Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Foreign and National Security Policy © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Objectives • Trace the events that helped to shape contemporary U.S. foreign policy. • Examine the factors that favor presidents over Congress in shaping U.S. foreign affairs. • Evaluate how and to what extend the media, think tanks, and interest groups influence U.S. foreign policy. • Explain some of the twenty-first century challenges forced by the United States. 2 Why are we the way we are? Why does it matter to you? How do American values and goals continue to guide U.S. policies toward the world? © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Core Questions: U.S. Foreign Policy in Historical Context • National security policy: centers on efforts to ensure a state’s political and economic safety. • Often responses to changes in the world and at home. • Two enduring traditions: • Idealism: the view that American foreign policy should reflect the universal truths contained in the Declaration of Independence. • Realism: the view that U.S. foreign policy should serve the national’s self-interest regardless of the tactics used or the nature of the states enlisted as partners. • Realpolitik • Isolationism: policy of limited involvement in international matters that prevailed in the U.S. throughout most of the 19th century and between the two world wars. • Monroe Doctrine of 1823 3 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. U.S. Entry onto the World Stage Spanish-American War WWI WWII Cold War Arms Race and Detente • 1898: abandoned isolationism; helped Cuban rebels gain independence from Spain and seized Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines. • Wilson maintained neutrality until a German submarine sank the Lusitania. After WWI isolationism again. Senate rejected entry into the League of Nations. • Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Pacific theatre responsibilities for the U.S. Grand alliance of nations. U.S. and Russia emerged as superpowers. • United Nations created after WWII. Marshall Plan: assistance provided by U.S. to the nations of Europe to help with devastation. • Iron curtain and the emergence of Marxism-Leninism. U.S. policy of containment. Warsaw Pact. • Proxy wars. Arms race and mutual assured destruction (MAD) as deterrence. • Détente: relaxing of superpower tensions during the Cold War in the 1970s. 4 5 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. A Unipolar System • When the Berlin Wall fell, the world was left with one superpower – the United States. • Cold War was over although Korea still divided between North and South, Communist and democratic states, respectively. • NATO still survives although redefining purpose. • New stresses emerged: Iraq invasion of Kuwait in 1990; coalition strategy to defeat the Iraqi Army and Saddam Hussein. 6 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Trade Policy and Enlargement • After the conclusion of WWII, American factors met U.S. demand but also 40% of the world’s demand – many factories in Europe were destroyed. • After Europe recovered, its industries became competitors. • 1970s, Germany and Japan became industrial powers. 7 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Trade Policy and Enlargement • U.S. government encouraged free trade; lowered taxes (tariffs) on imported goods. • Used bilateral agreements (nation-to-nation) to lower tariffs. • Belief: Global economy was the key to national prosperity and international peace. • Enlargement: Clinton-era policy encouraging nations to adopt democracy and market economies as the way to overcome uncertainties in a post-Cold War world. 8 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Failed States and Multilateral Intervention • Ethnic violence emerged once the iron hand of communist rule was relaxed over Eastern Europe. • No longer a bipolar world: suppressed animosities based on ethnic and religious conflicts emerged. • America’s foreign policy strategy had to deal with internal collapses of states world wide (failed states). • Fear that instability would spread to regions • Successful intervention efforts in Yugoslavia • No intervention in Rwanda; Somalia attempt but withdrawal after American forces were massacred 9 • Constitution divides control of U.S. foreign policy between the president and Congress. • Congress sometimes asserts itself, but presidents dominate. • Corwin: invitation to struggle for the privilege of directing American foreign policy • Third force: foreign policy and national security bureaucracies • Constitutional ambiguity surrounds the respective powers of the president and Congress. • Bipartisan consensus: Truman and Republicans on Marshall Plan • Sometimes agreement cannot be reached: particularly during divided government © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Controlling U.S. Foreign Policy 10 • Constitutional ambiguity partially resolved in the executive’s favor. • As the U.S. became more engaged in the world and war became a constant possibility, presidential power grew. • Crisis situations that emerged (with U.S. forces stationed in Europe and Asia) required rapid decisions in Washington. • Presidents enjoy institutional advantages in dealing with such immediate problems. Quick decision-making ability. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Presidential Prominence 11 • Modern presidents claim the right to decide when the United States should initiate the use of force. • Presidents have also sought to be the sole voice of American foreign policy. • During war time, Congress and the Courts have deferred to presidential leadership during wartime. • Rally around the flag © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Presidential Prominence 12 • Declared wars: U.S. history, Congress, and the president have agreed to wage war on 11 foreign nations. • There have also been undeclared wars: conflicts for which the government did not formally declare war; often initiated by president’s directive and without explicit congressional approval. • Following the withdrawal of U.S. combat forces from Vietnam, Congress sought to avoid repeating what war critics widely regarded as a “presidential war.” • War Powers Resolution: legislation passed by Congress over President Richard Nixon’s veto in 1973 and intended to prevent a recurrence of a future war like Vietnam • Church committee: result was that Congress replaced the weak and informal oversight that it had been exercising with new and permanent intelligence committees with oversight responsibilities • Struggles between administrations and Congress in foreign policy continue © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Congress’s Foreign Policy Prerogatives 13 14 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The National Security Apparatus • Bureaucrats actively engage in determining foreign and defense policy. • Two events have deeply shaped that government apparatus: emergence of the Cold War and 9/11. • National Security Act of 1947 • Established the Joint Chiefs of Staff: permanent structure to coordinate military action and strategy among senior offices of the Army, Navy, Marines, and Air Force. • Created CIA • Merged Departments of War and Navy into Department of Defense • Created National Security Council 15 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The National Security Apparatus • President George W. Bush created the Homeland Security Council, and Congress worked to create the Department of Homeland Security (2002). • Congress insisted on creating a Director of National Intelligence (DNI) who has responsibility for coordinating the activities of the government’s 16 intelligence agencies (2005). 16 17 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Nongovernmental Influences in Foreign Policy • The media • Print and electronic: NYT, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, and CBS News often shape the agendas of policy makers. • Pentagon Papers: NYT published portions of a top-secret history of the Vietnam War completed by the Department of Defense in 1971. • Today, newspapers have declining readership and are covering foreign affairs less. Networks give less attention as well. • Generally the commitment to international news has declined. • Specialty magazines report on foreign affairs, but have limited audiences. • May not need huge audience; but instead it may be important who reads about it – opinion leaders. 18 19 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Nongovernmental Influences in Foreign Policy • Think tanks • Organizations whose specialists conduct research and exchange their views with other experts from government and the media. • Interest groups • Many actively seek to shape foreign policy. • Example: American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) • Public opinion • Important factor in shaping U.S. foreign policy. • But can it be manipulated? 20 • Concern that the U.S. influence in the world is declining. • More nations challenge U.S. dominance in aspects of “soft power” and nonsecurity issues have grown increasingly important during the post-Cold War era. • U.S. remains world’s preeminent military power, but limits on its use. • Are we able to encourage the cooperation of other members of the international community? • National Intelligence Council, a group of U.S. government officials that provides strategic advice on long-term trends, has suggested that U.S. power is declining and anticipates a world with multiple powers • U.S., China, India, Russia, and others © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Challenges for U.S. Policy Makers Today 21 • U.S. confronts new economic powerhouses such as the European Union and China. Russia, Brazil, and India have enormous potential. • Trade deficit with China • Balance of payments deficit: the deficit that arises when the total value of goods and services sold by Americans to non-Americans is less than the total value of goods and services purchased by Americans from abroad. • Running a chronic trade deficit can have both economic and political implications. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Rise of Economic Rivals • Loss of investment in U.S. government securities. • Impact actions of the Federal Reserve: raising interest rates to stimulate foreign investment. • Declining importance of the dollar • Fewer countries holding dollars causes U.S. borrowing to become more expensive and hinders trade. 22 23 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 24 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 25 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • 11.1 million illegal immigrants may be living in U.S. • Enter U.S. to gain employment or escape political persecution in their home country. • Heavy consumers of health, housing, and education services. • U.S. government has stepped up enforcement efforts, worked toward some legalization policy, and border control. • State officials have lost confidence in federal policy making and enforcement. • Arizona 2010 law that required police to check immigration status • Challenged in federal court © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Illegal Immigration 26 27 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • Energy is both a domestic and foreign policy issue. • Release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) into the atmosphere that creates a hole in the ozone layer. Global surface temperatures rise as a result. • Outcomes: melting of polar ice caps, rising sea levels, changing global climate patterns • Heated political debate: environment versus economy • Most scientists believe that global warming will have a pervasive and long-term effect on the world. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Global Warming 28 • Kyoto Protocol • U.S. less proactive on global warming; less likely to work toward the reduction of carbon emissions. • Obama has not been able to gain support for cap and trade. • Obama had success in Copenhagen global summit in 2009 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Global Warming 29 30 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • Nuclear weapons pose a special threat to the world. • Best estimate: nine nations have 20,000 nuclear warheads in their arsenals. • Worries that this arsenal will grow. • 189 nations have signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty that went into effect in 1970. • Five of those nations with nuclear weapons pledged not to spread weapons to other nations, to limit their use, and to work toward disarmament: U.S., the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, France and China. • Since the signing of the NPT, four additional states have acquired nuclear weapons: India, Pakistan, North Korea, and probably Israel. • None are participatory in the treaty. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Nuclear Proliferation 31 • Currently 440 nuclear reactors in 29 nations. • International Atomic Energy Agency has estimated that all could develop nuclear weapons in a fairly short time. • Iran is of foremost concern. • Other concern: Could a non-state group, specifically terrorists, steal or purchase a nuclear weapon? • Collapse of the U.S.S.R. posed a proliferation nightmare, with nuclear weapons and nuclear facilities scattered across Central Europe and much of Asia. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Nuclear Proliferation 32 33 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Terrorism • U.S. arsenal of nuclear weapons has little utility in confronting the threats posed by al Qaeda and other international terrorist groups. • Fear of another 9/11 • Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Terrorism • Prediction of a biological terrorist attack • War on Terror • U.S.A. PATRIOT Act: gave new power to the federal government to pursue terrorists at home • Iraq and Afghanistan 34 • Both Congress and the public have grown weary of lingering conflicts. • Persian Gulf War stands out from the others because it did not trigger a large increase in U.S. military forces. • Sustained military efforts take a toll. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Superpower Fatigue • Superpower fatigue: Graham E. Fuller, a former senior CIA official, wrote an essay – focus on U.S. ambitious international agenda that included unilateral action to suppress international threats and to expand freedom in the world and the fact that foreign nations resisting our leadership and many voices at home were criticizing the administrations actions. • Most countries viewed the invasion of Iraq as a violation of international law—worried about other nation’s doing the same. • Also many countries viewed U.S. mission as not spreading democracy but replacing governments it did not like. 35 36 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.