Download THEORIES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

THEORIES OF HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT
College of Public and Community Service
University of Massachusetts at Boston
©2009 William Holmes
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TYPES OF THEORIES
 Psychological Theories
 Social Cultural Theories
 Behavioral Theories
 Biological Theories
 Multi-Level Theories
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PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES
 Freudian/Psychoanalytic
 Erikson/Crisis Developmental
 Piaget Cognitive Development
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FREUDIAN THEORY
 Structures of id, ego, superego
 Struggle between id, ego, superego
 Five stages—Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
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ERIKSON CRISES DEVELOPMENT
 Crises Resolution and Development
 Epigenetic Principle
 Eight Stages
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Basic Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy versus shame/dependence
Initiative vs. self-guilt
Industry vs. inferiority
Identity vs. confusion/identity crisis
Intimacy vs. isolation
Generativity vs. stagnation
Integrity vs. despair
PIAGET COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
 Cognitive Functional Invariants—adaptation and organization
 Adaptation involves accommodation and assimilation
 Organization involves complex usage
 Four stages
Sensorimotor—infantile physicality
2. Preoperational—initial symbols and language
3. Concrete operational—reasoning about physical objects
4. Formal operational—abstract thinking
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SOCIAL CULTURAL THEORIES
 Vygotsky social cognitive theory
 Durkheim functional theory
 Kohlberg Moral Development
 Symbolic Interaction
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VYGOTSKY CULTURAL THEORY
 Elementary/biological processes
 Psychological/sociocultural process
 Uses interaction, speech, and internalization
 Problem solving uses speech and interaction
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DURKHEIM FUNCTIONAL THEORY
 Growth of complexity
 Growth of specialization
 Differentiation of social status and roles
 Shift from informal to formal relations
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SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
 Socially constructed stages
 Labeling of stages
 Use of “looking-glass self ”
 Subject to trends, fads, and fashions
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BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
 Skinner Operant Conditioning—
reinforcers: rewards and punishments
 Bandura Social Learning—modeling,
observation, and imitation
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BIOLOGICAL THEORIES
 Genetic Inheritance
 Genetic Expression
 Genetic Fitness
 Genetic Evolution
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MULTILEVEL THEORIES
 Bronfenbrenner/Ecological Theory:
microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem,
macrosystem
 Developmental Systems Theory—
interactive levels of development
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