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Criminal
Investigation
eighth edition
ELEVEN
Crimes Against Children
Swanson • Chamelin • Territo
McGraw-Hill
© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Recognize types an patterns of burn injuries found in
child abuse
• Define and discuss shaken-baby syndrome
• Explain Munchausen syndrome by proxy
• Identify types of child molesters, and explain
investigative and interview techniques for cases of child
molestation
• Outline types of child pornography
• Define incest and outline profiles of incestuous fathers
• Describe the profile of infant abductors
• Outline the assessments and investigative procedures
used to determine whether a child has run away or has
been abducted
• Discuss sex-offender registration and community
notification laws
• Recognize threat assessment factors and levels of risk in
committing school crime
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11-1
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ASSAULTS AGAINST CHILDREN
• The most common cause of children's death is
physical abuse, often by their own parents
• The clinical term commonly used to describe
physically abused children is the battered-child
syndrome
• Abuse of children takes various forms, from
minor assaults to flagrant physical torture
• Although abusers use a wide variety of
instruments, the two most common are the belt
and electric cord
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11-2
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BURN INJURIES AND CHILD ABUSE
• Typologies of Burns. A burn may be classified by
how severe or “deep” it is, or by how the injury
occurred.
• Medical Classification of Burn Severity.
Physicians primarily categorize burns as having
either “partial thickness” or “full thickness.”
• Causes of Burn Injuries
– Scald burns occur when the child comes into contact
with hot liquid
– Contact burns occur when the child encounters a hot
solid object or flame
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11-3
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CLASSIFICATION OF BURNS
• Physicians classify burns as having:
– partial thickness
– or full thickness
Classification
Characteristics
First degree
Partial-thickness burns:
• Erythema (localized redness)
• Sunburnlike
• Not included when calculating burn size
• Usually heal by themselves
Second degree
Partial-thickness burns:
• Part of skin damaged
• Have blisters containing clear fluid
• Pink underlying tissue
• Often heal by themselves
Third degree
Full-thickness burns:
• Full skin destroyed
• Deep red tissue underlying blister
• Presence of bloody blister fluid
• Muscle and bone possibly destroyed
• Require professional treatment
Fourth degree
Full-thickness burns:
• Penetrate deep tissue to fat, muscle, bone
• Require immediate professional treatment
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11-4
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CIGARETTE BURNS
• If an investigator sees burns such as those
pictured, they should:
– become highly suspicious
– look for other signs of abuse
– question the parents/guardians
(Courtesy Milwaukee County Department of Social Service)
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11-5
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SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME
• Shaken-baby syndrome (SBS) is the severe
intentional application of violent force (shaking),
in one or more episodes, that results in
intracranial injuries to the child. The mechanism
of injury in SBS is thought to result from a
combination of physical factors, including the
proportionately large cranial size of infants, the
laxity of their neck muscles, and the vulnerability
of their intracranial bridging veins.
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11-6
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MUNCHAUSENS SYNDROME BY PROXY
• Munchausen syndrome is a psychological
disorder in which the patient fabricates the
symptoms of disease or injury in order to
undergo medical tests, hospitalization, or even
medical or surgical treatment
• In cases of Munchausen syndrome by proxy
(MSBP), a parent or caretaker suffering from
Munchausen syndrome attempts to bring
medical attention to himself or herself by injuring
or inducing illness in a child
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11-7
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SITUATIONAL CHILD MOLESTORS
• For purposes of discussion Kenneth V. Landing
of the FBI divides child molesters into two
categories.
– situational
– preferential
Regressed
Morally
Indiscriminate
Sexually
Indiscriminate
Inadequate
Basic
characteristics
Poor coping skills
User of people
Sexual
experimentation
Social misfit
Motivation
Substitution
Why not?
Boredom
Insecurity and
curiosity
Availability
Vulnerability and
opportunity
New and different
Nonthreatening
Method of
operation
Coercion
Lure, force, or
manipulation
Involve in existing
activity
Exploits size,
advantage
Pornography
collection
Possible
Sadomasochistic;
detective magazines
Highly likely;
varied nature
Likely
Victim criteria
(Source: Kenneth V. Lanning, Child Molesters: A Behavioral Analysis for Law Enforcement Officers Investigating Cases of Child Sexual Exploitation,
3rd ed. (Arlington: VA: National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, 1992), p. 10. Reprinted with permission of the National Centers for Missing
and Exploited Children (NCMEC). Copyright 1986, 1987, and 1992, NCMEC. All rights reserved.)
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11-8
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PREFERENTIAL CHILD MOLESTERS
Seduction
Introverted
Sadistic
Common
characteristics
Sexual preference for
children; child
pornography or erotica
Sexual preference for
children; child
pornography or erotica
Sexual preference for
children; child
pornography or erotica
Motivation
Identification
Fear of communication
Need to inflict pain
Victim criteria
Age and gender
preferences
Strangers or very young
Age and gender
preferences
Seduction process
Nonverbal sexual contact
Lure or force
Method of
operation
(Source: Kenneth V. Lanning, Child Molesters: A Behavioral Analysis for Law Enforcement Officers Investigating Cases of Child Sexual Exploitation,
3rd ed. (Arlington: VA: National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, 1992), p. 10. Reprinted with permission of the National Centers for Missing
and Exploited Children (NCMEC). Copyright 1986, 1987, and 1992, NCMEC. All rights reserved.)
McGraw-Hill
11-9
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INTERVIEWING MOLESTED CHILDREN
• Common sense and formal research agree that
children are not merely miniature adults
• Waterman has identified three types of
developmental issues that are important when
allegations of sexual abuse arise
– First the child's developmental level relative to other
children in his or her age group
– Second is the child's development level with regard to
sexuality
– Third is the child's ability to respond adequately to
interviews and to testify in court
McGraw-Hill
11-10(a)
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INTERVIEWING MOLESTED CHILDREN
• When anatomically detailed dolls were first
introduced in the late 1970s they were widely
hailed as an important advance in techniques for
communicating with troubled children
• One alternative that is being used by some
police agencies either in connection with or
instead of an anatomically detailed doll is to
have the child draw his or her own picture
• As with the anatomical dolls, leading questions
are widely used as a courtroom technique to
assist child witnesses
McGraw-Hill
11-10(b)
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ANATOMICALLY DETAILED DOLLS
• These dolls are used by some investigators
• They show all body parts including genitals
• Some experts disagree at to their overall usefulness
(Courtesy Eymann Anatomically Correct Dolls, Sacramento, California)
McGraw-Hill
11-11 © 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
CHILD PORNOGRAPHY
• Commercial Child Pornography
– Commercial child pornography is that which is
produced and intended for commercial sale
• Homemade Child Pornography
– Contrary to what its name implies, the quality of
homemade child pornography can be as good if not
better than the quality of any commercial pornography
• Use of the Computer and the Internet in Child
Pornography
– The ubiquity of the computer, and by extension the
Internet, is an unfortunate asset to the child
pornographer
McGraw-Hill
11-1 © 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
11-12
INCEST
• Incest is defined broadly to include any sexual
abuse of a minor child by an adult perceived by
the child to be a family member.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF INCESTUOUS FAMILIES
• The incestuous family is often reclusive
• Overt incest is an example of tension-reducing
acting out in a dysfunctional family
• Serious disorganization in family roles often
occurs before the beginning of the incestuous
relationship
• It is not uncommon for more than one child to be
sexually exploited in the same family
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TYPOLOGIES OF INCESTUOUS FATHERS
(FINKELHOR AND WILLIAMS)
• Type 1-The sexually preoccupied
– These men had “a clear and conscious (often
obsessive) sexual interest in their daughters”
• Type 1-subcategory-Early sexualizers
– Among the sexually preoccupied fathers, many
regarded their daughters as sex objects almost from
birth
• Type 2 - Adolescent regressives
– About one-third of the fathers - 33 percent - became
sexually interested in their daughters when the girls
entered puberty
McGraw-Hill
11-15(a)
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TYPOLOGIES OF INCESTUOUS FATHERS
(FINKELHOR AND WILLIAMS) (cont'd)
• Type 3 - Instrumental self-gratifiers
– They described their daughters in terms that were
nonerotic
• Type 4 - The emotionally dependent
– These fathers were emotionally needy, lonely,
depressed
• Type 5 - Angry retaliators
– These fathers were the most likely to have criminal
histories of assault and rape
McGraw-Hill
11-15(b)
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SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME
• Simply defined, SIDS is the sudden and
unexpected death of an apparently health infant
that remains unexplained after the performance
of a complete autopsy
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CHARACTERISTICS OF SIDS VICTIMS
• Appearance
– Usually normal state of nutrition and hydration
– Blood-tinged, frothy fluids around mouth and nostrils,
indicative of pulmonary edema
– Vomitus on the face
– Diaper wet and full of stool
– Bruise like marks on the head or body limbs
(postmortem pooling or settling of blood in dependant
body parts)
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ELECTRONIC MONITORING DEVICE USED TO
PREVENT SIDS
• Device used to prevent SIDS
• Monitors heart and respiration rates
• Parents alerted by light and audible alarm
(Courtesy Joseph and Karin Venero)
McGraw-Hill
11-18© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
INFANT ABDUCTION
• Infant abduction is the taking of a child less than
one year old by a nonfamily member
• Infant abductions do not appear to be motivated
by:
–
–
–
–
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desire for money
sex
revenge
custody
11-19© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
PROFILE OF THE INFANT ABDUCTOR
• Infant abductors are usually women
• Women account for 141 of the 145 cases
analyzed
• Ages ranged from 14 to 48 years old
– average age 28 years old
McGraw-Hill
11-20(a)
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PROFILE OF THE INFANT ABDUCTOR
(cont'd)
• Race was determined in 142 cases:
– 63 offenders were white
– 54 offenders were black
– 25 offenders were Hispanic
• Typical abductor does not have criminal record
• If a criminal record does exist, it will likely consist
of nonviolent offenses
McGraw-Hill
11-20(b)
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USE OF AGE-PROGRESSION TECHNOLOGY TO
SEARCH FOR MISSING CHILDREN
• In recent years, computer technology has been
used to age-enhance photographs of missing
children. Information collected on the missing
child including:
–
–
–
–
–
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Full frontal photographs of the child
Videotapes of the child, if available
Information regarding identifying marks
Hair color and style
Traditional information
11-21(a)
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USE OF AGE-PROGRESSION TECHNOLOGY TO
SEARCH FOR MISSING CHILDREN (cont'd)
• Photographs of the parents and siblings at the
comparable age of enhancement are also
valuable
• Computerized records of photographs and
details are created and stored
McGraw-Hill
11-21(b)
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AGE PROGRESSION COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
• This technology was built by using the expertise
and techniques of:
– The FBI
– Experienced police artists
(Courtesy National Center for Missing and Exploited Children)
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INVESTIGATIVE DETERMINATION OF RUNAWAY
OR ABDUCTION
• Runaway or abduction cases
•
The Parental Interview
– The need to interview parents separately from other
family members and reporting parties remains critical
• Victimology
– To understand if the child's absence in consistent with
established patterns of behavior, officers first must
understand the child’S normal actions prior to the
disappearance
• Resources
– To successfully sustain a voluntary long-term
absence, the runaway child must have access to
resources that will satisfy basic needs, such as food,
shelter, and transportation
McGraw-Hill
11-23(a)
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INVESTIGATIVE DETERMINATION OF RUNAWAY
OR ABDUCTION (cont'd)
• Scene Assessment
– A search of the missing child's residence can provide
useful information to investigators
• Time Factors
– Statistics indicate that the majority of runaway
children cannot sustain an absence for more than two
weeks
McGraw-Hill
11-23(b)
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SEX OFFENDER REGISTRATION AND COMMUNITY
NOTIFICATION
• The Laws
– In 1994, Congress passed the Jacob Wetterling
Crimes Against Children and Sexuality Violent
Offender Registration Act (The Jacob Wetterling Act)
– The act required that states create sex offender
registries within three years or lose 10 percent of their
funding under the Edward Byrne Memorial Program
– The Pam Lychner Sexual Offender Tracking and
Identification Act of 1996 amended the Jacob
Wetterling Act by establishing a national sex offender
database, which the FBI maintains
McGraw-Hill
11-24(a)
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SEX OFFENDER REGISTRATION AND COMMUNITY
NOTIFICATION (cont'd)
• Registration Requirements
– Although sex offender registration requirements vary
according to state laws, some common features exist
in registries across the country
– For example, a state agency (i.e., state police)
maintain the registry for the state
• Notification Features
– The most basic form of notification, sometimes
referred to as “passive notification,” allows inquiring
citizens to access registry information at their local
law enforcement agencies
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11-24(b)
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SCHOOL CRIME: FACTORS IN THREAT ASSESSMENT
• Specific, plausible details are a critical factor in
evaluating a threat
• The emotional content of a threat can be an
important clue to the threatener’s mental state
• Precipitating stressors are incidents,
circumstances, reactions, or situations which
can trigger a threat
• Pre-disposing factors. Underlying personality
traits, characteristics, and temperament that
predispose an adolescent to fantasize about
violence or act violently
McGraw-Hill
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LEVELS OF RISK IN SCHOOL CRIME
• Low level of threat. A threat which poses a
minimal risk to the victim and public safety.
• Medium level of threat. A threat which could be
carried out, although it may not appear entirely
realistic.
• High level of threat. A threat that appears to
pose an imminent and serious danger to the
safety of others.
McGraw-Hill
11-26© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
WEAPON DETECTION PROGRAMS
• Weapon detectors
are now used in
some schools
• These systems are
expensive
• These systems also
require a security
guard to be present
(Courtesy Chester A. Higgins, Jr., and the U.S. Department of Justice,
Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice)
McGraw-Hill
11-27© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.