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Anthropology Appreciating Human Diversity Fifteenth Edition Conrad Phillip Kottak University of Michigan McGraw-Hill © 2013 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. C H A P T E R ETHNICITY AND RACE 15-2 ETHNICITY AND RACE • • • • • • Ethnic Groups and Ethnicity Race and Ethnicity The Social Construction of Race Ethnic Groups, Nations, and Nationalities Ethnic Tolerance and Accommodation Roots of Ethnic Conflict 15-3 ETHNICITY AND RACE • What is social status, and how does it relate to ethnicity? • How are race and ethnicity socially constructed in various societies? • What are the positive and negative aspects of ethnicity? 15-4 ETHNIC GROUPS AND ETHNICITY • Ethnic group: a group whose members share certain beliefs, values, habits, customs, and norms because of their common background • Ethnicity: identification with, and feeling part of, an ethnic group and exclusion from certain other groups because of this affiliation 15-5 ETHNIC GROUPS AND ETHNICITY • Ethnic feelings and their associated behavior vary in intensity within ethnic groups and countries over time • Cultural differences may be associated with ethnicity, class, region, or religion 15-6 ETHNIC GROUPS AND ETHNICITY • Status: positions that people occupy in society • Ascribed status: little or no choice about occupying the status given • Achieved status: through choices, actions, efforts, talents, or accomplishments; may be positive or negative 15-7 Table 15.1: Race/Ethnic Identification in the United States, 2010 15-8 Figure 15.1: Social Statuses 15-9 STATUS SHIFTING • Some statuses, particularly ascribed ones, can be mutually exclusive • Some statuses are contextual • Situational negotiation of social identity • In many societies, ascribed status associated with position in the sociopolitical hierarchy • Inferior power and less secure access to resources than majority groups 15-10 Table 15.2: American Hispanics, Latinos, 2009 15-11 RACE AND ETHNICITY • Race: an ethnic group assumed to have biological basis • Racism: discrimination against an ethnic group that is assumed to have biological basis 15-12 RACE AND ETHNICITY • Only cultural constructions of race are possible • U.S. culture does not draw very clear line between ethnicity and race • “Hispanic”: ethnic category that cuts across racial contrasts like “black” and “white” • Better to use ethnic group than race 15-13 THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF RACE • Races are ethnic groups assumed to have biological basis—but race is socially constructed • Cultural or social • “Black” and “white” not biologically distinct 15-14 HYPODESCENT: RACE IN THE UNITED STATES • In U.S. culture, racial identity acquired at birth • Rule of descent: assigns social identity on the basis of ancestry • Hypodescent: automatically places children of mixed marriages in the group of their minority parent • Divides U.S. society into groups unequal in their access to wealth, power, and prestige 15-15 RACE IN THE CENSUS • U.S. Census Bureau gathering data by race since 1790 • The Constitution specified that a slave counted as three-fifths of a white person • Attempts to add a “multiracial” category to the Census were opposed by NAACP and National Council of La Raza 15-16 RACE IN THE CENSUS • Canadian census asks about “visible minorities” • “Persons, other than Aboriginal peoples [aka First Nations in Canada], who are non-Caucasian in race or nonwhite in colour” • Canada’s visible minority population increasing steadily 15-17 Figure 15.2: Reproduction of Questions on Race and Hispanic Origin from Census 2010 15-18 Figure 15.3: Visible Minority Population of Canada, 2006 Census 15-19 NOT US: RACE IN JAPAN • Japan commonly viewed as homogeneous in race, ethnicity, language, and culture • About 10% of population minorities • Intrinsic racism: belief that perceived racial difference is sufficient reason to value one person less than another 15-20 NOT US: RACE IN JAPAN • Most Japanese define themselves by their opposition to others—anyone not us • Burakumin perceived as standing apart from the majority of Japanese • Like blacks in the U.S., Japan’s burakumin are stratified: class structured, with differences in wealth, prestige, and power 15-21 PHENOTYPE AND FLUIDITY: RACE IN BRAZIL • Brazil: racial identity is more flexible, more of an achieved status • Phenotype: expressed physical characteristics of an organism • Brazil’s system of racial classification is changing in the context of international identity politics and rights movements 15-22 PHENOTYPE AND FLUIDITY: RACE IN BRAZIL • Brazil: “race” more flexible than in U.S. • An individual’s racial classification may change due to his or her achieved status, developmental biological changes, and other irregular factors • No hypodescent rule ever developed in Brazil to ensure that whites and blacks remained separate 15-23 ETHNIC GROUPS, NATIONS, AND NATIONALITIES • Nation: society sharing a common language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship • State: a stratified society with formal, central government • Nation-state: autonomous political entity; a country • Most nation-states aren’t ethnically homogeneous ETHNIC GROUPS NATIONS AND NATIONALITIES 15-24 ETHNIC GROUPS, NATIONS, AND NATIONALITIES • Substantial regional variation in countries’ ethnic structures • Europe: worked to homogenize diverse premodern populations to a common culture • Africa: plurality group of about 22%, with second-largest slightly less • Latin American: majority group and single minority group • Asia and the Middle East: ethnic majorities 15-25 NATIONALITIES AND IMAGINED COMMUNITIES • Nationalities: ethnic groups that have, once had, or want their own country • Imagined communities • Language and print played crucial role in various European national consciousnesses • Colonialism: long-term foreign domination of a territory and its people 15-26 ETHNIC TOLERANCE AND ACCOMMODATION • Ethnic diversity may be associated with positive group interaction or with conflict 15-27 ASSIMILATION • Assimilation: when a minority adopts the patterns and norms of the host culture • Incorporates the dominant culture to the point where it no longer exists as a separate cultural unit 15-28 THE PLURAL SOCIETY • Plural society: society with economically interdependent ethnic groups • Barth: ethnic boundaries most stable and enduring when groups occupy different ecological niches • Shifted focus from specific cultural practices and values to relations between ethnic groups 15-29 MULTICULTURALISM AND ETHNIC IDENTITY • Multiculturalism: view of cultural diversity as valuable and worth maintaining in its own right • Of growing importance in U.S. and Canada • Multiculturalism seeks ways for people to understand and interact with a respect for their differences 15-30 Figure 15.4: Ethnic Composition of the United States 15-31 ROOTS OF ETHNIC CONFLICT • Prejudice and discrimination • Prejudice: the devaluing of a group because of its assumed behavior, values, capabilities, or attributes • Stereotypes: fixed ideas about what the members of a group are like 15-32 ROOTS OF ETHNIC CONFLICT • Discrimination: policies and practices that harm a group and its members • De facto: practiced but not legally sanctioned • De jure: part of the law 15-33 CHIPS IN THE MOSAIC • Ethnic competition and conflict evident in North America • Newer arrivals versus long-established ethnic groups 15-34 AFTERMATHS OF OPPRESSION • Genocide: deliberate elimination of a group • Ethnocide: destruction of cultures of certain ethnic groups • Forced assimilation: dominant group forces an ethnic group to adopt the dominant culture 15-35 AFTERMATHS OF OPPRESSION • Ethnic expulsion: removing groups who are culturally different from a country • Refugees: people who are forced or who have chosen to flee a country • Cultural colonialism: internal domination by one group and its culture or ideology over others 15-36 RECAP 15.1: Types of Ethnic Interaction 15-37