohio
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.; LCUSZ62-111535
12
Contents
Segregation
Historian and sociologist
W.E.B. Du Bois was a founder
and leader of the NAACP.
Starting in 1910, he made
powerful arguments protesting
segregation as editor of the
NAACP magazine The Crisis.
Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois
13
Contents
Why Did the Civil Rights
Movement Take Off After
1945?
I. Why Did the Civil Rights
Movement Take Off After
1945?
Black equality became a significant political
issue for the Democratic Party
WWII had been fought against racism
abroad—hard to keep harboring it at home
Black veterans came home dedicated to
change
Increasing number of White Americans
condemned segregation
Discrimination in the United States hurt our
propaganda battle against the Communists
Civil Rights Movement,
1900-1950 (Continued)
1941 – FDR ended discrimination in defense
industries
 1942 – Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) founded
by James Farmer and others – advocated
nonviolent protests
 1944 – Gunnar Myrdal’s An American Dilemma
published
 1946 – Committee on Civil Rights appointed by
Harry Truman
 1947 – Major League Baseball desegregated when
Jackie Robinson joined the Brooklyn Dodgers
 1948 – Harry Truman desegregated the United
States military

II. The Truman Years (19451948 election
1952) Truman’s
year agenda
No significant Civil Rights
congressional legislation
Truman moves on his
own to do what he can for
Civil Rights
--Desegregation of the
military (1948)
Jackie Robinson’s
breakthrough (1947)
Desegregation of the Army
1948
Primary Source
Eisenhower Years
1952-1960
Life for African Americans in the
South (circa 1950)
jure segregation – legal segregation
through written laws
 Jim Crow laws – designed to separate
blacks and whites
 Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 – “separate but
equal”
 Segregation of beaches, cemeteries,
hospitals, restaurants, schools,
transportation, and more
 Disenfranchised – few could vote –
grandfather clauses, literacy tests, poll taxes
 De
Life for African Americans in the
North (circa 1950)
De facto segregation – unwritten
segregation through customs, housing
patterns, and traditions
Segregation and discrimination in
housing, jobs, and more
Life for African Americans
Nationwide (circa 1950)

Segregated from whites, either legally or through
custom, throughout the United States

Employment – generally filled the lowest paid, least
desirable positions – “last hired, first fired”

Standard of living – higher rates of illiteracy and
poverty, and shorter life expectancy, than whites


Housing – fewer black than white homeowners
World War II – following the defeat of Hitler and his
racist ideology, African Americans expected
changes within the United States
Celebrating A Civil Rights
Milestone
Examine the booklet
Take notes
Group Discussion
Due tomorrow
South, Schooling, and
Segregation
Southern colleges and universities were
so rigidly segregated at the time that
Southern states would actually pay the
tuition for black students to attend one
of the many black colleges rather than
admit them to white universities.
Brown v Board of
Education(pg.
994)
1954
Desegregate schools in four states
– Kansas, SC, Virginia, and
Delaware
9 year old Linda Brown’s father
wanted her to go to all
white school 4 blocks
from their house
Brown Vs. Board
AS you watch the video clip:
Identify what group contributed to the Civil
Rights movement
 Explain how this group was able to be
successful at campaigning for Civil Rights
 Be prepared to share your understanding
of the video clip

Brown v Board
Court made unanimous
decision
Separate facilities were not
equal therefore were illegal
Affected 12 million school
children
Brown’s impact
Within a year of Brown v Board 500
had desegregated
Supreme Court made
a second Brown
decision – 1955
desegregation of
schools must
be done with
deliberate speed
Arkansas
1948 allowed an African American to attend
UA-Fayetteville(Silas Hunt)
First black to be admitted to a white college.
Even though Hunt attended a white college,
his classes were in the basement.
1957 Governor ordered National Guard of
Arkansas to turn away 9 African American
Students (Little Rock High School)
Forced Pres Eisenhower to act – ordered
thousands of federal troops to Little Rock
Little Rock Nine
As you watch:

Reaction to the
comments made by
one of the participants
in Little Rock Nine

What message is he
trying to keep passing
along?
Little Rock
Broadcast on National TV
Helped the nation focus on
desegregation
Forever in history (pg. 840)
How else does the movement
gain more momentum and
become more progressive?
Emmett Till
Reflection and Reaction
Based on the video of Emmett Till, how has your
understanding of the Civil Rights Movement
increased?
Who is Emmett Till? Why is his story significant to
the Civil Rights Movement?
What is your reaction to the learning of Emmett Till?
(Does this still happen today and if so, what lessons
has our society learned or yet to learn?)
MLA Format
Rosa Parks
December 1, 1955
Sat in the front row of the
“colored section” of the
bus
 Driver told Ms. Parks
and 3 other African
Americans to give
up their seat for
white passengers
Rosa Parks refused
Bus driver wanted them to give up
their seats so one white man could
sit in the row without having to sit
next to an African American
Rosa Parks said “It is certainly time
for someone to stand up, so I
refused to move”
When told by the bus driver he
would call the police, She said “You
may do that.”
News of the Arrest spread
NAACP planned a boycott
26 year old Martin Luther King
Jr. lead the group
Montgomery Bus Boycott
December 5, 1955
5000 people gathered to hear
Dr. King
Boycotted the buses
381 days no African American
rode a bus in Montgomery
Alabama
Reaction
Non-violent even after MLK,Jrs
home was bombed
1956 Supreme Court outlawed
bus segregation
Dec 21, 1956 King
boarded a bus and
sat in the front row
Dr Martin Luther King Jr.
Minister
Non-Violence
Based his teachings on –
Jesus, Henry David Thoreau,
Mohandas Gandhi, A Philip
Randolph
New Organizations emerge
and the movement intensifies
SCLC
CORE
SNCC
SCLC
In 1957 MLK was elected president
of the Southern Christian
Leadership Conference
An organization formed to provide
new leadership for the now
burgeoning Civil Rights Movement
The ideals for this organization he
took from Christianity
In the eleven-year period between
1957 and 1968, King traveled over
six million miles and spoke over
twenty-five hundred
No turning back
Early-mid 1960’s
Students protested in 48 cities
in 11 states
Beat, arrested, tear gassed, fire
hosed
Non-violent student protests
continue
Includes caucasian students
SNCC (Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee)
Launched by the sit-in’s that took place
in both the South and the North
Ella Baker main leader
CORE
Congress of Racial Equality
Created in 1961 in response to
1960 Supreme Court’s ruling
against segregated bus terminals
Called Freedom Riders: wanted to
see if the government was really
enforcing the rule
Left from Washington, D.C. to New
Orleans
The Beginnings of Black
Activism
In 1960, students from NC A&T led a sit-in
at a segregated lunch counter in
Nonviolent
Greensboro, NC:
Protest
Inspired similar sit-ins,
wade-ins,
Legal
Action& kneel-ins
across the South
Nonviolent

Led to the Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Protest

Committee
SCLC & SNCC soon surpassed the
NAACP for leadership of the civil rights
movement
Greensboro Sit-in, 1960
 Four
African-American college students in
Greensboro, North Carolina, ordered
coffee and doughnuts at a Woolworth’s
lunch counter
 Restaurant
refused to serve them, so
students sat there until it closed
 Sparked
similar restaurant sit-ins, along
with “read-ins” at libraries, “wade-ins” at
beaches, etc.
Greensboro
Sit-in
Tougaloo Sit-in
NC A&T Woolwoth’s sit-in in 1960
Nashville Sit-ins led to jail
Turn to page 854-855
Freedom Riders
Desegregate buses and bus
terminals in the South
State by state
Birmingham police pulled them off
the buses and beat them
Students returned and sat for 18
hours
Caught on TV
Freedom Rides, 1961
Alabama
University
of
Governor
George
Alabama
Wallace students
blocks
blackburn
students’
desegregation
entrance into
notice of
University
Alabama
Robert
Kennedy
Attorney General for Pres
Kennedy (1961-1963)
Asked for a cooling period to
avoid any violence
Freedom riders kept going all
summer
He did ask for the safety of the
riders
No police
Violence provoked the response the
students had hoped for
Newspapers reported outrage at the
police
Pres Kennedy and sent 400 US
Marshals to protect the riders to
Miss
Attorney General - ended
segregation in bus terminals, lunch
counters, restrooms
Problems at the University
level
University of Mississippi: Refused to
admit African Americans
James Meredith took action of this
policy
In 1962, he was the first African American student admitted to
the segregated Unv. Of Miss. Motivated by President JFK’s
inaugural address, Meredith decided to exercise his constitutional
rights and apply to the University of Mississippi. His goal was to
put pressure on the Kennedy Administration to enforce civil rights
for African Americans.
“Ole Miss” Integrated, 1962
Medgar Evers worked to get Air Force
veteran James Meredith into the allwhite University of Mississippi
September 30, 1962 – riot sparked by
rumors of Meredith’s campus arrival – 2
killed and 160 injured
Meredith enrolled, graduating in 1963
June, 1963 – Medgar Evers
assassinated
1966 – James Meredith shot and
wounded
Birmingham
Ideal place to test non-violence
Most segregated city in USA
Good Friday, 1963 March through
the city
March after march – arrests made
Children’s March – TV was there
Medgar Evers assassinated
Birmingham Marches, 1963
MLK forced JFK to openly support the
plight of African-Americans in 1963, via
the Birmingham march
Police commissioner “Bull” Connor used
brutal force to end the protests & MLK was
jailed
 Police brutality helped sway public sentiment
& allowed JFK to begin civil rights legislation

MLK’s Letter From Birmingham Jail
(1963) articulated the non-violent
protest of the civil rights movement
Analysis of Letter from a
Birmingham jail 1963
Pres. Kennedy takes a stand
June 11, 1963 sent federal troops
to force Gov Wallace to
desegregate Univ. of Alabama
Went on TV that night – demanding
congress pass a Civil Rights Bill
March on Washington
August 28, 1963
250,000 people including
75,000 Caucasians
Demonstrated in Washington
DC
Dr Martin Luther King delivered
his “I have a Dream” Speech on
the steps of the Lincoln
Memorial
“I have a Dream”
As you listen, try to identify the
following:
What speech does MLK refer to in his
opening statement?
 What is the tone of his speech? How is he
able to engage such a large crowd?
 What message does MLK send to the
crowd?
 How does this message help other groups
pursue the same dream?

I have a Dream Activity
Handout on the sections of the “ I have
a Dream Speech”
To create your own “I have a Dream”
speech (Due: Monday! Extra Credit)
Aftermath of March
Read Birmingham 1963
Purpose of the March was the
passage of the Civil Rights Bill
Two weeks later Church
bombed and four African
American girls were killed
Two months later November 22,
1963 Pres Kennedy was
assassinated
Civil Rights Act of 1964
1963 - supported by President Kennedy;
after his assassination, President Johnson
called for its passage as a tribute to JFK
Outlawed segregation in businesses, banned
discriminatory practices in employment on
the basis of race, color, religion, sex and
national origin, and ended segregation in
public places
Civil Rights Bill 1964
Pres Johnson signed the Civil
Rights Bill on July 2, 1964
Prohibited discrimination because
of race, religion, national origin, and
gender.
Gave all citizens the right to enter
libraries, parks, bathrooms,
theaters, and other public facilities
Civil Rights under LBJ
Lyndon Johnson made civil rights the
major component of his presidency:
In 1964, the 24th Amendment was ratified
banning poll taxes
 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 declared
segregation in public facilities illegal & officially
ended the majority of Jim Crow laws

Civil Rights under LBJ
Civil rights groups were not content &
continued for equality:
Freedom Summer in 1964 led to the
registration of thousands of Mississippi blacks
to vote
 The 1965 protest march from Selma, Alabama
to Montgomery led to police violence; “Bloody
Sunday” shocked people in the North more
than any other event

1964 – Freedom Summer
1000’s of college students went to
Mississippi to help with voter
registration and participate in sit ins
and marches.
The Fight
This man spent
5 days in jail
for “carrying a
placard.”
Sign says
“Voter
registration
worker”
White victims of violence
This Rabbi
was beaten
with a tire
iron for
registering
voters
"Your work is just beginning. If you
go back home and sit down and
take what these white men in
Mississippi are doing to us. ...if you
take it and don't do something
about it. ...then *%# damn your
souls."
Voter Registration
If blacks
registered to
vote, the
local banks
could call the
loan on their
farm.
Civil Rights under LBJ
After the Selma march, LBJ & Congress
passed the Voting Rights Act (1965)
Banned literacy tests & sent federal voting
officials into the South to protect voters
 The act finally accomplished what Radical
Republicans had envisioned when the 15th
Amendment was enacted in 1870

Voting Rights Act of 1965
Prohibits the use of voting laws, practices
or procedures, such as poll taxes, literacy
tests, intimidation…that discriminate in
either purpose or effect on the basis of
race, color, or membership in a minority
language group
Differences in Philosophy
MLKJ- non-violent, all for equal rights, better
life for all
Malcolm X: Non-violence dehumanizing,
separate selves from whites, movement only
for AA, changed philosophy, white-black
brotherhood
Malcolm X
Malcolm X
A black militant, who symbolized black power,
defense of African American rights and
improvement of their conditions even if it meant
violence
Criminal background; while in prison, joined the
Nation of Islam who stressed black nationalism but
taught that white people were “devils.”
Broke from the Black Muslims and traveled to
Mecca, Saudi Arabia and Africa
Changed his philosophy hoping one day all races will
be joined in brotherhood
1965-Assassinated by three members of the Nation
of Islam
"I believe in the brotherhood of man,
all men, but I don't believe in
brotherhood with anybody who
doesn't want brotherhood with me. I
believe in treating people right, but I'm
not going to waste my time trying to
treat somebody right who doesn't
know how to return the treatment."
-- Malcolm X, 1964
Black Power(Ideology)
Create a whole new culture and political
institutions for AA
Stockley Carmichael leader of SNCC
developed and led this movement
Rejected by most other Civil Rights
movement groups
Two African American athletes gave
symbols of pride to black power in the
1968 Olympics (Banned for life)
Black Power
Continued
"Black Power" expresses a range of
political goals, from defense against
racial oppression, to the establishment
of social institutions and a self-sufficient
economy
Black Panther Party (1960’searly 1980’s)
Focused on brutality of police
Reforms included: Children’s Breakfast
program, safer neighborhoods, etc.
Often militant and violent
Refuted black nationalism
Read Violence Erupts on page 853.
Black Panthers
Influenced by Malcolm X
Believed a revolution was
necessary in the United States to gain equality
Adopted a “Ten-Point Program” that called for
black empowerment, an end to racial
oppression, and control of major institutions
and services in the African American
Community
Openly carried weapons in public and were
prepared to use violence
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