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Chapter 21:
The Political System Under
Strain at Home and Abroad
NATION OF NATIONS, SIXTH EDITION
DAVIDSON • DELAY • HEYRMAN • LYTLE • STOFF
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
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“Struggling to come to terms with the inequalities
of the new urban and industrial order, the
political system ground to a near stalemate,
broken only during the turbulent 1890s when a
deep depression sparked labor protests and a
revolt of farmers.”
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The Highlights
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The Politics of Paralysis
The Revolt of the Farmers
The New Realignment
Stirrings of Empire
The Imperial Movement
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Day 1
Why do you think sports were so popular
among Americans at the turn of the
century?
How did the mass production of bicycles
change women’s lives?
Who was William Randolph Hearst?
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The Politics of Paralysis
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Political Stalemate 1876-1890
– Margins of victory in presidential elections
were very close
– Voter turnout: 80% of eligible voters turned
out
– Ethnic and religious factors shaped party
alignment Democrats favored state growth,
limited gov’t, Catholic, Immigrants, and
South Republicans favored federal
activism to support economic growth,
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The Voting Public, 1860-1912
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 Crime
of ’73: concern over money supply
Congress stopped coining silver led to deflation
 White House 1876-1890
– Compromise of 1876 election of Hayes- R.
– Bland-Allison Act (1878): limited silver coinage
– Bloody shirts N & S blamed for Civil War
– 1880 President James Garfield- R. assassinated
in July of 1881 by Charles Guiteau
 Pendleton Act (1883): reform of civil service
by creating a civil service exam
– Arthur replaced Garfield and built Navy
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Dirty Election of 1884
Sen. James Blain v. Grover Cleveland- D.
Blain’s railroads and Cleveland’s bastard
Democrats labeled “Rum, Romanism, Rebellion”
Cleveland expanded civil service, backed gold,
arbitration and attempted to lower tariff
Election of 1888
William Henry Harrison-R. defeats Cleveland
1890 Sherman Silver Purchase Act 4.5m oz/month
1890 Sherman Anti-trust Act regulated business
1890 McKinley Tariff raised to cut off imports
First billion-dollar peacetime budget
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1892 Cleveland beats Harrison
Depression of 1893
Hayes, Cleveland, Arthur, B. Harrison, Cleveland
(HCABHC)
 Ferment in the States and Cities
– State commissions
 Investigated & regulated industry
– National Municipal League
 Separated city and state elections, English
language, limited alcohol sales
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The Americans Chap 15 sec 3
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Day 2
List the presidents from 1876-1900
What is civil service?
What did the Pendelton Civil Service Act of
1883 require government employees to do?
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The Revolt of the Farmers
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The Harvest of Discontent
– Rising anger of farmers in S. and W. @
tariff, shipping rates, and bankers
– Credit and crop liens were root of the
problems
The Origins of the Farmers’ Alliance
– Patrons of Husbandry hosted social events
– “Granger laws” regulated intermediaries
cost
– Munn v. Illinois (1877) states can regulate
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The Alliance Peaks
– People’s party formed (1890)
– The Alliance movement: “Ocala Demands”
 Reduce tariff, abolish banks, regulate RR,
coin silver, crop warehouses
The Election of 1892
– Exposure of weaknesses of the Populists people
do not change to a 3rd party quickly
– Rhetoric of Populism was often violent
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The Rise of Jim Crow Politics
– Systematized disfranchisement poll tax, literacy
test aimed at blacks and poor whites
– Democratic party promoted black
disfranchisement and white supremacy
– Lynching
The African American Response
– Ida B. Wells anti lynching and NACW 1896
– Booker T. Washington acceptance and Change
through labor Tuskegee Institute- Atlanta
Compromise in 1895
– W.E.B. Du Bois rejected the Atlanta
Compromise in the Soul of Black Folks
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“The ferment of the early 1890s, among black Populists
and white, was replaced by a lily-white Democratic party
that dominated the region but remained in the minority
on the national level.”
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AP PAGE 203-204
Use Outside Research
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Day 3
What was bimetallism?
Why did farmers think that an
increased money supply would help
solve their economic problems?
What was the talented 10th that W.E.B.
Du Bois referred to?
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The New Realignment
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The Depression of 1893
– Overextended debt, loans, business failed,
run on gold
– 3 million or 1/5 of population was out of a
job
– More women and children went to work
– local charities rather than gov’t assisted
The Rumblings of Unrest
– Coxey’s Army and others Marched on DC
demanding a public works agenda
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The Battle of the Standards- Election of 1896
– McKinley-R. advocated $ supported by Gold
– Silverites believed in Free silver coinage S.W.
poor cause
– Bryan’s, a Democrat, Cross of Gold speech
(1896): “You shall not crucify mankind upon a
cross of gold.”
– Populist split w/ Democrats backing of Silver
– Republican coalition emerges triumphant in
1896 presidential election; dominates American
politics for almost forty years
– Historic Election breaking the political stalemate
formed a N.W and Midwest coalition
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McKinley
in the White House
–Foreshadowed “modern” presidents who also
acted as party leaders
–Curbed power of political bosses, pushed
Congress to act
–Erdman Act 1898 set up gov’t mediation of labor
problems
–Dingley Tariff (1897) raised tariffs but agreed to
lower rates if other countries did the same
–McKinley would create an Imperial America
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Stirrings of Empire
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European Expansion Worldwide
– Berlin Conference divided up Africa
– Forces encouraging American imperialism
 Trade, machine gun, trade, freeenterprise capitalism, Christianity
The Shapers of American Imperialism
– Mahan calls for a strong navy “The
Influence of Sea Power upon History” 1890
– Missionaries
– Social Darwinism
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Dreams of a Commercial Empire
– William Henry Seward- Sec. of State under
Lincoln & Johnson, advocated transcontinental
railroad, Central American Canal, Equal Access
to markets
– Acquisition of Midway and Alaska (2¢ per acre)
– Blaine’s Pan-American Union advocated tariff
reduction and threatened to cut off trade
– Hay-Paunceforth treaty 1901 ceded British rights
to a canal to the USA canceled Clayton-Bulwer
Treaty
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AP 203-204
Use outside research
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Day 4
What caused the panic of 1893?
Who won the 1896 election?
What is Imperialism?
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Prelude
in the Pacific
–US vied for Hawaii as way station and naval
base 1893: American sugar planters overthrow
Queen Liliuokalani, a Hawaiian nationalist
–Sugar planters hoped to avoid the McKinley
Tariff
–Cleveland refused to Annex Hawaii
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The Imperial Moment
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Mounting Tensions
– 1895 Jose Marti and friends launch a revolt
from USA in Cuba- revolt put down w/
concentration camps
– Henry Cabot Lodge and Teddy Roosevelt
encouraged supporting revolt
– The de Lome letter- called McKinley a
would be politician, published by William
Randolph Hearst
– Sinking of the Maine leads to war build up
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The Imperial War
– Dewey at Manila destroys Spanish fleet
– Santiago harbor in Cuba Adm. Sampson sinks
Spanish fleet cutting off Cuba
War in Cuba
– Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders
charged San Juan hill lost 1,500 casualties
Peace and the Debate over Empire
– Annexing Hawaii
– Aquinaldo declared himself president
– Anti-imperialists Cleveland, Twain, Carnegie
– The role of racism led to the treaty of Paris
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America’s First Asian War
– Racial antagonism spurred brutal fighting in
Manila 5,000 Americans, 25,000 rebels, 200,000
civilians
– Taft seen as benevolent governor independent
July 4, 1946
– Puerto Rico- Foraker act of 1900- non voting
Rep in House
An Open Door in China
– Sphere of Influence
– Sec. of State Hay sent 2 open door notes- free
trade w/ China, 2nd respect gov’t & boundaries
– Boxer Rebellion
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AP PAGE 236
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Day 5
Why did the United States annex Hawaii?
What happened to the U.S.S. Maine?
What land did the United States acquire
from Spain in the Spanish American war?
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The Americans Chap 18 sec 2 pg 25
Chap 8 Unit 5 pg 28
Editing
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.