Download Failure to recharter the bank deprived the government of urgently

JAMES MADISON
AND THE SECOND WAR for
INDEPENDENCE
Election of 1808
• James Madison was nominated by a congressional
caucus with the support of Jefferson
• The “Old South” republicans nominated James
Monroe – he withdrew
• The Eastern Republicans – angered by the
Embargo Act- nominated George Clinton
• Federalist chose Charles Pickney- rec’d 47 votes
• Madison rec’d 122 electoral votes
• Clinton would be vice-president with 113 votes
Madison’s Presidency
continued Commercial Warfare
• inherited from
Jefferson a deeply
troubled Presidency in
a dangerous world
• Attempt a combination
of diplomacy and
economic pressure to
deal with the
Napoleonic wars
• unlike Jefferson,
consented to take the
U.S. to war.
Macon’s Bill No. 2
• Introduced by Nathaniel Macon – chairman
of the Foreign Affairs Committee in 1810
• Authorized the president to reopen trade
with Britain and France
• However, in the event that if either nation
formally agreed to respect U.S. neutral
rights at sea, then the U.S. would prohibit
trade with that nation’s foe.
Napoleon’s Deception
• Upon hearing of
Congress’ action,
Napoleon announced
his intention of
revoking the decrees
that had violated U.S.
neutral rights
• Madison carried out
Macon’s Bill No. 2
embargoing trade with
Britain in 1811
• Napoleon continued to
seize American ships
despite the emperor’s
pledge to U.S.
Bank Debate
•Charter on the U.S. Bank was due to expire March
4, 1811
•Congressional consideration postponed due to
foreign affairs
•Opposed to renewal – “Old Republicans”
–Viewed the bank as the last survival of the
Federalist power – denounced on constitutional
grounds
–2/3 of the stock was owned by Britons – renewal
would aid the enemy
Failure to recharter the bank deprived the
government of urgently needed financial
resources during the War of 1812
Tecumseh
• Shawnee warrior chief
• Organized a defensive
tribal confederacy by
uniting all tribes east
of the Mississippi to
resist the westward
sweep of white
settlement
• British governor of
Canada, as well as fur
traders backed him
and his twin brother
“the Prophet” a
religious leader
Battle of Tippecanoe
• Settlers of the Indiana
territory became fearful
and urged General
William Henry
Harrison to take
aggressive action
• Harrison lead a force of
1,000 men and
destroyed the Shawnee
village on Tippecanoe
creek
• Americans blamed the
British for instigating
the rebellion
William Henry Harrison
• Harrison was successful in
putting an end to
Tecumseh’s efforts to form
an Indian Confederacy
• First governor of the
territory of Indiana –
appointed by John Adams
• Held the rank of Major
General during the War of
1812- defeated the British
in the Battle of the
Thames
War hawks
Henry Clay
• New young Republicans
from frontier states and
the south – advocated
nationalism and
expansionism
• Eager for war with Britain
to defend American honor
and gain Canada
• Viewed maritime seizure
and impressment as
outrages on national rights
and honor
John C.
Calhoun
War Preparations
• April 1812 – Moderate Republicans in the
Senate voted to extend the Embargo for 90 days to
prolong negotiations with Great Britain
• President Madison calls up 100,000 militia for 6
months service
• While Madison called for a declaration of war at
the end of May – Across the Atlantic Britain
suspended the orders in council June 16th
• Unaware of the British concession – Congress
moved for war June 18th
Declaration of War on
Great Britain
Madison’s message to Congress June 1st
– 4 major grounds for war
1. impressment of American seamen
2. violation of U.S neutrality
3. blockade of U.S. ports
4. refusal to revoke the orders in
council
The Balance Sheet
• U.S. Advantages
– Great Britain has
limited resources
– Advantage of
proximity
– U.S. population greater
than that of Canada –
chief target
– U.S. Navy manned by
efficient and welltrained officers and
crews
• U.S. Disadvantages
– Small army
composed of
volunteers
– Lack of united
support –New
England (Mr.
Madison’s War)
– Lack of a national
bank
Election of 1812 – A Divided
Nation
• Madison wins reelection
• Republican strength
in the South and West
overcame Federalist
and antiwar
Republicans
opposition to war in
the North
Francis Scott Key
• Prisoner on a British
ship – watched as the
city of Baltimore
fought the British
Treaty of Ghent
• Failed to settle the issues
that led to war
• Mutual agreement to give
certain goals
• Americans yielded on
impressment – gave up
claims to Canada
• British agreed to stop
aiding Indians
• Commisioned formed to
settle the boundary dispute
between US and Canada
General Andrew Jackson
• Battle of New Orleans
Large British army landed in
Louisiana which was met
by General Jackson’s
militia
Jackson’s forces dramatically
carried the day
Most glorious victory for the
US – two weeks earlier
the British and US had
negotiated peace
Hartford Convention: Leap or No Leap
Federalist delegates from five New England states meet and air
discontent with the war and Madison's administration; it was
suspected that they were plotting to secede. Brother Mass.,
Brother Conn. and little Rhode are reluctant to jump, but the
radical Timothy Pickering urges action. King George/John Bull
watches the proceedings with interest and offers encouragement
and inducements.