Download 8th Grade TAKS STUDY GUIDE - Diboll Junior High School

th
8
Grade US HISTORY
STUDY GUIDE
STAAR
BUSTERS
1
• First English colony in the Americas was
established where and in what year
• Answer: Jamestown, Virginia
1607
2
The Declaration of Independence
was signed when?
• Answer: 1776
3
The new constitution to replace
the Articles of Confederation
was presented when?
• Answer: 1787
4
The Louisiana Purchase was
made in what year and did what
to the size of the U.S.
• Answer: 1803
Doubled the size of the United
States
5
The Civil War broke out in the
year of _______ and ended in
the year of ________.
• Answers: Started 1861
Ended 1865
6
Religious freedom, persecution,
profit, land, etc. are reasons for
what?
• Answers: Coming to America, exploration
7
The document signed by the
Pilgrims, in the year _____, that
was an early first step toward selfgovernment was called what?
• Answers: Year 1620
Document- The Mayflower Compact
8
First written constitution in the New
World was called ____________ and
was written in the year ________.
• Answers: Fundamental Orders of
Connecticut
• Answer: Written in 1639
9
The first representative government for the
English colonies was called what?
• Answer: Virginia House of Burgesses
10
The economic system where colonies are
set up to make the mother country rich is
called what?
• Answer: Mercantilism
11
After the French and Indian War,
Britain took what actions ( several),
which enraged the colonists?
ANSWER:
• Proclamation of 1763, Colonists could not settle
in the Ohio Valley
• Sugar Act
• Stamp Act
• Quartering Act
• Intolerable Acts
• Townsend Act
12
Patriot leader who was an
original Son of Liberty in
Boston.
( Beer Maker)
• Answer: Samuel Adams
13
Inventor, writer, signer of the Declaration of
Independence. Bifocals, Poor Richard’s
Almanac, ambassador to France.
Who does this describe?
• Answer: Benjamin Franklin
14
Leader of the British
government during the
American Revolution?
(Monarch)
• Answer: King George III
15
Frenchman who volunteered to
serve in the American
Revolution?
• Answer: Marquis De Lafayette
16
A system for settling the
Northwest territory
• Answer: Land Ordinance of 1785
17
A government for the territory
that guaranteed basic rights to
settlers and outlawed slavery
• Answer: Northwest Ordinance
18
A period when business activity
slows, prices and wages fall,
and unemployment rises
• Answer: Depression
19
A 1786 revolt in Massachusetts
led by farmers in reaction to
high taxes
• Answer: Shay’s Rebellion
20
The Constitutional Era is
characterized by
Answer: philosophical differences and
compromises in forming the new
government
21
What are defining characteristics of the era
of the Early Republic
•
-
Answer:
Louisiana Purchase
Expansion of national power
War of 1812
22
How did the War of 1812 affect
the standing of the United
States in world affairs
Answer: the US established its identity as
an independent and powerful nation
23
Which issue would be
supported by Thomas Jefferson
Answer:
an expansion of state’s rights
24
These problems faced leaders during the
early years of the republic
• Answer:
-defining national government authority
-maintaining national security
-creating stable economic system
25
What were three approaches
Hamilton used to stabilize the
U.S. economy
Answer:
- Protective tariffs
- Repay war debt
- Set up national bank
26
Who was supported by northern
merchants and industry, favored
strong Federal Government,
and was a Federalist
Answer:
John Adams
27
What was the result of the passage of the
Judiciary Act
• Answer: Federal Court system was set up
28
Why were early political parties
developed
Answer: there was disagreement over the
role and strength of National Government
29
This action contributed to the
beginning of the War of 1812
Answer: impressment of American Sailors
into British Navy
30
John Adam’s administration
restricted citizens from criticizing
the government
Answer: The Alien and Sedition Acts
31
Stated the United States would
not tolerate European
intervention in Latin America
Answer: Monroe Doctrine
32
How did Washington’s “Farewell
Address” influence American
foreign policy
Answer: To remain neutral
33
How did embargo Act of 1807
impact American trade
Answer: Both imports and exports fell
greatly
34
How did Federalist interpret the
text of the Constitution
Answer: loosely according to historic and
social changes
35
When the concept of Judicial
Review was first applied, it
required that all decisions and
interpretations of laws be
analyzed according to
• Answer: legality under the Constitution
36
A major domestic problem faced
by leaders of the new republic
• Answer: Setting up the court system
37
Leadership qualities a Supreme
Court Chief Justice, such as
John Marshall, need in order to
be effective
• Answer: Ability to discuss issues logically
and make well reasoned arguments
38
1803 landmark case which
formed the basis for the
exercise of Judicial review and
was the first to declare a
government action
unconstitutional
• Answer: Marbury v. Madison
39
Are the most factors a judge
uses when conducting a Judicial
Review of a government action
• Answer: Rules and laws set forth in the US
Constitution
40
This factor determines the
number of electoral votes for
each state
• Answer: states with higher populations
have more electoral votes
41
In the Executive Branch, the
President
may veto bills
42
In the Judicial Branch, the
Supreme Court
may determine actions unconstitutional
43
First battle of the Revolution“shot heard round the world”
• Answer: Lexington and Concord
44
Turning point of the
Revolutionary War?
• Answer: Battle of Saratoga
45
Father of our country, first President, leader
of the Continental Army, who does this
describe?
• Answer: George Washington
46
Ending battle where Cornwallis
surrendered?
• Answer: Battle of Yorktown
47
First American government after
independence established in what year?
• Answer: Articles of Confederation
• Answer: 1777
48
Which form of democracy was
decided upon when the
Constitution was written
• Ans: Republic
49
Why is the year 1787 so
important in U.S. history?
• Ans: The Constitution was written
50
The Federalists Papers were
written to promote
• Ans: The Constitution
51
Anti-Federalists insisted upon
which of the concerns
• Ans: The Bill of Rights
52
Bicameral legislature was a
result of the following.
• Ans: the Great Compromise
53
At the Constitutional
Convention, the Virginia Plan
included a proposal to:
• Ans: separation of powers
54
Document used to declare the reasons for
the colonies break from England
• Answer: Declaration of Independence
55
Treaty, which ended the war and
what year?
• Answer: Treaty of Paris
• Answer: 1783
56
Where the convention to revise
the Articles of Confederation
took place
• Answer: Philadelphia
57
Agreement to have 2 houses with
representation, in one based on population
and equal representation in the other is
called what?
• Answer: The Great Compromise
58
Arguments by the anti-federalists to not
ratify the new Constitution?
• Answer: They feared the power of the
national government could override state
decisions, the protection of the liberty of
individuals would be at risk
59
Arguments by the Federalists to ratify the
new Constitution. What are the essays
called that were written to achieve
ratification?
• Answer: The Federalists Papers
60
A tax on imported goods is called what?
Who supported them? Who opposed them?
(During the colonial unrest period)
• Answer: tariff
• Northerners supported
• Southerners opposed
61
Who pushed for a national
banking system to strengthen
the US economy
• Answer: Alexander Hamilton
62
Who wrote the Declaration of
Independence?
• Answer: Thomas Jefferson
63
What two parties did Hamilton and Jefferson start?
What were the differences in political ideas?
• Hamilton- Federalists
Party
- Supported a strong
national government
• Jefferson- Democratic
Republican Party
- Limited central
government
- Strict interpretation of
the Constitution
64
List three major causes of the War of 1812?
Answer:
• Impressment of U.S. sailors
• Violations of U.S. rights at sea
• British support of Indian opposition to
colonial settlement
65
The election of who signaled a movement by
the common man to get involved in
American politics and the beginning of the
modern Democratic Party?
• Answer: Andrew Jackson
66
The forced removal of Cherokee and other
Indians from their Southeastern lands to
lands west of the Mississippi River was
called what?
• Answer: Trail of Tears
67
These laws established the principles
for orderly expansion to the west.
• Answer: Northwest Ordinance 1787
68
The idea that the United States should
extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific (God
given right) was called?
• Answer: Manifest Destiny
69
A war with our southern neighbors over a border
dispute and expansion- Name the war? Who won
the war? What did the U.S. gain?
• Answer: Mexican War (1846-1848)
• Answer: The United States won
• Answer: gained, Texas, New Mexico,
Utah, Arizona, Nevada, and California
70
What region of the United States most
opposed tariffs prior to the Civil War?
Why?
• Answer: Southerners
• Answer: they were more dependent on
foreign trade
71
Doctrine, which said that a state could
declare a Federal Law void if it was unfair to
a particular region?
• Answer: Doctrine of Nullification
72
Name a South Carolina firebrand who called
for secession during regional conflicts?
• Answer: John C. Calhoun
73
Name the Senator from Tennessee known
as “The Great Compromiser”?
• Answer: Henry Clay
74
Name the legislator who, in his debates
before Congress, gave compelling reasons
for the abolition of slavery?
• Answer: Abraham Lincoln
75
Who was elected President of the
Confederate States of America?
• Answer: Jefferson Davis
76
Who was the general who ultimately led the
Union to victory in the Civil War?
• Answer: Ulysses S. Grant
77
Who was President of the United States
during the Civil War?
• Answer: Abraham Lincoln
78
Characteristics of the New
Republic
Ans:- Louisiana Purchase
- War of 1812
- Expansion of national power
79
Importance of the year 1803
• Ans: Doubled the size of the United
States
80
Who was responsible for the
Alien and Sedition Acts
• Ans: President John Adams
81
What was the primary reason
for the Monroe Doctrine
• Ans: Stated the U.S. would not tolerate
European intervention in Latin America
82
Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court and established
precedent of Judicial Review.
Who does this describe?
Ans: John Marshall
83
In 1829, commerce benefitted from
a means of faster transportation
because of the construction
Ans: The Erie Canal
84
How did Alexander Hamilton want
to pay off the large debt left by the
American Revolution?
Ans: raise money through taxes
85
Who, along with his followers,
would support an expansion of
states’ rights
Ans: Thomas Jefferson
86
What was the purpose of the
Embargo Act of 1807?
Ans: pressure warring nations to respect
U.S. neutrality
87
The Battle of New Orleans
earned him recognition across
the U.S.
Ans: Andrew Jackson
88
As the U.S. expanded westward
what allowed for the creation of
new states
Ans: Northwest Ordinance
89
These court actions brought about
Judical Review and the regulation
of interstate commerce
Ans: Judical Review: Marbury vs Madison
Interstate Commerce: Gibbons vs Ogden
90
Protective tariffs was Alexander
Hamilton’s philosophy in
development of what
Ans: business and industry
91
The number of Supreme Court
justices was set at six by
George Washington through
this act
Ans: Judiciary Act
92
He was a federalists, from an
urban area, and favored a
strong federal government
Ans: Alexander Hamilton
93
Impressment of American
sailors into the British navy was
one of the causes
Ans: the War of 1812
94
“Millions for defense, but not
one cent for tribute”
Ans: rallying slogan for John Adams and
the XYZ Affair
95
George Washington urged the
U.S. to take this policy where
European affairs were
concerned
Ans: neutrality
96
As a result of the War of 1812,
these economic changes were
made in the United States
Ans: - increased industrial production
- introduction of the American System
- introduction of new clothing styles
97
Who was the leader of the South’s army in
the North?
• Answer: Robert E. Lee
98
Where were the first shots of the Civil War
fired? When?
• Answer: Fort Sumter, Charleston, SC
• Answer: 1861
99
Which two battles (one in the east and one
in the west) signaled the beginning of the
end of the Confederacy?
• Answer: Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
(EAST)
• Answer: Vicksburg, Mississippi (WEST)
100
The announcement that slaves in rebel
territories were to be set free was called?
• Answer: Emancipation Proclamation
101
What happened to President Lincoln shortly
after the war and where did it take place?
• Answer: he was assassinated by John
Wilkes Booth
• Answer: Fords Theatre
102
Where did Lee’s final surrender take place?
• Answer: Appomattox Court House, VA
103
A system in which a planter owns large
tracts of land and uses cheap labor to grow
and harvest cash crops?
• Answer: Plantation System
104
A system where supply and
demand effect production and
pricing is called what?
• Answer: Free Enterprise System
105
How is the Constitution
changed?
• Answer: Amendments have been added
106
A leading black abolitionist who
was a former slave in
Maryland?
• Answer: Fredrick Douglass
107
The hero of a fledgling
American navy during the
Revolution was called?
• Answer: John Paul Jones
108
The President during the time of
the Monroe Doctrine?
• The President during the time of the
Monroe Doctrine?
109
Leader of the early Woman’s Rights
movement who helped organize the Seneca
Falls Convention and gave the Declaration
of Sentiments?
• Answer: Elizabeth Cady Stanton
110
First Chief Justice of the United
States Supreme Court?
Answer: John Jay
111
Define Compromise
• Answer: to settle by mutual concessions
112
Why is freedom of speech and
press important in a democratic
society?
• Answer: a citizen should be able to speak
out against the government without fear of
imprisonment or punishment
113
Who set precedent of nonviolent protest by refusing to
pay income tax to protest the
Mexican War? (writer)
• Answer: Henry David Thoreau
114
Colonial leader who believed in
equality under God and founded
a state for Quakers?
• Answer: William Penn
115
What invention helped spur the growth of
slavery in the South?
• Answer: Cotton Gin
116
Where were the differences between the
regions in the United States?
• North- manufacturing
• Middle- bread basket
• South- planting, cotton, tobacco, rice
117
How did the War of 1812 bring economic
changes to the United States?
• Answer: Industrial Revolution
- factories
- people worked for wages
- interchangeable parts
(90)
118
The rapid change to machine power and
machine made goods is called what?
• Answer: Industrial Revolution
119
Putting the needs of the community above
your own interests is called what? (founding
fathers practiced it)
• Civic Virtue
120
Who was the primary advocate
for free public elementary
schools?
• Answer: Horace Mann
121
List three major women’s rights
advocates?
• Answer:
•
•
Abigail Adams
Elizabeth C. Stanton
Loucretia Mott
122
What do these people have in
common? Grimke Sisters,
Sojouner Truth, Harriett Beecher
Stowe, Harriet Tubman, and
Fredrick Douglass
• Answer: They were all Abolitionists (those
who opposed slavery)
123
The movement to abolish
alcohol in the United States was
called?
• Answer: Temperance Movement
124
Who was the woman who
helped begin the movement for
prison reform?
• Answer: Dorothea Dix
125
Which female laborer led a
movement for a 10-hour
workday?
• Answer: Sarah G. Bagley
126
What were the First and Second
Great Awakening? Who led the
first?
• Answer: First- a religious movement which
swept the colonies in the 1700s. Led by
Jonathan Edwards, it taught people to
declare their trust in God without needing
a clergy to channel their prayers
• Answer: Second- early 1800s, tent
meetings, missionary work spread and
127
church membership increased
Harriet Beecher Stowe
• Ans: wrote “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”
128
Sojourner Truth
• Ans: Fought for equal rights for women
129
Nullification Crisis
• Ans: South Carolina’s dislike for tariffs
130
Dred Scott
Ans:Took slavery case to Supreme
Court
Ruling: Slaves had no rights
131
Why were plantations in the South
Climate allowed planters to raise profitable
crops
132
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Ans: objected to the 15th amendment
Why?- excluded women from voting
133
Battle of Vicksburg
Ans: Civil War battle giving Union control of
Mississippi River
134
Robert E. Lee
Ans: -Graduated West Point
-Served as leader of Confederate Army
-Surrendered at Appomattox Court
House
135
Who came up with the unique
American philosophy of
Transcendentalism?
• Answer: Ralph Waldo Emerson
the importance of each individual
and living close to nature
136
Who invented the steamboat
and what was the first one
called?
• Answer:
Robert Fulton
Clermont
137
Who invented the cotton gin and
what effect did it have on the
South and slavery?
• Answer: Eli Whitney, it caused slavery to
multiply greatly
138
What process created steel and
allowed for the industrial
revolution to surge forward?
• Answer: Bessemer Steel Process
139
What changes in life in the
United States came about as a
result of industrialization?
• Answer: changed from making by hand at
home to machinery in factories
140
A government where the power
is held by the people and
exercised through elected
representatives is called?
• Answer: Representative Government
141
• STOP HERE
142
The period following the Civil
War where the defeated
Southern States were rebuilt
was called what?
• Answer: Reconstruction Period
143
The extreme institution of
reforms upon the defeated
Southern States was called?
• Answer: Carpet bagging Reconstruction
Acts of 1867
144
The cornerstone of English
justice and law is a document
that first limited the power of the
king.
• Answer: Magna Carta, 1215
145
Another English document
which helped serve as a
forerunner to the US
Constitution and Bill of Rights
• Answer: English Bill of Rights
146
Who is given credit for writing the
Declaration of Independence?
• Answer: Thomas Jefferson
147
What God given rights are protected in the
Declaration of Independence?
What is their collective name?
• Answer: life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness
• Answer: unalienable rights
148
Name three major writers of the Federalists
Papers?
• Answer: James Madison, Alexander
Hamilton, and John Jay
149
Who is known as the Father of the
Constitution?
• Answer: James Madison
150
Know what the 3/5 Compromise
and the Great Compromise
covered?
• Answer: 3/5 Compromise, a slave would
count as 3/5 of a person in determining
house representatives and direct taxes
• Answer: House elected on population,
• Senate, two senators per state
151
The idea that the Constitution and laws can
define the limits of those in power is called
what?
• Answer: limited government
152
What system was set up by the Constitution
to ensure that one branch did not become
too powerful was called?
• Answer: checks and balances
153
List the individual checks given to each
branch of government:
• Answer:
1- legislative: Congress can override veto
with 2/3 vote of both houses and determines the
number of judges
2- executive: President can veto a bill proposed by
Congress and appoints Supreme Court Judges
3- judicial: can rule President’s actions
unconstitutional and can rule laws passed by
Congress as unconstitutional
154
Name the three branches of government
and what each is responsible for:
• Answers
1- Legislative: makes laws
2- Executive: enforces laws
3- Judicial: interrupts the laws
155
Sharing of power between local and national
government is called what?
• Answer: federalism
156
Define Separation of Powers
• Answer: the division of governmental
power into three branches of government
157
The idea that the people should vote to
decide key issues…… especially dealing
with slavery is called what?
• Answer: popular sovereignty
158
The amendment passed during
reconstruction that freed all slaves was?
• Answer: 13th Amendment
159
What are the first 10
Amendments to the Constitution
called?
• Answer: Bill of Rights
160
What is the primary purpose of the Bill of
Rights?
• Answer: protect individual rights
161
Know what each of the first 10 Amendments
protect:
1st- freedom of religion, speech, assembly, and
petition
2nd- bear arms
3rd- not to quarter soldiers
4th- unreasonable search and seizure
5th- due process of law
6th- speedy trial
7th- trial by jury
8th- no cruel or unusual punishment
9th- constitutional rights do not deny other rights
10th- states rights
162
The Amendment which gives Equal
Protection under the law and extends the
benefits of the Bill of Rights to all citizens is
called?
• Answer: 14th Amendment
163
The amendment that gave black males the
right to vote is called?
• Answer: 15th Amendment
164
The idea that the Supreme Court can
declare laws unconstitutional is called what?
• Answer: Judicial Review
165
Describe the Nullification Crisis of 1828
• Congress approved a high tariff in 1828 to
protect US interests from foreign trade.
Southerners were in favor of being free to
trade and were angry and declare the tariff
null and void
166
What Supreme Court ruling established the
idea of judicial review?
• Answer: Marbury vs. Madison
1803
167
Which Supreme Court case gave the federal
government the power to regulate interstate
commerce?
• Answer: Gibbons vs. Ogden
1824
168
Which Supreme Court case affirmed that the
Constitution was the Supreme Law of the Land?
• Answer: McCullough vs. Maryland
1819
169
The Supreme Court case which declared
slaves were not citizens and allowed that all
states could vote on whether or not to have
slavery was called? This case threw out the
Missouri compromise.
What year?
• Answer: Dredd Scott vs. Sanford
• Answer: 1857
170
A God given right that can not be
taken away?
• Answer: unalienable rights
171
What a person of foreign birth who
becomes a U.S. citizen is called?
• Answer: naturalized citizen
172
Individuals who played a significant role in
the fight for independence from Britain and
the creation of a new government are
called?
• Answer: founding fathers
173
Passive resistance to laws one
considers unjust is called?
• Answer: Civil Disobedience
174
The central theme for the conflict between
the first two political parties was how much
_______________ the federal government
should have?
• Answer: power
175
Who published the Newspaper called the
Liberator?
• Answer: William Lloyd Garrison
176
Which political party was created to abolish
slavery and in what year?
• Answer: Republican Party
• Answer: 1854
177
Large nationwide religious revivals in both
the 1700s and 1800s were called?
• Answer: First and Second Great
Awakenings
178
What is a Primary source?
• Answer: original documents or notes; first
hand account
• Example: Mr. W. telling about combat he
was involved with in Vietnam
179
What is a Secondary Source?
• Answer: interpretations prepared by people who
were not involved in the events described
• Example: A student telling others about combat
Mr. W. was in during his time in Vietnam
180
What were the weaknesses of the Articles of
Confederation?
•
•
•
•
•
Answers:
1- the states held too much power
2- no President to lead nation
3- Congress could not raise money
4- Congress could not collect taxes
181
What is bias?
• Answer: a distorted point of view
182
List the economic differences between the 3
colonial regions?
• Answers:
1- North: ship building, furs, fishing
2- Middle: grain farming, seaports, iron
works
3- Southern: plantations, small farms,
tobacco
183
Sequence of service:
Answer:
1- George Washington, first President
2- John Adams, second President
3- John Marshall, appointed Chief Justice
4- Thomas Jefferson, third President
184