Download Ch. 4 The Role of Climate

Ch. 4 The Role of Climate
4-1
Biology
What Is Climate?
• Weather is the day-to-day condition of Earth's
atmosphere at a particular time and place.
• Climate refers to the average year-after-year
conditions of temperature and precipitation in
a particular region.
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What Is Climate?
• Climate is caused by:
• trapping of heat by the
atmosphere
• latitude
• transport of heat by
winds and ocean
currents
• amount of precipitation
• shape and elevation of
landmasses
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The Greenhouse Effect
• Atmospheric gases that trap the heat energy
of sunlight and maintain Earth's temperature
range include:
– carbon dioxide
– methane
– water vapor
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The Greenhouse Effect
• The natural situation in
which heat is retained in
Earth’s atmosphere by
this layer of gases is
called the greenhouse
effect.
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The Effect of Latitude on Climate
• Solar radiation strikes
different parts of Earth’s
surface at an angle that
varies throughout the
year.
• At the equator, energy
from the sun strikes Earth
almost directly.
• At the North and South
Poles, the sun’s rays strike
Earth’s surface at a lower
angle.
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The Effect of Latitude on Climate
• As a result of differences in latitude and thus the
angle of heating, Earth has three main climate
zones:
1
2
3
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The Effect of Latitude on Climate
• The polar zones are cold
areas where the sun's
rays strike Earth at a
very low angle.
• Located in the areas
around the North and
South poles, between
66.5° and 90° North and
South latitudes.
http://www.wildcarnivore.com/images/antarctic.jpg
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The Effect of Latitude on Climate
• The temperate zones sit
between the polar zones
and the tropics.
• They are more affected
by the changing angle of
the sun over the course
of a year.
• The climate in these
zones ranges from hot to
cold, depending on the
season.
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The Effect of Latitude on Climate
• The tropical zone, or
tropics, is near the
equator, between 23.5°
North and 23.5° South
latitudes.
• The tropics receive
direct or nearly direct
sunlight year-round,
making the climate
almost always warm.
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Heat Transport in the Biosphere
• Unequal heating of
Earth’s surface drives
winds and ocean
currents, which
transport heat
throughout the
biosphere.
http://www.noao.edu/education/gsmtf/img/winds.gif
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Heat Transport in the Biosphere
• Warm air over the equator rises, while cooler air over
the poles sinks toward the ground.
• The upward and downward movement of air creates
air currents, or winds, that move heat throughout the
atmosphere.
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Heat Transport in the Biosphere
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Prentice Hall
https://courseware.eeducation.psu.edu/courses/earth540/GlobalSurfaceCurrents.png
• Similar patterns of heating and cooling occur in
Earth’s oceans. Cold water near the poles sinks, then
flows parallel to the ocean bottom, and rises in
warmer regions.
• Water is also moved at the surface by winds.
Heat Transport in the Biosphere
• The movement of the water creates ocean
currents, which transport heat energy
throughout the biosphere.
• Surface ocean currents warm or cool the air
above them, affecting the weather and climate
of nearby landmasses.
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The Earth’s polar zones are cold because
a)
b)
c)
d)
they are never heated by the sun.
at the poles, the sun's rays are at a very low angle.
the greenhouse effect does not occur at the poles.
heat is transported from the poles to the equator.
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The upward movement of warm air and the
downward movement of cool air creates
a)
b)
c)
d)
upwellings.
air currents.
ocean currents.
the greenhouse effect.
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Earth's temperature range is maintained by
a)
b)
c)
d)
the greenhouse effect.
climate zones.
ocean currents and winds.
latitude differences.
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Variation of temperature in the temperate zone is
due primarily to
a)
b)
c)
d)
air and ocean currents.
the greenhouse effect.
variation in the sun’s energy production.
latitude and season.
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The tropical zone is warm all year long because
a)
b)
c)
d)
the sun’s angle changes the most in that part of Earth.
ocean water is warmest near the equator.
it receives direct or nearly direct sunlight year-round.
landmasses in the tropic latitudes hold on to heat.
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END OF SECTION
What Shapes an Ecosystem?
4-2
Biology
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Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• Ecosystems are
influenced by a
combination of
biological and physical
factors.
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Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• The biological
influences on organisms
within an ecosystem are
called biotic factors.
• Biotic factors include all
the living things with
which an organism
might interact.
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Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• Physical, or nonliving, factors that shape ecosystems
are called abiotic factors.
• Abiotic factors
include:
– temperature
– precipitation
– humidity
– wind
– nutrient availability
– soil type
– sunlight
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Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• Biotic and abiotic factors determine the
survival and growth of an organism and the
productivity of the ecosystem in which the
organism lives.
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Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• The area where an
organism lives is
called its habitat. A
habitat includes both
biotic and abiotic
factors.
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Which animals would live in this
habitat?
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Which animals would live in this
habitat?
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The Niche
• A niche is the full range of physical and
biological conditions in which an organism
lives and the way in which the organism uses
those conditions.
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The Niche
• The range of temperatures that an organism
needs to survive and its place in the food web
are part of its niche.
• The combination of biotic and abiotic factors
in an ecosystem often determines the number
of different niches in that ecosystem.
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The Niche
• No two species can share the same niche in
the same habitat.
• Different species can occupy niches that are
very similar.
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Community Interactions
• When organisms live together in ecological
communities, they interact constantly.
• Community interactions, such as competition,
predation, and various forms of symbiosis, can
affect an ecosystem.
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Community Interactions
• Competition
– Competition occurs when organisms of the same
or different species attempt to use an ecological
resource in the same place at the same time.
– A resource is any necessity of life, such as water,
nutrients, light, food, space, or
mates.
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Community Interactions
• Direct competition in nature often results in a
winner and a loser—with the losing organism
failing to survive.
• The competitive exclusion principle states
that no two species can occupy the same
niche in the same habitat at the same time.
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Competitive Exclusion Principle
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Community Interactions
• Some competition leads to resource partitioning.
• The distribution of these warblers avoids direct
competition, because each species feeds in a
different part of the tree.
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Community Interactions
• Predation
– An interaction in which
one organism captures
and feeds on another
organism is called
predation.
– The organism that does
the killing and eating is
called the predator, and
the food organism is the
prey.
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Community Interactions
• Symbiosis
– Any relationship in which two species live closely
together is called symbiosis.
– Symbiotic relationships include:
• mutualism
• commensalism
• parasitism
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Community Interactions
• Mutualism: both species benefit from the
relationship.
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• Example: Anemones provide the Clown Fish with
protection from predators whilst Clown fish defend
the Anemones from Butterfly fish who like to eat
Anemones
Community Interactions
• Commensalism: one
member of the
association benefits and
the other is neither
helped nor harmed.
• Example: Remora fish
use stickers on their
heads to attach to shark
underbelly. Benefits by
getting food scraps.
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Community Interactions
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o_aedes_aegypti_biting_human_arm.jpg
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• Parasitism: one organism lives on or inside
another organism and harms it.
Ecological Succession
• Ecosystems are
constantly changing in
response to natural and
human disturbances.
• As an ecosystem
changes, older
inhabitants gradually
die out and new
organisms move in,
causing further changes
in the community.
http://www.restoringearth.co.uk/education/science/geography/ecology/successio
n/success1.gif
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Ecological Succession
• This series of predictable
changes that occurs in a
community over time is
called ecological
succession.
– An ecosystem changes in
response to an abrupt
disturbance.
– Or change occurs as a
more gradual response to
natural fluctuations in the
environment.
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Ecological Succession
• Primary Succession
– On land, succession that occurs on surfaces where
no soil exists is called primary succession. For
example, primary succession occurs on rock
surfaces formed after volcanoes erupt.
– The first species to populate the area are called
pioneer species.
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Ecological Succession
• In this example, a volcanic eruption has
destroyed the previous ecosystem.
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Ecological Succession
• The first organisms to appear are lichens.
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Ecological Succession
• Mosses soon appear, and grasses take root in
the thin layer of soil.
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Ecological Succession
• Eventually, tree seedlings and shrubs sprout
among the plant community.
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Ecological Succession
• Secondary Succession
– Components of an
ecosystem can be
changed by natural
events, such as fires.
– When the disturbance is
over, community
interactions tend to
restore the ecosystem to
its original condition
through secondary
succession.
http://www.restoringearth.co.uk/education/science/geography/ecology/successio
n/success2.gif
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Ecological Succession
• Healthy ecosystems usually recover from
natural disturbances, but may not recover
from long-term, human-caused disturbances.
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Mt. St. Helen 1980 Eruption
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http://www.jqjacobs.net/photos/volcano/st_helens.html
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Mt. St. Helen
Secondary Succession
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• Red alder disperses easily and is capable of
rapid growth on the nutrient-poor, volcanic
deposits.
• A red-legged frog –one of the creatures living in
one of the dozens of ponds created after the
eruption.
• 70 species of birds, including hummingbirds,
western meadowlarks and Savannah sparrows
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Which of the following is a biotic factor in a
bullfrog's niche?
a)
b)
c)
d)
water
a heron
climate
day length
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An organism’s niche is different from its habitat
because
a) The niche does not include the place where the
organism lives.
b) the niche includes all the conditions under which the
organism lives.
c) the niche includes only abiotic factors.
d) the niche includes only biotic factors.
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The attempt by organisms of the same or different
species to use a resource at the same time in the
same place is called
a)
b)
c)
d)
competition.
predation.
symbiosis.
cooperation.
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An association between two species in which one
species benefits and the other is neither helped nor
harmed is called
a)
b)
c)
d)
symbiosis.
mutualism.
commensalism.
parasitism.
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When a volcano erupts and completely destroys an
ecosystem, the first species to populate the area are
usually
a)
b)
c)
d)
grasses and shrubs.
pioneers such as lichens.
small plants such as mosses.
small animals such as rodents.
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END OF SECTION