Download European Colonization of the New World, 1492 to 1620

Who is in the Americas?
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Olmec
Maya
Aztec
Inca
Pueblo
Iroquois
Navajo
Algonquin
Life in Africa
• What trade network spread
across North Africa?
• What is going to happen to
West Africans in the 1500s?
Life in Europe
• Political changes in
Europe
• Expansion of trade and
Exploration
• Protestant
Reformation
Spain
• 1492: Christopher Columbus
– Thought he had reached Asia
(India), but actually was in the
Caribbean and South America.
• Spain was motivated by:
– God: Convert Indians (Native
Americans)
– Gold: Gold and silver of the
Aztec and Incan Empires
– Glory: Individuals like Cortez
sought to make themselves rich
and famous.
European Colonization
 European colonization
involved distant settlements
being controlled by the
parent country.
 Guns, Germs, and Steel
used by Europeans to
control indigenous
peoples.
 Merchants and monarchs
saw opportunities to
increase wealth, while
ordinary people saw a
chance at a fresh start.
Columbian
Exchange
 The global exchange of
goods between the Eastern
and Western Hemispheres
is known as the Columbian
Exchange.
 Squash, potatoes,
tomatoes, tobacco,
pumpkins, corn to Europe,
Africa , and Asia.
 Coffee, bananas, grapes,
sugar cane, cattle, sheep,
horses, disease to the
Americas.
Who else colonizes the Americas?
• Portugal - Brazil
• France – Canada and parts of the United States
• The Netherlands (The Dutch) – New Amsterdam
(now called New York)
• England – Jamestown and Plymouth
• These countries are all important but we will
focus on England. Why?
English Colonization
• The English defeated the Spanish
Armada in 1588 and replaced Spain
as the dominate world power.
• Decided to colonize because of a:
– growing population
– weak economy
• King James I chartered the Virginia
Company (joint-stock) to establish a
colony in the New World.
Roanoke – The Lost Colony
• Founded in 1585
• England temporarily
abandons the colony
during a war with Spain
in 1588.
• When the English return
everyone was gone.
– What happened?
Jamestown
• Virginia Company formedinterested in settling North America
colony.
• Joint-stock company-several
investors pool money together
supporting colony, hope to make a
profit.
• Jamestown-the first permanent English
settlement in 1607.
– A business venture by the Virginia
Company
– Goal – Make Money
– How can Jamestown be successful?
Jamestown Issues
• Bad location
– Area was a swamp.
– Not close to animals for hunting
(deer/bears).
– No good source of water.
• Unprepared settlers
– Lack of farmers and individuals willing
to work.
– Only sent men. Many were wealthy.
• Poor relationship with Native
Americans
– John Smith had created a somewhat
successful alliance, but Powhatan grew
increasingly weary as the number of
settlers steadily increased.
John Smith’s Plan
John Smith placed it
under martial law.
What is martial law?
Those who did not work
did not eat.
– Is that fair?
Jamestown Issues (cont.)
• Many colonists died of starvation, disease, and Native American attacks.
– Only 38 of original 150 alive by 1608.
– “Starving time”-only 60 of 600 new colonists survived the winter of 1609.
– Colonists ate rats, snakes, roots, boiled shoe leather.
Jamestown Survives
Economy:
• Jamestown’s long term success guaranteed through the development and
cultivation of tobacco.
• Began to establish a plantation economy-first slaves imported in 1619.
Politics:
• Colonists organized the first representative assembly in America in 1619House of Burgesses (known today as the General Assembly of Virginia).
Who came to Jamestown
Headright system helped lure people to
Jamestown.
– Land ownership
– Begins to set up plantation system
Indentured servants.
5-7 year contract
Given land, $ when its over
Slavery in Jamestown
• Slavery increases by the late 1600s.
• More slaves than indentured servants.
– What advantage did owning slaves have over
having indentured servants?
Who were the Puritans?
 Wanted to reform the
Church of England
– Too similar to the
Catholic Church
 Pilgrims formed their
own church
 Fled persecution and
came to America
 Plymouth founded in
1620
Mayflower Compact
• An agreement to form
their own government.
• Signed before they got off
the boat.
– It is an early founding
document.
• First year many died.
– Had little food.
– Eventually became
successful but did not
become a large colony.
18
Massachusetts Bay Colony
• Led by John Winthrop – 1629
• Put the charter and leadership of the colony
in America..
• Founded Boston
• 17 ships, 1,000 people arrive in 1st year
– Men, Women, and Children
– Many professions.
– They learn from previous mistakes.
Religion and Government
• Church and State worked together
• Civic officials were God’s elect
• Everyone followed strict religious law
– People met at the meeting house to vote on civic
issues.
– A democratic government.
• They were to be a city upon a hill.
• What does that mean? Discuss with your partner
Demographics (People)
Came to America as families
– Not as single men or women like at Jamestown
People watched for misbehavior
Children taken out of homes of bad parents
Needed to teach religion.
Economy
• Made money fishing.
• Making manufacture goods.
• Small farming
• No plantations or cash crops like Virginia!!!
Dissent in the Puritan Community
Roger Williams
– Land should be bought from Native Americans
– Be able to worship freely
– Establishes Providence in Rhode Island
Anne Hutchinson
– Interpreted Bible in her home
– Did not need the church to form opinion
– Banished from Massachusetts
Native Americans Resist the Puritans
• Settlers clearing land
• Pequot War – 1637
– Pequot rebel, English massacre them with Native American
allies
• King Philips War – 1675
– Metacon (called King Philip) upset with Puritan law
– Year long war, very bloody, 1 in 10 men die
– Ends Native American influence in Southeastern New
England
The Middle Colonies
• The Dutch found New
Netherland
– New Amsterdam
• Expand fur trade
• Diverse colony
– German, French, African
– Better Native American
relationship
English take over New Netherland
• “Dutch Wedge” between their colonies
• James (Duke of York)
– Takes fleet to the colony
– Dutch don’t fight back and lose their colony
• Renamed New York
• Also acquire New Jersey
Pennsylvania
• William Penn – Founder
• Quakers
– Protestant
– Everyone has God’s
“inner light”
– Services without
ministers
– Rank not important
– Pacifists (against war)
Founding of Pennsylvania in 1681
• Proprietary colony
– Had a single owner (W.
Penn)
• “Holy experiment”
• Every adult male got 50
acres, right to vote
• Representative Assembly
• Freedom of Religion
Philadelphia – City of Brotherly Love, a
symbol of Quaker beliefs
Native American Relations
• Good relationship
• Court of colonists and Native Americans
settled their differences
• 50 years without major conflicts
Thriving Colony
• Attracted settlers from Europe
• Many Germans move there
– Pennsylvania Deutsch or Dutch
Thirteen Colonies
• Maryland – 1632
– Religious Freedom – Religious toleration law for
Christians
• North and South Carolina - 1663
– Given to the Kings supporters
• Dominion of New England
Takes away colonial control in N.E.
Closes assemblies, appoints Sir Edmond Andros
as the leader
• Georgia - 1732
– Debtors colony, few debtors came
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Massachusetts
Rhode Island
New Hampshire
Connecticut
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware
Maryland
Virginia
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
The Thirteen Colonies