Download Colonization of Africa

Colonization of Africa
19th Century
Colonialism
Colonialism is forced control of one nation by another nation.
Colony is when a nation establishes a government under its rule
in a foreign territory.
Imperialism is empire building by taking over other countries’
government’s trade, and culture.
• Beginning in the early 19th Century, Europeans aggressively
tried to establish colonies in Africa.
• European civilization experienced a period of unprecedented
rapid expansion around the globe during the last third of the
nineteenth century.
Reasons for Colonialism
• Despite Europeans involvement in the Slave
Trade Europeans usually relied on Africans to
trade slaves instead of colonizing the
continent.
• By the 1880s every major nation in the world
had abolished the institution of slavery.
• Europeans found a new interest in Africa.
• Africa is a continent of vast wealth.
Positive European
Reasons for Colonialism
1. Colonies provided Europe with strategic military
and economic advantages.
2. Open up new trading markets for European
goods.
3. Europe received minerals and other natural
resources (diamonds, gold, cotton, ivory, and
rubber) which fed the Industrial Revolution
4. Spread Christianity throughout the continent.
5. Europeans had access to cheap labor
When most European nations ended slavery in the
1800s they shifted their focus to trading
early______,
rubber
goods such as gold, ivory, and____________.
Soon after, the European powers divided up most of
Africa. They used imperialism
______________to keep power.
This is a policy of taking over other countries’
government’s trade, and culture.
Negative European
Reasons for Colonialism
• European powers had to fight against
rebellions.
• Colonial rule in many places, especially the
Congo, was morally nauseating (sickening).
The Berlin Conference
In 1884 at the request of
Portugal, German chancellor
Otto von Bismark called
together the major western
powers of the world to
negotiate questions and end
confusion over the control of
Africa. Bismark appreciated
the opportunity to expand
Germany's sphere of
influence over Africa and
desired to force Germany's
rivals to struggle with one
another for territory. At the
time of the conference, 80%
of Africa remained under
traditional and local control.
Berlin Conference (1884)
Berlin Conference in 1884 led by Otto Von Bismarck,
German Chancellor
Series of Meetings in Berlin, Germany, held by
European nations, Africa’s rulers not in attendance.
Met to discuss how to divide Africa’s land.
20% of the Europeans already controlled.
By the end of Colonialism most of Africa was under its
control.
The Berlin Conference
"The Berlin Conference was
Africa's undoing in more ways
than one. The colonial
countries superimposed or
forced their powers on the
African continent. By the time
independence returned to
Africa in 1950, Africa had
developed a condition or
custom of political division
that could not be eliminated
or made to work properly as
a government for the people.
What type of Political boundaries existed before
the Berlin Conference in 1885?
Political Boundaries after Berlin
Conference.
Impact of Colonial Period/ Partitioning of Africa
Negative Effects for Africa
African tribes lost control of their own countries.
Land was confiscated for farms for the European colonies.
Wars, revolts, and protests were common.
Starvation and disease became widespread.
“NEW BORDERS” were drawn that separated families and tribes.
Conflicts broke out between tribes that were once friendly.
Impact of Colonial Period/ Partitioning of Africa
Positive Effects for Africa
•
•
•
•
•
Schools and hospitals built.
Economy was improved by new governments.
Roads and railroads were built.
Health was improved (Health systems, etc…)
Berlin Conference set a specific date for the
end of the slave trade.
• New technology elevated the standard of
living.
Colonization of Africa
Effects on Individual Countries and Regions
South Africa
• Mid-1600s, the Dutch established a small colony
at the Cape of Good Hope (southernmost tip of
Africa).
• to serve as a trading post for ships on their way
to Asia.
• The Cape grew into a large colony, Dutch
government began awarding Dutch settlers
territories occupied by the native Africans.
• In 1795 the Dutch Monarch invited Great Britain
to take over South Africa.
The Struggle for South Africa
South Africa
• Exacerbated tensions between British colonists and
Afrikaners (white colonists of Dutch descent).
• The British and Afrikaners, however, oppressed the
black Africans.
• Gold and Diamonds discovered in South Africa, led to
violent conflicts between both groups.
• From 1899 – 1902 they fought one another in the Boer
War.
• Both groups used black Africans.
• Many blacks and Afrikaners died in British
concentration camps and suffered due to Britain's
scorched earth warfare.
The Great Trek, 1836-38
Afrikaners
Diamond Mines
Raw Diamonds
Boer-British Tensions Increase
 1877 – Britain annexed the Transvaal.
 1883 – Boers fought British in the
Transvaal and regained its
independence.
- Paul Kruger becomes President.
 1880s – Gold discovered in the
Transvaal
Boer War
• Scorched earth tactics caused devastation and
starvation among much of the black
population as well.
• Britain's brutal tactics still remain a source of
resentment between Afrikaners and Englishspeaking whites in South Africa.
Boer War
The Boer War: 1899 - 1900
The Boers
The British
The British implementing the scorched earth policy - Boer war
The British found themselves at a disadvantage, due to the size of the territory, lack of familiarity with the
terrain and the mobility and skills of the "Boers". In an effort to bring the war to an end, the British responded
with a scorched-earth policy. This included burning down the farms and homes of the "Boers", and putting
their women and children in concentration camps. Some 26,000 "Boer" women and children and 14,000 black
and colored people were to die in appalling conditions.
European Powers involved in
Colonization
• Belgium
a) King Leopold II claimed much of the African
Congo.
b) African Congo became best known for their
rubber plantations and ivory.
• East Africa
The _______controlled
British
much of East Africa. Large
numbers of Europeans settled in Kenya. But most
colonial rulers used African deputies to control
the countries. Many deputies were traditional
chiefs. They often favored their own peoples. This
caused conflict between ethnic groups.
These conflicts have made it
hard for governments
to influence feelings of
national identity. Most East
African countries gained
independence in the early
Ethiopia however, was
1960s.________,
never colonized.
Independence did not solve all
the problems of the former
colonies. New challenges
faced the newly independent
countries.
HISTORY OF WEST AFRICA
European countries
claimed colonies in
West Africa in the late
1800s and kept control
World War II
until after___________.
They built schools,
roads, and railroads,
but many Africans gave
up farming and worked
for low wages. All the
countries in West Africa
became independent
by 1974.
HISTORY OF NORTH AFRICA
In the 1800s
European
_________
countries began
invading
North Africa. By 1912
Spain and France
controlled
Morocco, France also
controlled Tunisia and
Algeria, Italy controlled
Libya, and the British
controlled Egypt.
HISTORY OF NORTH AFRICA
The countries
gradually
gained
independence
in the mid1900s.
Algeria was
_______
the last
country to win
independence
in 1962.
Today
the countries
of North Africa
are trying to
build stronger
ties to other
Some of the
Central African
countries
became rich
from trading
with the
Europeans. But
they were all
weakened in
time… Why?
Name the European
colonial powers.
France
Britian
Belgium
Spain
Germany
Portugal
The people of Central Africa
speak hundreds of different
languages. They also speak
regional varieties of the same
Dialects
language or ____________.
The reason for the for the
great variety is that each
ethnic group speaks its own
native languae or dialect of
one such as _________.
Bantu
However each country has an
offical language as well.
Religion in Central
Africa draws heavily
from its colonial history.
Many of the countries
that were once part of
the former French,
Spanish, and Portuguese
colonies are Roman
Catholic while Protestant
Christians can be found
in former British
Colonies.
Dutch Landing in 1652
Shaka Zulu
(1785 – 1828)
Boers Clash With the Xhosa
Tribes
Boer Farmer
The Great Trek, 1836-38
Afrikaners
Diamond Mines
Raw Diamonds
The Struggle for South Africa
Cecil Rhodes
(1853-1902)
“The Colossus of Rhodes”
Uncle Sam: “The Colossus
of the Pacific” (A Parody)
Paul Kruger
(1825-1904)
Boer-British Tensions Increase
 1877 – Britain annexed the Transvaal.
 1883 – Boers fought British in the
Transvaal and regained its
independence.
- Paul Kruger becomes President.
 1880s – Gold discovered in the
Transvaal
The Boer War: 1899 - 1900
The Boers
The British
A Future British Prime Minister
British Boer War Correspondent,
Winston Churchill
A Journey of Inequality
1908-A constitutional convention is held to
establish South African independence from
Britain. The all-white government decides that
non-whites can vote, but cannot hold office.
1910-The South Africa Act takes away all political
rights of Africans in three of the country’s four
states.
1912-The African National Congress is formed. The
political party aims to organize Africans in the
struggle for civil rights.
CIVIL:
RELATED TO THE CIVILIANS OF A
COUNTRY
LITERATE:
ABLE TO READ AND WRITE
1913-The Land Act give 7.3% of the country’s land
to Africans, who make up 80% of the population.
Africans are allowed to be on white land only of
they are working for whites
1920s-Blacks are fired from jobs which are given to
whites.
1910s-1930s-Africans educated at missionary
schools attempt to organize to resist white rule
and gain political power. However, few of them
are literate, communication is poor, and money is
a problem.
What was Apartheid?
• It was a system of
government from 1948 to
1990.
• This Afrikaans word means
separation: the whites were
separated from the black
Africans and other
minorities.
• The white minority ruled
the country and the black
majority did not have any
rights.
Grand Apartheid Laws
1. THE POPULATION REGISTRATION ACT—grouped every South African into
a particular “race” (white, Indian, Coloured, and Black). Only whites could
vote. Those lower down on the list had fewer rights.
2. THE MIXED MARRIAGES ACT—made it a crime for any marriage to take
place between whites and any other “racial” group. Only 75 marriages
between blacks and whites had been recorded before Apartheid began.
3. THE IMMORALITY ACT—made it a crime for any sexual act to be committed
between a white person and any other “racial” group. Between 1950-1985,
24,000 people were prosecuted for this crime.
4. THE GROUP AREAS ACT—divided South Africa into different areas where
the different “race” groups could live. Of the 3.5 million people who had to
leave their homes because of this act, only 2% were white.
5. THE PASS LAWS—made it mandatory for blacks to carry pass books at all
times, which allowed them to have permission to be in a white area for a
limited amount of time. Without their pass, they were arrested.
A Journey of Inequality
1939-Representation of Voters Act weakened the
political rights for Africans and allows them to
vote only for white representatives.
1946-African mine workers are paid twelve times
less than their white counterparts. Over 75,000
Africans go on strike in support of higher wages.
Over 1000 workers are injured or killed before
police violence forces them to end the strike
1948-The Afrikaner Nationalist Party gains control
of the government and passed the first of 317
Apartheid laws, separating whites from blacks.
1951-The African National Congress (ANC), a
political organization for Africans, encourages
peaceful resistance to Apartheid Laws. The
government reacts by arresting more people.
1950-1953-Multiple Apartheid laws are passed
restricting the movement and rights of blacks and
requiring pass books. From 1948-1973, over ten
million Africans were arrested because their
passes were not in order
COUNTERPARTS:
PEOPLE ON THE SAME LEVEL, DOING THE
SAME WORK
APARTHEID:
A POLICY OF SEPARATENESS
AFRIKANER:
A EUROPEAN DESCENDANT OF THE DUTCH
IN SOUTH AFRICA
A Journey of Inequality
1960-A large group of blacks in the town of
Sharpeville refused to carry their passes. 69
people die and 187 are wounded. The African
political organizations, the ANC and the PanAfrican Congress, are banned.
THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS:
1962-The United Nations establishes the Special
Committee Against Apartheid to support a
political process of peaceful change, based on
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
1963-1990-Nelson Mandela, head of the African
National Congress is jailed for the third time. He
expected the death penalty and so he gave a
four hour long speech, saying what he thought
would be his last words to the African community.
He was sentenced to life in prison, first on Robben
Island, doing intense labor. He then spent 27 years
in Pollsmoor Prison, where he was placed in
solitary confinement.
1970-Resistance to Apartheid increases. The allblack South African Students Organization, under
the leadership of Stephen Biko, helps unify
students through the Black Consciousness
movement.
ADOPTED ON DECEMBER 10, 1948 BY
THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE
UNITED NATIONS AS GUIDELINES FOR
HOW HUMAN BEINGS SHOULD BE
TREATED ALL OVER THE WORLD
Nelson Mandela in Prison
Nelson Mandela spent 27 years in solitary confinement in this cell.
A Journey of Inequality
1973-The United Nations passed a resolution
condemning Apartheid.
1976-People in Soweto riot and demonstrate
against discrimination and instruction in Afrikaans.
The police react with gunfire, killing 575 and
injuring and arresting thousands. Stephen Biko is
beaten and left in jail to die from his injuries.
AFRIKAANS:
A LANGUAGE ADAPTED FROM THE 17TH
CENTURY DUTCH SETTLERS OF SOUTH AFRICA
BOYCOTT:
TO ABSTAIN FROM BUYING OR USING
1980s-People and governments around the world
launch an international campaign to boycott
South Africa. Hundreds of thousands of Africans
who are banned from white-controlled areas
ignore the laws and pour into forbidden regions in
search of work. Civil disobedience and other
protests increase.
Mid 1980s-The United Democratic Front was
formed in South Africa, which was led by
Archbishop Desmond Tutu and Reverend Allen
Boasek. The organization helped spread the word
worldwide about the problem of Apartheid.
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE:
THE REFUSAL TO OBEY CERTAIN LAWS FOR
THE PURPOSE OF INLUENCING
GOVERNMENTAL POLICY
A Journey of Inequality
Late 1980s-International pressure forces South
Africa to end Apartheid. As a result, some of the
segregationist laws are repealed, such as the
ones separating whites and non-whites in public
places.
SEGRAGATIONIST:
1991-1994-South African President F.W. de Klerk
repeals the rest of the Apartheid laws and calls for
a new constitution. A multiracial transitional
government is approved. Nelson Mandela is
elected president in 1994.
REPEALED:
ONE WHO BELIEVES THAT RACES
SHOULD BE KEPT APART
TO TAKE BACK OR RECALL
A New Government
Nelson Mandela casts the first vote for the new government of South Africa.