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Industrial Revolution
During the 1700s and 1800s, a series of innovations in
agriculture & industry led to major economic and
social changes.
Power driven machines in factories began to replace
work done by hand in the home
This transformation became known as the
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Life before the Industrial Revolution
* People lived the same as they had for hundreds of years.
* They relied on farming for a living
* Families were small because
of the high infant death rate.
* Life expectancy was around 40.
* Only 25% lived in cities.
* Wealthy landowners
controlled most of the village,
renting land to families.
* Public & private lands were not fenced.
* Village commons were used for gathering wood & grazing
cattle.
* People were self-sufficient, making everything they needed
at home.
Domestic System
* For extra money, farmers would work in their
homes for the textile industries.
Textile_Manufacturing_Before_the_Industrial_Revolution.asf
The domestic system had many benefits:
* Workers could set their own hours
* They could perform duties at home during
breaks
* Women could care for their children
* They could tend their gardens & cook
meals while earning extra money
Growing Textile Industries
• The domestic system could not meet the growing
demand for cloth.
• A series of inventions led to the rapid growth of
factories:
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–
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John Kay – the flying shuttle
James Hargreaves – spinning Jenny
Richard Arkwright – water frame
Edmund Cartwright – power loom
Eli Whitney – Cotton Gin
James Watt – steam
engine
Robert Fulton –
steamboat
Factories & the growth of cities
* As more & more
farmers left the
country to move to
the cities, low
income housing
began to develop.
Beginnings
of
Change
• Enclosure Movement – Parliament passed
laws that allowed people to fence off public
& private lands.
• Many small farmers who had depended on
these lands were forced to move to town.
Agricultural Revolution
• Land owners began to practice more efficient
farming methods
• They began to rotate crops & produce more
products
• For the first time, large farmers had extra money
which they invested in the industries.
• Capital – money to invest in labor, machines &
raw materials.
• Farmers who could no longer make a living
farming went to work in the factories.
•Great Britain had many of the natural resources needed to run
the factories such as iron & coal.
• They also had a large labor supply from the displaced
farmers and the Agricultural Revolution led to better food
products which helped people live longer and increased the
population.
MASS PRODUCTION
* Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin & interchangeable parts.
* Fredrick Taylor’s division of labor led to the invention of the assembly line
The Growth
of
Industry
Spread of Industry
• By the late 1820s, many British workers had
left the country for America.
• Wealthy British industrialists saw that they
could make money by spreading the Industrial
Revolution to other countries.
• Great Britain became the “workshop of the
world” because these British industrialists set
up factories all over the world.
* France, Germany & the US were the 1st
to industrialize.
France was slower than the others because the
Napoleonic Wars had depleted the work force &
strained the economy.
Growth of Business
• A major factor in the growth of
businesses was capitalism – an
economic system where people own
the means of production.
• Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts
also increased factory production.
• Fredrick Taylor’s division of labor –
allowed each worker to perform one
specialized task.
• Henry Ford used assembly line
methods to mass produce
automobiles in1913.
Business Organizations
• Partnerships: two or more
entrepreneurs share the risk and the
profit.
• Corporations: business owned by
several stockholders who vote on
major decisions.
Business Cycles
Boom phase – buying & selling are high
Bust Phase – buying & selling are low
Depression – bank failures & high
unemployment
More inventions!!!!
•
•
•
•
•
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Samuel Morse – Telegraph
Guglielmo Marconi – wireless telegraph
Alexander Graham Bell – telephone
Thomas Edison – light bulb
Rudolf Diesel – oil-burning engine
Wilbur & Orville Wright – 1st successful
flight of a motorized airplane
Life During the Industrial
Revolution
• Before the Industrial Revolution, a person’s
position in life was determined by birth.
• Few people could rise above their social status.
• The Industrial Revolution provided new
opportunities.
• The Middle Class became much larger due to
an increased number of investors such as
bankers, lawyers, managers and teachers.
• This growing Middle Class became active in
supporting reforms in education, health care &
sanitation.
Change in Family Life
• As men rose in society and assumed the role
of sole provider, family life began to change.
• Women took over all household chores, and
those who could afford it hired domestic
help for the first time.
• Sons of the Middle Class were sent to school
where daughters were taught to cook, sew &
run the household.
Working Conditions
• As competition between industries
increased, working conditions worsened.
• Managers required workers to operate
several machines at a very fast pace.
• These working conditions were extremely
dangerous.
Working Conditions continued..
• Workers spent 10 to 14 hours a day in
unventilated rooms filled with dust.
• Diseases such as pneumonia and
tuberculosis killed many workers.
• Wages were kept very low to increase
profits.
• Children as young as 6 worked 12 hour
shifts!!!
Workers Unite
• Workers began to improve their conditions by
creating worker associations.
• These associations developed into Labor Unions
– groups to represent the interest of the workers.
• They organized strikes & sit-downs.
• To discourage workers from joining, factory
owners put the names of union members on a
blacklist to prevent them from getting jobs.
• Collective Bargaining – when union members &
employers met to discuss their problems.