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Earth & Our Solar System Menu • Recap of KS3 • Neptune • The Solar System • Pluto • The Sun • Asteroids • Mercury • Meteorites • Venus • Comets • Earth • Solar System, Galaxies & The Universe • Mars • Gravity • Jupiter • Satellites • Saturn • Red Shift • Uranus • The Life Cycle of a Star Recap of KS3 Earth in Space A Day is the time for one spin What keeps the moon in orbit around the Earth? GRAVITY The Earth is divided up into the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere: The axis of the earth is tilted. This gives us Seasons Equator Autumn Spring Winter Summer Winter Summer Spring Autumn We see planets and the moon because they reflect sunlight: The sun is different – it produces its own light. We see stars because the light enters our eyes directly - Stars are luminous objects (planets are non- luminous). The sun is different – it produces its own light. Solar Systems, Galaxies and the Universe OUR SUN is one of millions of stars that orbit the centre of… THE MILKY WAY THE UNIVERSE (which is one of a billion galaxies that orbit AND move away from the centre of…) Europe From Space (Can you spot where you live?) Where is This? It wasn’t the Moon! Asteroids have hit the Earth thousands of times in the past. Did you know?- an asteroid the size of your local mountain killed the dinosaurs Return to Menu The Solar System The Solar System • The Sun • 9 Planets (and their moons) • Asteroids • Meteorites and • comets Menu The Sun The Sun • Is a Star at the centre of the Solar System. • It is about 5 Billion years old • Diameter 1.4 million km • Core temperature 15 million oC Return to Menu Mercury Mercury • This is the nearest planet to the Sun. It moves faster through space than any other planet (Orbit = 88 days) • Rotates so slowly that its day is longer than its year!) • Has the most extreme temperature variations of any planet (from –183oC on its dark side to 427 oC on the sunlit side) Return to Menu Venus Venus • Rocky planet and the second closest to the Sun • Spins backwards • The brightest and hottest planet in the sky (Temps about 480 oC) • It ‘Rains’ sulphuric acid (the greenhouse effect ‘gone wild’) • Winds reach 360 km/hour Return to Menu Earth Earth • 3rd Rock from the Sun • The only planet known to support life • Protective atmosphere blocks out harmful radiation • 70% covered by water • 4.5 billion years old • We travel through space at a speed of 108,000 km/h Return to Menu Mars Mars • Known as the Red Planet • Has the largest volcano in the solar system at 27km high! • Has 2 small moons • Rotation of 24.5 hours • Atmosphere is 95% carbon dioxide • This is the first picture that has been sent back from the surface of another planet Return to Menu Jupiter Jupiter • Largest planet in the Solar System (300 times bigger than Earth) • 28 moons • It is a gas planet and has no solid surface • Has a giant storm -the ‘Red Spot’ with 250 mph winds (twice the size of Earth) Return to Menu • Jupiter is SO big, all of the other planets could fit into it! Saturn Saturn • A Gas planet • Famous for its rings (made from rocks & ice particles) • At least 30 moons • Its winds blow in different directions but can reach 1,500 km/h • Saturn is less dense than water. This means it will float on water! Which Is Your Favourite? Saturn is pretty cool!!!! Menu Uranus Uranus • Third largest planet • Blue/ green colour due to traces of methane in the atmosphere • The only planet to spin on its side • 11 rings • 21 moons • Another gas planet Return to Menu Neptune Neptune • Has the fastest winds in the solar system (up to 2,000 km/h) • 8 moons • Triton is the coldest object in the solar system with a temperature of – 235 oC Return to Menu Pluto Pluto • Smallest planet in the Solar System • Farthest from the Sun • Only discovered in 1930 • The surface temperature is so cold (-220 oC) that even the atmosphere freezes • It takes 248 years to orbit the Sun Return to menu Asteroids Asteroids • Asteroids are material left over from the formation of the Solar System • They vary in size from a pebble to 1,000km in diameter • They are found mainly in the Asteroid Belt that lies between Mars & Jupiter • Some Asteroids are so big – they have their own moons Menu Meteorites Meteorites •Meteorites travel at 9 times the speed of a bullet •When they reach our atmosphere they ‘burn up’ because of the friction and the presence of oxygen in our atmosphere. Menu Comets Comets • A comet is simply a dirty snowball made from dust and ice • Comets range in size from between 1km to 10 km. • Once the Solar System would have swarmed with comets. Now they only visit us occasionally. • Usually found in the Kuiper Belt & Oort Cloud Menu The Solar System, Galaxies & The Universe Solar Systems, Galaxies and the Universe OUR SUN is one of millions of stars that orbit the centre of… THE MILKY WAY (which is one of a billion galaxies that orbit AND move away from the centre of…) THE UNIVERSE Menu Gravity The Earth Is Kept In Orbit By The Force Of… Gravity (…and by the fact that is is moving at a high velocity) Gravity (in Detail) The amount of gravity attracting an object decreases the further out the object is… If you double the distance the gravitational force divides by 4 If you triple the distance the force divides F/9by 9 Menu Satellites Satellites A satellite is anything that orbits something else. The Earth has a natural satellite (– the moon). The Earth has hundreds of artificial satellites orbiting around it. All satellites need two things in order to stay in orbit: • Gravity • High speed What Can We Use Satellites For? 1) Observation (e.g. Hubble Space Telescope) – these are in orbit high above the Earth and can observe the universe without interference by the atmosphere. It can take pictures like this….. Each swirl (and there are LOTS in this picture) is a GALAXY! 2) Communications (e.g. TV, phone, car navigational systems) – these satellites are in “geostationary” orbits. This means that the satellite always stays above the same point on the Earth. 3) Monitoring (e.g. weather, spy satellites) – these satellites have a “low polar” orbit and may scan around the Earth several times a day Return to menu Red Shift If you pass the light through a gas something different is seen… It is called Absorption Spectra This is the absorption spectrum from the Sun Absorption spectra show which wavelengths of light are absorbed by the gas (this is how we know the sun is made of helium). Light from stars and from the edge of the universe also shows this “REDSHIFT” which suggests that everything in the universe is moving away from a single point. REDSHIFT As Star moves away We see the colours of the spectrum moving towards the wavelength of RED Can you explain what each diagram is showing? A B C Return to menu The Life Cycle of a Star Stage 1 A nebula is a collection of dust, gas and rock. NEBULAE Stage 2 PROTOSTAR This is a NEBULA Gravity will slowly pull these particles together… Stage 3 MAIN SEQUENCE STAR (-Like Our Sun) The attraction forces pulling the particles inwards are BALANCED by forces acting outwards (due to the huge temperatures inside the star). Stars are like nuclear reactors that use hydrogen as a fuel. During this time it releases energy. Stage 4 RED GIANT Eventually the hydrogen and helium will run out. When this happens the star will become colder and redder and start to swell… Relatively small star (like our sun) …. Star 4 times size of our SUN… …becomes a RED GIANT … becomes RED SUPERGIANT Stage 5 The Star Dies What happens at this point depends on the size of the star… Red Giant White Dwarf Black Dwarf 2) If the star becomes a RED SUPERGIANT it will shrink and then EXPLODE, releasing massive amounts of energy, dust and gas. Red Supergiant Supernova The dust and gas on the outside of the supernova are thrown away by the explosion and the remaining core turns into a NEUTRON STAR. If the star is big enough it could become a BLACK HOLE. Neutron Star Supernova Black Hole Stage 6 Second Generation Stars Our sun is a “second generation star” because it contains heavier elements along with hydrogen and helium. These heavier elements would have been the products of a previous star that have been thrown out by a supernova. Heavy elements (such as GOLD) are also found on Earth. Just think! …….Next time you wear GOLD…….it was made in a Supernovae!!! Return to Menu