Download China and Its Enemies during the Late Ming Era

Chapter 17
The East Asian World
China and Its Enemies during the Late Ming Era
1. One of the chief threats to the Ming was the Mongols. Overthrown is 1368 by a massive peasant uprising, the Mongols broke up into eastern1
western, and southern tribes. Although the Ming made alliances with the southern tribes (north of the Great Wall), all was not always at peace. In
1449 an ill-prepared expedition against the Mongols ended in military disaster and the capture of the emperor who remained a prisoner for seven
years. In 1550 the Mongols overran Beijing.
2. During the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries, Japanese warlords and Chinese pirates associated with them began raiding the Korean and
northeastern China coasts. They eventually extended their operations to the southern Chinese coast in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The
most serious Japanese threat came with invasions of Korea in 1592 and 1597-98. Although the Japanese would eventually withdraw, the Ming had
been considerably weakened the imperial treasury.
3. Another threat to the Ming was the Manchu (Jurchen) from Manchuria. In the early seventeenth century they built a strong army and gained the
allegiance of the Mongols and other tribes. In the meantime, the Ming government floundered while droughts led to banditry and revolt in the
provinces. The decay prepared the way for the rebels to occupy Beijing in 1644. With the aid of Ming military commanders who had deserted, the
Manchu took advantage of the conditions to conquer Beijing for themselves. A new dynasty was proclaimed with the reigning title of Qing.
Questions:
1. What was the weakness of China that allowed its enemies to be successful in assaulting its territory?
2. What was the role of the Manchu in the weakening of China?
China and Its Enemies during the Late Ming Era
 China at Its Apex
 The Ming
Peasant rebellion of Zhu Yuanzhang, 1368
Territorial expansion
Confucian institutions for rule
Education
Ocean trade
 Contact with the West
Portuguese arrival, 1514, Macao
Jesuit missionaries
 Matteo Ricci (1552-1610)
 Internal problems
Economic
Agricultural
Frontier
 Manchus (Jurchen)
Disease
 Li Zicheng (Li Tzu-ch’eng, 1604-1651)
 Manchus, Qing (Ch’ing, or Pure)
The Qing Empire in the Eighteenth Century
1. The Qing dynasty from 1644 to 1912 generally continued the political and social order of the previous Ming dynasty. The ruling Manchus
originated in Manchuria from which the unifier of the Manchu state, Nurhachi, seized part of the Liaotung peninsula and made Mukden his capital in
625. Nurhachi's successor continued the expansion as attacks were made in 1629, 1632, and 1634 north of the Great Wall as Inner Mongolia and
the Amur region were acquired. In 1637 Korea was made a vassal state. Beijing, and thus the Chinese throne, fell to the Manchus in 1644.
Previously, in 1637 the dynasty renamed itself Qing, meaning "Pure."
2. The last Ming prince was chased into Burma where he was killed in 1662. Shortly thereafter, three generals who had aided the Manchus in
subduing south China revolted. Although aided by pirates on Taiwan, the revolt was quelled in 1681. Two years later Taiwan was captured and
made part of China. It was also in 1681 that Yunnan was occupied by imperial armies.
3. In the 1680s military colonies were established in Manchuria for the purpose of driving out Russian traders, trappers, and adventurers who had
reached the Amur River in northern Manchuria by the 1660s. Success led to the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 that excluded Russia from Manchuria
but did allow Russian caravans to visit Beijing.
4. In western China the Manchus were faced with the Russians, western Mongols, and Tibet. War was waged against the Mongols, Tibet was
invaded, and in 1727 a treaty was signed with Russia, which confirmed Chinese rule over Mongolia, Tibet, and Xinjiang in return for formal trading
rights and permanent residence for Russian merchants and missionaries in Beijing. Significantly, modern China continues to claim the Manchu
conquests as the limit of its legitimate borders.
5. Tributary relations were established with Korea, Burma, Vietnam, Laos, Nepal, and Siam.
6. After nearly a century of struggle, the Qing gained control of Xinjiang by the 1750s that led to a protectorate over Tibet in 1750.
7. The Manchus dealt with foreigners by continuing to keep them restricted to Macao, just south of the Pearl River estuary. The English established
their first trading post at Canton in 1699. To limit contacts between the Europeans and Chinese, the Qing eventually confined the Europeans to the
small island of Shamian on the Pearl River just outside Canton's city walls. They were permitted to reside there only from October through March.
Question:
1.
How did the Qing expand their empire and deal with outsiders?
The Qing Empire in the Eighteenth Century
 The Qing
 Zheng Chenggong, Koxinga
 Kangxi (1661-1722)
Jesuits
 Politics
Manchu nobles’ privileges
Civil service systems
“Sacred Edict”
 Decay
Corruption
Russia
England
 Changing China
 Population growth
 Industrialization
Trade and commerce
Matteo Ricci, clocks
 Daily life
The family
 Filial piety
 Women
 Culture
Novel
Theater
Art
Tokugawa Japan
1. The national unification of Japan began in the middle of the sixteenth century under Oda Nobunaga (1568-1582), a samurai of the lesser daimyo.
By 1559 he controlled the province of Owari (10) and in 1568 seized Kyoto, the capital city. He drove the shogun out of Kyoto in 1573, thus
becoming virtual ruler of central Japan. To this was added western Japan under the brilliant general Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Also added were
eastern and northern Japan once the fortress of Odawara in southern Honshu fell.
2. In 1582 Nobunaga was murdered while his armies were fighting the Mori (21) at the western end of Honshu. Hideyoshi (1582-1598) soon
managed to establish his control over Nobunaga's coalition of daimyo in central Japan. In 1585 the southern island of Shikoku was subdued.
Tokugawa Ieyasu in the east accepted vassalage to Hideyoshi in 1586 while the Shimazu (26) did the same in the extreme south. Meanwhile, the
Date (5) and others in the north submitted to Hideyoshi. By 1590, Japan was reunited politically. When Hideyoshi died in 1598 a regency was
established for his infant son. Tokugawa Ieyasu (1598-1616), who controlled vast territories around Edo (Tokyo), eliminated the boy and in 1600 at
Sekigahara smashed a coalition of daimyo.
3. Hideyoshi had eyes beyond Japan. With an objective of China, passage was sought through Korea. When that was refused, a Japanese
invasion force entered in 1592. Using firearms, Korea was quickly overrun but the Japanese had to withdraw south when faced by massive Chinese
Armies. This was renewed in 1697 but when Hideyoshi died the following year, the Japanese armies withdrew.
4. In 1549 the Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier landed at Kagoshima. By 1600, there were some 300,000 baptized Catholics, most of which were
found on southern Kyushu. In 1615 Christian samurai supported Ieyasu's enemies at the battle of Osaka. Thirty thousand peasants in heavily
Catholic northern Kyushu revolted in 1637 contributing to the ruthless repression of the Christians after 1639. Foreign priests were expelled or
tortured, and thousands of Japanese Christians suffered crucifixion. At the same time, all foreigners were expelled except the Dutch who aided the
Japanese government against the Christians (Catholics) by providing cannons. As a reward, the Dutch could stay but their factory station was
removed in 1641 to the 2100 square foot island of Deshima in Nagasaki harbor. One ship a year was permitted by the Japanese.
Questions:
1. What role did the daimyo play in the unification of Japan?
2. What was the relationship between the Japanese government and the Dutch?
Tokugawa Japan
 Tokugawa Japan
 Oda Nobunga (1568-1582)
1568 seized Kyoto
 Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1582-1598)
Osaka
Korea
 Tokugawa Ieyasu (1598-1616)
Daimyo of Edo
Shogun
Eviction of all missionaries, 1612
Osaka Castle. Last Headquarters of son of Toyotomi
Hideyoshi, it was seized by forces of Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1615
on the latter’s ascent to the shogunate
 Opening Japan to the West
 Jesuit missionaries
Francis Xavier, 1549
Expulsion, 1587
 Christian peasant revolt, 1637
 Dutch at Nagasaki
 The Tokugawa “Great Peace”
 Han
 Daimyo
fudai (inside) daimyo
tozama (outside) daimyo
 Social system
 Seeds of Capitalism
 Commercial expansion
Major cities
Consumer culture
Impact on the samurai
ronin
Impact on rural population
 Village life
 bakufu
 ie
 Role of women
 Tokugawa Culture
 Literaturre
 Saikaku (1642-1693)
 Kabuki
 Basho (1644-1694)
 Hokku
 Haiku
 Art
Gold foil
Pottery
Woodblock
 Korea
 Chinese model