Download The Islamic University –Gaza

Process Costing
Dr. Hisham Madi
Process Costing
 Process-costing systems are used when companies
produce a large quantity of identical or very similar
goods or services
Job versus Process Costing
Job-Costing Systems
Distinct, identifiable
units of a product
or service
Examples:
Custom-made
machines,
houses
Process-Costing
Systems
Masses of identical
or similar units of a
product or service
Examples:
Food,
chemical processing
17-3
Process Costing
 Process costing is a system where the unit cost of a
product or service is obtained by assigning total
costs to many identical or similar units of output.
 Unit costs are computed by dividing total costs
incurred by the number of units of output from
the production process.
 Each unit receives the same or similar amounts of
direct materials costs, direct labor costs, and
manufacturing overhead.
job-vs-process-costing
 In a job-costing system, individual jobs use different
quantities of resources, so it would be incorrect to cost
each job at the same average production cost.
 In contrast, when identical or similar units of products
or services are mass-produced, process costing is used
to calculate an average production cost for all units
produced.
Process-Costing cost categories
Process-Costing cost categories
 Process-costing systems separate costs into cost
categories according to when costs are introduced into
the process.
 Direct materials are usually added at the beginning of
the production process, or at the start of work in a
subsequent department down the assembly line
 Conversion costs are generally added equally along the
production process.
Process-costing: three cases
Let’s look at the process-costing process three ways:
1. No beginning or ending work-in-process inventories.
2. No beginning work-in-process inventory and some
ending work-in-process inventory.
3. Both beginning and ending work-in-process
inventories are present.
Process costing – case 1
 When using process costing without any
beginning or ending work-in-process inventory, all
costs that were introduced to the process during
the period will be assigned to the finished units
leaving work-in-process inventory at the end of the
period.
Process costing – case 1
 On January 1, 2012, there was no beginning inventory
of SG-40 units in the assembly department.
 During the month of January, Pacific Electronics
started, completely assembled, and transferred out to
the testing department 400 units
Process costing – case 1
 Data for the assembly department for January 2012 are
as follows:
Process costing – case 1
Pacific Electronics records direct material costs and
conversion costs in the assembly department as these costs
are incurred. By averaging, assembly cost of SG-40 is
$56,000 400 units $140 per unit, itemized as follows:
Process costing – case 1
 Case 1 shows that in a process-costing system, average
unit costs are calculated by dividing total costs in a
given accounting period by total units produced in
that period.
 Because each unit is identical, we assume all units
receive the same amount of direct material costs and
conversion costs.
 Case 1 applies whenever a company produces a
homogeneous product or service but has no
incomplete units when each accounting period ends
Case 2: Process Costing with Zero Beginning
and Some Ending Work-in-Process Inventory
 In February 2012, Pacific Electronics places another 400
units of SG-40 into production. Because all units placed
into production in January were completely assembled,
there is no beginning inventory of partially completed
units in the assembly department on February 1
 Some customers order late, so not all units started in
February are completed by the end of the month. Only 175
units are completed and transferred to the testing
department.
Case 2: Process Costing with Zero Beginning
and Some Ending Work-in-Process Inventory
 Data for the assembly department for February 2012
are as follows:
Case 2: Process Costing with Zero Beginning
and Some Ending Work-in-Process Inventory
 The 225 partially assembled units as of February
29, 2012, are fully processed with respect to direct
materials, because all direct materials in the assembly
department are added at the beginning of the
assembly process.
 Conversion costs, however, are added evenly during
assembly.
 The point to understand here is that a partially
assembled unit is not the same as a fully assembled
unit
Case 2: Process Costing with Zero Beginning
and Some Ending Work-in-Process Inventory
 Five steps required to calculate
 (1) the cost of fully assembled units in February 2012
and
 (2) the cost of partially assembled units still in process
at the end of that month, for Pacific Electronics.
Case 2: Process Costing with Zero Beginning
and Some Ending Work-in-Process Inventory
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Summarize the flow of physical units of output.
Compute output in terms of equivalent units.
Summarize total costs to account for.
Compute cost per equivalent unit.
Assign total costs to units completed and to units in
ending work-in-process.
Physical Units and Equivalent Units
(Steps 1 and 2)
 Step 1tracks physical units of output.
 physical units are the number of output units, whether
complete or incomplete.
Physical Units and Equivalent Units
(Steps 1 and 2)
 A derived amount of output units that:
1. Takes the quantity of each input in units
completed and in unfinished units of work in
process and
2. Converts the quantity of input into the
amount of completed output units that could
be produced with that quantity of input.
Physical Units and Equivalent Units
(Steps 1 and 2)
 Note that equivalent units are calculated separately for
each input (such as direct materials and conversion
costs).
 Moreover, every completed unit, by definition, is
composed of one equivalent unit of each input
required to make it.
 When calculating equivalent units in step 2, focus on
quantities and disregard dollar amounts until after the
equivalent units are computed.
Calculation of Product Costs (Steps 3,
4, and 5)
Step 3: Summarizes total costs to account for.
Step 4: calculates cost per equivalent unit separately for
direct materials and for conversion costs
Step5 assigns these costs to units completed and
transferred out and to units still in process at the
end of February 2012.
The idea is to attach dollar amounts to the equivalent
output units for direct materials and conversion costs of
(a) units completed and (b) ending work in process,
Calculation of Product Costs (Steps 3,
4, and 5)
 costs assigned to the 225 physical units in ending
work-in-process inventory are as follows:
Calculation of Product Costs (Steps 3, 4,
and 5)
Journal Entries
 In process costing, there is one Work in Process
account for each process.
 There are accounts for Work in Process—Assembly
and Work in Process—Testing.
 Pacific Electronics purchases direct materials as
needed. These materials are delivered directly to the
assembly department
Journal Entries
Journal Entries