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Anthropology
Appreciating Human Diversity
Fifteenth Edition
Conrad Phillip Kottak
University of Michigan
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
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ETHNICITY AND
RACE
15-2
ETHNICITY AND RACE
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Ethnic Groups and Ethnicity
Race and Ethnicity
The Social Construction of Race
Ethnic Groups, Nations, and Nationalities
Ethnic Tolerance and Accommodation
Roots of Ethnic Conflict
15-3
ETHNICITY AND RACE
• What is social status, and how does it relate
to ethnicity?
• How are race and ethnicity socially
constructed in various societies?
• What are the positive and negative aspects
of ethnicity?
15-4
ETHNIC GROUPS AND
ETHNICITY
• Ethnic group: a group whose members
share certain beliefs, values, habits, customs,
and norms because of their common
background
• Ethnicity: identification with, and feeling
part of, an ethnic group and exclusion from
certain other groups because of this affiliation
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ETHNIC GROUPS AND
ETHNICITY
• Ethnic feelings and their associated behavior
vary in intensity within ethnic groups and
countries over time
• Cultural differences may be associated with
ethnicity, class, region, or religion
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ETHNIC GROUPS AND
ETHNICITY
• Status: positions that people occupy in
society
• Ascribed status: little or no choice about
occupying the status given
• Achieved status: through choices, actions,
efforts, talents, or accomplishments; may
be positive or negative
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Table 15.1: Race/Ethnic Identification
in the United States, 2010
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Figure 15.1: Social Statuses
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STATUS SHIFTING
• Some statuses, particularly ascribed ones,
can be mutually exclusive
• Some statuses are contextual
• Situational negotiation of social identity
• In many societies, ascribed status associated
with position in the sociopolitical hierarchy
• Inferior power and less secure access to resources
than majority groups
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Table 15.2: American Hispanics, Latinos, 2009
15-11
RACE AND ETHNICITY
• Race: an ethnic group assumed to have
biological basis
• Racism: discrimination against an ethnic
group that is assumed to have biological
basis
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RACE AND ETHNICITY
• Only cultural constructions of race are
possible
• U.S. culture does not draw very clear line
between ethnicity and race
• “Hispanic”: ethnic category that cuts across racial
contrasts like “black” and “white”
• Better to use ethnic group than race
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THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION
OF RACE
• Races are ethnic groups assumed to have
biological basis—but race is socially
constructed
• Cultural or social
• “Black” and “white” not biologically distinct
15-14
HYPODESCENT:
RACE IN THE UNITED STATES
• In U.S. culture, racial identity acquired at birth
• Rule of descent: assigns social identity on the
basis of ancestry
• Hypodescent: automatically places children of
mixed marriages in the group of their minority
parent
• Divides U.S. society into groups unequal in their
access to wealth, power, and prestige
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RACE IN THE CENSUS
• U.S. Census Bureau gathering data by race
since 1790
• The Constitution specified that a slave counted as
three-fifths of a white person
• Attempts to add a “multiracial” category to the
Census were opposed by NAACP and National
Council of La Raza
15-16
RACE IN THE CENSUS
• Canadian census asks about “visible
minorities”
• “Persons, other than Aboriginal peoples [aka First
Nations in Canada], who are non-Caucasian in
race or nonwhite in colour”
• Canada’s visible minority population increasing
steadily
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Figure 15.2: Reproduction of Questions on Race and
Hispanic Origin from Census 2010
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Figure 15.3: Visible Minority
Population of Canada, 2006 Census
15-19
NOT US: RACE IN JAPAN
• Japan commonly viewed as homogeneous in
race, ethnicity, language, and culture
• About 10% of population minorities
• Intrinsic racism: belief that perceived racial
difference is sufficient reason to value one person
less than another
15-20
NOT US: RACE IN JAPAN
• Most Japanese define themselves by their
opposition to others—anyone not us
• Burakumin perceived as standing apart from the
majority of Japanese
• Like blacks in the U.S., Japan’s burakumin are
stratified: class structured, with differences in
wealth, prestige, and power
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PHENOTYPE AND FLUIDITY:
RACE IN BRAZIL
• Brazil: racial identity is more flexible, more of
an achieved status
• Phenotype: expressed physical characteristics of
an organism
• Brazil’s system of racial classification is changing
in the context of international identity politics and
rights movements
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PHENOTYPE AND FLUIDITY:
RACE IN BRAZIL
• Brazil: “race” more flexible than in U.S.
• An individual’s racial classification may change
due to his or her achieved status, developmental
biological changes, and other irregular factors
• No hypodescent rule ever developed in Brazil to
ensure that whites and blacks remained separate
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ETHNIC GROUPS, NATIONS,
AND NATIONALITIES
• Nation: society sharing a common language,
religion, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship
• State: a stratified society with formal, central
government
• Nation-state: autonomous political entity;
a country
• Most nation-states aren’t ethnically homogeneous
ETHNIC GROUPS NATIONS AND NATIONALITIES
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ETHNIC GROUPS, NATIONS,
AND NATIONALITIES
• Substantial regional variation in countries’
ethnic structures
• Europe: worked to homogenize diverse
premodern populations to a common culture
• Africa: plurality group of about 22%, with
second-largest slightly less
• Latin American: majority group and single
minority group
• Asia and the Middle East: ethnic majorities
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NATIONALITIES AND
IMAGINED COMMUNITIES
• Nationalities: ethnic groups that have, once
had, or want their own country
• Imagined communities
• Language and print played crucial role in various
European national consciousnesses
• Colonialism: long-term foreign domination of a
territory and its people
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ETHNIC TOLERANCE AND
ACCOMMODATION
• Ethnic diversity may be associated with
positive group interaction or with conflict
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ASSIMILATION
• Assimilation: when
a minority adopts the
patterns and norms
of the host culture
• Incorporates the dominant
culture to the point where
it no longer exists as a
separate cultural unit
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THE PLURAL SOCIETY
• Plural society: society with economically
interdependent ethnic groups
• Barth: ethnic boundaries most stable and
enduring when groups occupy different
ecological niches
• Shifted focus from specific cultural practices
and values to relations between ethnic groups
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MULTICULTURALISM AND
ETHNIC IDENTITY
• Multiculturalism: view of cultural diversity
as valuable and worth maintaining in its
own right
• Of growing importance in U.S. and Canada
• Multiculturalism seeks ways for people to
understand and interact with a respect for their
differences
15-30
Figure 15.4: Ethnic
Composition of the United States
15-31
ROOTS OF ETHNIC CONFLICT
• Prejudice and discrimination
• Prejudice: the devaluing
of a group because of its
assumed behavior, values,
capabilities, or attributes
• Stereotypes: fixed ideas
about what the members
of a group are like
15-32
ROOTS OF ETHNIC CONFLICT
• Discrimination: policies and practices
that harm a group and its members
• De facto: practiced
but not legally sanctioned
• De jure: part of the law
15-33
CHIPS IN THE MOSAIC
• Ethnic competition and conflict evident in
North America
• Newer arrivals versus
long-established
ethnic groups
15-34
AFTERMATHS OF OPPRESSION
• Genocide: deliberate elimination of a group
• Ethnocide: destruction of cultures of certain
ethnic groups
• Forced assimilation: dominant group forces
an ethnic group to adopt the dominant culture
15-35
AFTERMATHS OF OPPRESSION
• Ethnic expulsion: removing groups who are
culturally different from a country
• Refugees: people who are forced or who
have chosen to flee a country
• Cultural colonialism: internal domination
by one group and its culture or ideology over
others
15-36
RECAP 15.1: Types of Ethnic Interaction
15-37