Download STATES OF MATTER

STATES OF MATTER
MATTER
Matter is anything that takes up space and
has mass.
Matter does not have to be visible.
Air is matter.
States of Matter
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Three states of matter common on Earth:
Solids
Liquids
Gases
States of matter in the Universe
Plasma
Bose-Einstein Condensate 1995
Fermionic Condensate 2004
The Fifth State of Matter
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Bose-Einstein Condensation in a gas: a new form of matter at the coldest
temperatures in the universe... It is the ability to slow down light.
Atoms move faster than photons.
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Predicted 1924...
...Created 1995
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A. Einstein
S. Bose
The Sixth State of Matter
• Scientists have created a new form of matter,
which they say could lead to new ways of
transmitting electricity and communication
to the Moon and other planets.
• The fermionic condensate is a cloud of cold
potassium (P -40) atoms forced into a state
where they behave strangely. It is considered
a super cooled, strange superparticle and a
superfluid.
Sixth State of Matter
The fermionic condensate
Solid
• Solid is matter with a define shape and
volume.
• Particles that make up all types of matter
are in constant motion.
Crystalline Solids
• Particles are arranged in repeating threedimensional patterns, called crystal.
Amorphous Solids
• Solids with large particles arranged
randomly.
• Example: plastic, rubber.
Surface Tension
• Uneven forces acting on the particles of
the surface of the liquid.
• The surface of the liquid acts as a thin film
were stretched across its surface.
Ex: floating an insect on the surface of
water.
Gases
• Matter does not have a definite shape or
volume.
Vapor
Matter that exist in the gas state but is
generally a liquid or solid at room
temperature . Ex: water is a liquid.
water vapor is a gas.
States of Matter. Particles
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Levels of Energy in Particles
Addition of energy, creates a change in state
Changes of State of Matter
• Kinetic Energy is the total energy of
motion.
• Particles of matter are at constant motion.
• The amount of motion depends of the
kinetic energy of the particles.
• Particles moving slowly have less kinetic
energy. ( solids)
• Particles moving faster have more kinetic
energy. ( gases)
Temperature
• The average kinetic energy of the particles
that make up a substance.
Heat
• The movement of thermal energy from a
substance at a higher temperature to one
at a lower temperature is called heat.
Specific Heat
• The specific heat of a substance is the
amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 Kg. of a substance in
1 Celsius degree.
Matter .- Materials that have a
low specific heat
• Metals
• Aluminum, Gold
Sand
Materials that have high specific
heat
• Water
Melting
• The change from a solid to the liquid state.
Freezing
• The change from the liquid state to the
solid state.
Vaporization
• The change from a liquid to gas.
• As liquid water is heated ,its temperature
rises until it reaches 100 Celsius. And
liquid water changes into water vapor.
Evaporation
• The conversion of water from a liquid into
a gas.
• Water is transferred from the surface to
the atmosphere through evaporation, the
process by which water changes from a
liquid to a gas.
Evaporation
Condensation
• It is the opposite process of vaporization.
• A gas condenses to a liquid.
• The decrease in energy changes the
arrangements of the particles.
Sublimation
• This is a drawing of what the surface of a
comet might look like.
This is a picture of dry ice (frozen CO2)
sublimating.
Sublimation
• Sublimation of an element or compound
is a transition from the solid to gas phase
so rapidly that the liquid phase cannot be
observed. Sublimation is a phase of
transition where solid gain enough energy
to transform in gas.
Deposition
• The process of a gas changing directly
into a solid is called deposition or
desublimation.
• For example, water vapor in sub-freezing
air can transform into ice
• without going through
• the liquid phase, which is
• how snow and frost are formed.
Viscosity
• Some liquids flow more easily than others.
• A liquid resistance to flow is known as
viscosity.
• Slower the liquid flow, higher the viscosity.
• High viscosity pure honey.
Behavior of Fluids
• Pressure is the force exerted on a surface
divided by the total area over which the
force is exerted.
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P= F/ A
Force is measure in Newtons N.
Area is measured in m2 ( square meter)
N/m2 the unit is called Pascal ( Pa)
Pressure
• Steam machine. Pumps water out of
mines. ( Thomas Savery 17th century )
Pressure
• Crushing a can is applying pressure.
Pascal Principle
• Atmospheric pressure at the sea level is
101.3 KPa ( kilopascals). This means that
air exerts a force about 101,000 N (
Newtons).
Atmospheric Pressure
• Changes with altitude.
• Altitude is the height above the sea level.
• As altitude increases, atmospheric
pressure decreases.
Buoyant Force/Archimede’s
Principle
• The difference in pressure results in an
upward force on an object immerse in a
fluid.
• The buoyant force is equal to the weight of
the object.
Buoyancy
• Sink or float
Archimedes’Principle
• Density is mass divided by volume
• D= m/v
• Understanding density can help you
predict whether an object will float or sink.
Pascal’s principle
• When a force is applied to a confined fluid,
an increase in pressure is transmitted
equally to all parts of the fluid.
• This relationship is known as Pascal’s
Principle.