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Chapter Twelve: Understanding Sexuality © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Biological Bases of Human Sexuality • Genetic basis – XX = female – XY = male • Gonadal basis • Structural development – Male genital development – Female genital development • Biological sexuality and the childhood years • Puberty – Females: Menarche – Males © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Growth and Development of Sexuality © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Psychosocial Bases of Human Sexuality • Psychosocial sexuality: Masculine and feminine aspects of sexuality • Gender: Biological basis of sexuality • Gender identity: Recognition of one’s gender • Gender preference: Emotional and intellectual acceptance of one’s own gender © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Psychosocial Bases of Human Sexuality • Gender adoption: The long process of learning the behavior that is traditional for one’s gender • Gender identification: Achievement of a personally satisfying interpretation of one’s masculinity or femininity © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Male Reproductive System • Testes – Sperm development – Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone – Follicle-stimulating hormone • • • • • • Scrotum Ducts Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Cowper’s glands Penis © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Male Reproductive System © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Male Reproductive System • Age-related hormone changes • Male menopause (andropause) – Decrease in level of androgens – Prostate size increases © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Female Reproductive System • • • • • • • • Mons pubis Labia majora and labia minora Clitoris Vestibule Vagina Uterus Fallopian tubes Ovaries © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Female Reproductive System © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Menstrual Cycle • Menstrual phase – 1/4 – 1/2 cup of blood and tissue is sloughed off during a 5-7 day period • Preovulation phase – Lasts about a week – Release of FSH and LH leading to ovulation around day 14 • Post-ovulation phase – Build-up of endometrial tissue – Role of progesterone © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Menstrual Cycle © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Related Conditions • Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – Physical and psychological symptoms that occur in the days just before menstruation • Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) – Severe form of PMS • Fibrocystic breast condition – Excessive secretory activity producing swollen, firm, or hardened tender breast tissue • Amenorrhea – Absence of menstruation • Menopause – Gradual decline in reproductive system function, usually by late 40s to mid 50s © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Human Sexual Response Pattern • Excitement stage – arousal stage • Plateau stage – leveling off of arousal immediately before climax • Orgasmic stage – neuromuscular tension is released • Resolution stage – return of the body to a preexcitement stage © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Sexual Response Pattern © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Sexual Response Pattern © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Differences Between Men and Women in the Sexual Response Pattern • Men are not multiorgasmic • Men reach orgasm quicker during coitus © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. • Women are multiorgasmic • Women reach orgasm as quickly as men during masturbation Patterns of Sexual Behavior • Celibacy – Self-imposed avoidance of sexual intimacy • Masturbation – Self-stimulation of the genitals • Fantasy and erotic dreams • Shared touching • Genital contact © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Patterns of Sexual Behavior • Oral-genital stimulation – Fellatio (oral stimulation of a male’s genitalia) – Cunnilingus (oral stimulation of a female’s genitalia) • Intercourse – Penile penetration of vagina – Associated with procreation • Anal sex – Performed by both heterosexual couples and gay men © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Aging and Sexuality • Sexual activity does decline with age but a significant population of older adults remain sexually active • Changes in women: – Vaginal lubrication decreases – Reduction in orgasmic contractions • Changes in men: – Erection process is prolonged – Decrease in contractions at orgasm – Ejaculation decreases in force and volume © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Bonds Between People • Love – Emotional attachment of various levels • Intimacy – Sharing of deep feelings © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Relationships and Lifestyles Singlehood Cohabitation Gay and Lesbian Partnerships Same-Sex Marriage Single parenthood Marriage Divorce Half of all marriages end in divorce Unrealistic expectations © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter Twelve: Understanding Sexuality © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.