Download Uncharted Territory: The Industrial and Other

Uncharted Territory
Other Revolutions That Made Our Modern
World
Revolutions and Nationalism
After Napoleon
• Latin American
Revolutions 17901848
• European Nationalism
Through 1848
• The Industrial
Revolution 1800 1900
BTW:
• “He has a Napoleon
complex” – is that a
good thing or a bad
thing to say about
someone?
BTW:
• Ever hear about Beef
Wellington?
BTW:
• What do you think is
meant when someone
says “He went to his
Waterloo.” or “She
met her Waterloo.”
What the French Revolution
started
• Freedom from
tyranny.
After Napoleon was defeated:
The Congress of Vienna
• 1815: Tried to turn the
world back to before the
French Revolution in
1789:
• CONSERVATIVES
wanted:
– Return to royal families on
the thrones.
– Social hierarchy where
lower classes respected
and obeyed their “social
superiors”
Conservatives wanted …
• If change happened it
had to come SLOWLY.
• Conservatives felt that
they benefited all people
by defending peace and
stability.
– No natural rights
– No free press
– Use military to crush
rebellions at home and in
other countries.
LIBERALS seek CHANGE
• Inspired by the
Enlightenment and
French Revolution they
wanted change.
• Ignited revolts against
conservatives.
– Defended natural rights
– Wanted written
constitutions
– Wanted governments
elected by the people.
– UNIVERSAL MALE
SUFFRAGE
• ALL men could vote.
Liberals promoted
NATIONALISM
• For centuries, land
had been gained and
lost through wars,
marriages and
treaties.
– People were treated
like pieces on a chess
board being traded.
Nationalism
• Groups who shared a
common heritage,
language, religion,
etc. should be able to
have their own
homelands.
– Often would wear
“traditional” clothing
and speak their
languages – even
when it was against
the law.
The downside of nationalism
• It created intolerance
and still can lead to
persecution of other
ethnic and national
groups.
• Today we call this
“Ethnic Cleansing.”
Nationalism + Liberalism =
• REVOLUTIONS!
1848: Year of Revolutions
• Greece ends rule by
Turkey
• Belgium wins
independence
• Revolts in Austrian
Empire
• Revolts in Italy
• Rebellion in German
states
1848: Year of Revolutions
• Failed revolution in
Poland.
• Austria and Germany
liberals had shortlived wins, but were
later crushed by the
conservatives.
Interesting Note of the
Revolutions of 1848
• France’s 1848 revolt
forced elections.
– Louis Napoleon won!
• Napoleon’s nephew
• Eventually set up a new
empire in France as
Napoleon III.
– Only lasted 10 years.
– Napoleon III was not as
smart politically or
militarily as his uncle!
– Since then France has
had little influence on
politics in the world.
Where revolutions went wrong
• When liberals tried to
unite Germany into
one country in 1848,
they offered the
crown to Prussian
King Frederick
William IV.
Who wouldn’t want to become
a king of a united Germany?
• Frederick William
REFUSED to become
king because …
– The crown was being
offered by people
“from the gutter” and
not from the German
princes.
Revolts in Latin America 1790 1848
• 300 years of
Portuguese and
Spanish rule in Latin
America had created
anger in the social,
racial and political
systems.
Social and Ethnic Structures in
Latin America
• Only Spanish-born
PENINSULARES
could hold top jobs in
government or the
Church.
The 2nd Class in Latin America
• Creoles
– Latin American born
but of European
genetic background.
– Often the merchant
class and owned
haciendas – but were
only allowed to trade
with Spain.
The Third Class: Had NO rights
• Mestizos
– People descended
from Indian and
European
backgrounds
• Mulattoes
– Descended from
Europeans and
Africans.
– Neither had wealth or
power given to white
people.
The 4th Class: Slaves
• Africans who had
been imported to
work the sugar cane
plantations.
Revolutions Against Spain and
Portugal
• Toussaint L’Ouverture
– Hispaniola 1791 – 1803
– Self-educated former slave
who became a great
general and inspiring
commander.
– In fighting that took the
most lives, he defeated
Spain, France and Britain’s
armies sent to stop him.
Haiti Wins Independence
• Toussaint was taken
prisoner by the
French and died a
year later in a cold
French prison.
– Abducted under a flag
of truce.
– But his army battled
on and the island
became free in 1804.
Mexico and Central America
Revolt
• Father Hidalgo – a
Creole priest – called
people together and
asked.
– “My children, will you
be free?”
– Short-lived rebellion.
– Captured and
executed in 1811.
– Considered the Father
of Mexico
Mexico Revolts against Spain
• Father Morelos – a
Mestizo – continued
Father Hidalgo’s call
for freedom and
political reform.
– Abolish slavery
– Voting rights for all
men. (SUFFRAGE)
– Captured and
executed in 1815.
Mexico wins independence in
1820
• Liberals forced the
king to give a
constitution to Mexico
with a viceroy in
charge.
• Agustin de Iturbide
with a group of
creoles, mestizos and
Indians overthrew the
Spanish viceroy.
Iturbide took the title Emperor
Agustin I
• But people did not like
a would-be monarch.
• Did away with him
and set up a
Republic.
• There were LOTS of
problems for the next
century with dictators
and kings.
Revolutions in South America
• Simon Bolivar
– The Liberator
– The George
Washington of South
America
• Bernardo O’Higgins
• Jose de San Marin
Between these three Creoles – they
defeated European generals
• By 1824 South
America was free of
Spanish and French
control.
• Bolivar worked to try
to unite all of South
America into one
country.
Bolivar’s disappointment
• Before he died in
1830, he saw South
America divided into
four countries – with
dictators instead of
elected leaders and
all engaged in wars
with each other.
Brazil wins independence from
Portugal
• When Napoleon had
conquered Portugal, the
royal family fled to Brazil.
• When the family went
home, one son DON
PEDRO, stayed.
• 1822, he declared
independence and
though king, accepted a
constitution, freedom of
press and religion.
• Portugal kept the kings
until 1889.
The BIGGER revolution that
was going on at this time:
• THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION!
This age is often called the
Victorian Time
• After Queen Victoria
of England.
• Ruled 1837 – 1901
– Queen when she was
18 and England was
still mostly agrarian.
– By the time she died,
England was an
industrial power and
industrial barons ruled
– not the blue bloods.
The Cause of the Industrial
Revolution
• “Surplus Population”
• There was a population
boom in the early 1800s.
– More efficient agriculture
meant more food, but less
need for workers.
– Extra workers turned to
“cottage industries” like
weaving.
– That gave rise to the
factories.
The Rise of the Industrial
Revolution
The invention of the
steam engine.
Powered equipment
and transportation.
James Watt
Mining, chemicals,
machine tools, textile
manufacturing, and
metallurgy all started
because of the steam
engine.
Social Effects?
• Money was now to be
earned in industry –
not by land.
– Nobility and gentry
became poor.
• The rise of the
industrial barons and
the middle class.
– Businessmen,
bankers, industrialists.
The New Middle Class
• Supported the
“PROTESTANT
WORK ETHIC”
– Hard work and thrift is
what got you ahead.
– Didn’t particularly
value higher education
unless it created
money.
– Little charity for those
that didn’t succeed.
Life in the Factories
• 14 hour shifts
• Children as young as
8 could work.
– But younger than 9
were restricted to 10
hour work days.
– Under 18 restricted to
12 hours a day.
– NO safety precautions
for workers either.
The Rise of Poverty with
Urbanization
• Huge shifts of
population – skilled
and unskilled to urban
areas.
• Housing was scarce
and overcrowded.
• More workers than
jobs meant that
wages were
SUBSISTENCE.
Child Labor
• Children were expected
to contribute to family
income.
• Young children had jobs
like:
– Chimney sweeps
– Scrambling under
machinery to pick up
dropped parts.
– Pulling coal through
tunnels too tiny for adults.
– Making and selling
matches, blacking, flowers.
The Worship of Money
• Almost everything
was tolerated if it
gained profit.
• Profit was the sign of
success and “God’s
Grace” on your life.
• CONSPICUOUS
CONSUMPTION was
encouraged!
Other Changes in the Industrial
Revolution
• Growth of Public
Education
– Lower classes were
learning the basics.
– Women as well were now
allowed to go to school.
• Women weren’t allowed to
get college degrees from
Oxford or Cambridge
Universities until 1897
• Male students rioted in
protest!
Science Changes in the
Industrial Revolution
• Science advanced
industry.
– Atomic Theory developed.
– Debating the Earth’s age –
science had ideas that
challenged religion’s ideas.
– Darwin’s theory of Natural
Selection suggested man
evolved and wasn’t created
biblically speaking.
The Rise of Social Darwinism
• Darwin did discuss
that evolution
happened because of
“Survival of the
fittest.”
– NEVER talked about
that concerning
people.
– BUT, some people did
use it to justify
RACISM.
Social Darwinism
• Industrial tycoons thought
that if people couldn’t “fit
in” with capitalism and
their way of doing
business – they were
superior to the other
group.
– Used to justify slavery and
racism.
– Used to justify the
destruction of Native
Americans.
Imperialism
• The policy in which
the stronger nations
extend their
economic, political,
or military control
over weaker
countries.
Nationalism made
Imperialism WORSE
• As countries like
England and
Germany
industrialized, they
needed raw
materials that often
came from poorer
nations.
– Cotton, oil, rubber
Nationalism made
Imperialism Worse
• Also made the
colonies buy
manufactured goods
from the “mother”
country.
Imperial Expansion - England
•
Imperial Expansion Germany
German Imperialism
Imperial Expansion - Austria
Conclusion?
•
•
•
•
Nationalism
Imperialism
Industrial Revolution
Something wicked
this way comes ….
– WWI
And Now …
Some Extras for the CSA!
Under Imperialism
• Protectorate.
– A country or region
that is controlled by a
stronger country.
• Usually promise the
weaker country military
protection.
• Stronger country gets to
use the resources of
the weaker country in
exchange for
“protection.”
Imperialism
• Sphere of Influence
– An area of one country
under the control of
another.
– In China, these areas
guaranteed specific
trading privileges to
each imperialist nation
within its respective
sphere.
• CONCESSIONS – what
you agree to give up for
something.
How did this happen to China?
• 1870s: Europe was
hungry for more raw
materials for the
Industrial Revolution.
– Cotton, Silk, Rubber,
Oil, Pepper, Coal, etc.
There was also many
Christian missionaries
going to China to
“civilize” the people.
How did Imperialism happen in
China
• Many missionaries
did not show any
multiculturalism, and
the angry Chinese
attacked or threw the
missionaries out.
• There was public
outcry in Europe of
“How dare the
Chinese do this to our
people!”
How imperialism happened in
China
• So the military of
European countries
went to “protect” the
missionaries in their
efforts to “civilize” the
Chinese people.
• China conceded land
to European powers
to be their “spheres of
influence”
The Opium Wars
• 19th Century, the
British began to
import Opium
(Heroin) from their
protectorate in Turkey
to China.
– HIGHLY addictive!
The Opium Wars
• China tried to outlaw
opium.
– It was destroying their
culture.
The British said they had
the right to import opium.
The Opium Wars
• Off and on in the 19th
Century.
– British military
superiority always won
over the Chinese.
– British would force
very unfair treaties on
the Chinese that gave
them more and more
access to China’s
resources.
– And keep the people
addicts.
Meiji Period in Japan
• Japan encouraged
their own industrial
revolution with
factories and building
a military that could
fight “European Style”
• Encouraged people to
dress more western.
Spheres of Influence for Japan
• Meji Period in
Japanese history.
• Feeling that Japan
should end isolation
and become more like
Europe than China
and Korea.
– Be “forward” rather
than “backward.”
– Japan should maybe
colonize the
“backward” people too.
Remember The Last Samurai?
The Russo-Japanese War
• 1904-1905
• Japan and Russia
went to war over who
could control parts of
China and islands
between Japan and
Russia.
Japan Russio War
• Japan kicked Russian
ass!
• But when President
Teddy Roosevelt
offered to broker a
peace treaty, Japan
“lost” the war.
– Most of the islands
were given to Russia.
Japan Russo War
• The Russians were
so upset at losing,
they had a revolution
to limit the absolute
power of the czar.
– Nicholas II had to
follow a constitution.
– The voices for reform
in Russia got louder.
– Russia is getting ready
to EXPLODE with a
big revolution.
Other Parts of Imperialism
• After independence
from Spain in 1821,
the country of Grand
Columbia included
Peru, Equador,
Venezuela and
Panama.
Panama wants independence
and the US supports that
• Why does the US
care?
• The US president,
Teddy Roosevelt,
wants a faster way for
US ships to get from
the Atlantic to the
Pacific.
• Where would you put
a canal?
The Panama Canal
• The Columbians said
“no” to the US
wanting to build the
canal through
Panama.
• Panama revolted and
gave the US
CONCESSIONS to
build the canal in
exchange for US
protection.
– PROTECTORATE
Why did the US think they
could do this to Panama /
Columbia?
• The Monroe Doctrine
– 1823
– President Monroe said
that the New World
could not be
colonized any more by
Europe.
• France had wanted to
build the Canal in a
protectorate of
Panama.
German Unification in 1871
• Germany was unified
into one country in
1871.
• The new Kaiser
Wilhelm (caesar /
emperor) was the
king of Prussia.
• But masterminded by
Otto von Bismarck.
– Chancellor of
Germany
Otto von Bismarck
• Very Machiavellian.
• Wanted Germany to
be a super power in
Europe.
• Was really an
“uncrowned king”
making all the
decisions.
– Even though he died
16 years before WWI,
he created the stage
for that tragic war.
Otto von Bismarck
• Created a unified and
militaristic Germany in
1871.
• Ultra-nationalistic and
imperialistic
• Congress of Berlin
– 1884, carved up Africa
between Germany,
Belgium, France and
England.
Congress of Berlin
• 1878 – it set the stage
for WWI to happen.
– Growing nationalism in
the Balkans.
• Romanians, Croatians,
Serbs, Bosnians,
Bulgarians, Czechs,
Slovaks, Magyars,
Bohemians, etc.
– ALL want
independence.
Congress of Berlin
• Bismarck wanted
German control.
• Divided the Balkans
between Germany
and the Austrian
Hapsburgs with little
bits for Russia and
Turkey.
• This did not make
Russia nor the ethnic
movements happy!
Congress of Vienna
• History calls it the
“Powder Keg” that
would create WWI in
1914.
– Nationalism versus
Imperialism.
– The Industrial
Revolution makes it
easier to make big bad
weapons to kill
millions.
Karl Marx
• Added dynamite to
the coming explosion
of WWI.
• Wrote The
Communist Manifesto
in 1848.
• Started Communism.
– Said wealth should be
shared by people.
– If you need violence to
take the wealth, then
that is okay.
Communism v. Capitalism
• Wealth should be
• Wealth and private
equally shared
property are yours to
between all people.
use as you want.
• No private property
• People who don’t
work with the
• Equality of all people
PROTESTANT
• People should do jobs
WORK ETHIC
for what is good for
caused
their
own
the whole community,
poverty.
not what is good for
• Do what benefits you.
you alone.
Communism becomes popular
in the 19th and 20th century
• Too many industrial
barons taking
advantage of poorer
people.
– People thought the
government was there
to help the industrial
barons, not them.
– Communism appealed
to many.
• WORKERS OF THE
WORLD UNITE!
Obstacles to Unifying Italy
• Hapsburg rule ends in
1870.
• The major obstacle to
Italy becoming one
country was the
nationalistic feelings
of some states.
– Didn’t want to give up
their ethnic identities
to become Italian.
• Venetian v. Sicilian
We are DONE!
• Take your tests!
– CSA #1
– CSA #2
– Uncharted Territory
• OPEN NOTE
• GOOD LUCK!!!!!