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C H A P T E R
11
Race, Ethnicity, and
Sport
Chapter 11 Race, Ethnicity, and Sport
Racism
1) Racism is a legacy of all cultures
throughout all time
2) The desire for power and lands
has always fueled racism
3) Racism is learned and
perpetuated directly and indirectly
in culture
“Directly taught”
“Indirectly taught”
Babies
“held” at a
Chinese
orphanage
(4 months, half died,
others suffered
developmental and
mental issues)
4) “Nature vs Nurture” – the
psychological root for racism
5) Sociological
root of racism:
“different is
bad”
Definitions
• Race: Social category constructed and accepted by
society to describe members with attributes that
are genetic passed along from generation to
generation
• Ethnicity: The cultural heritage of a group
• Racism: A belief that racially determined human
traits and characteristics and racial differences
result in the superiority of a particular race.
• Minority group: All groups (all non-white) that are
not part of the majority race or ethnicity in that
country.
Shifting Demographics
(U.S. Census, 2016)
U.S. population by racial groups 201 and
projected for 2050:
Racial group
Whites
Hispanic/Latino
African American
Asian American
2016
61%
18%
12%
6%
2050
46%
30%
14%
9%
Population and Sport Participation
of Minorities
• Refer to tables 11.2 (page 200) and 11.3
(page 201).
• Concentration of minorities in certain areas
will likely influence sporting preferences.
• Latino population is no longer concentrated
in a few states.
• African American population is growing the
most in the South.
African American Athletes
Advances against racism in sport since 1960s
civil rights movement. But . . .
– In 1947 Jackie Robinson broke through the color
barrier and was Rookie of the Year.
– By the 1950s, participation percentages matched
population percentages.
– African Americans are overrepresented in basketball
and football but underrepresented in the majority of
sports.
The History of
African Americans in
US Sports
Before WWI:
Jack Johnson
Between WWI and II:
Jesse Owens and Joe Louis
After WWII:
Jackie Robinson and others:
Huge success of black
athletes has met with
resistance
Racial Differences in Sport
• Biological reasons
– Not supported but accepted
• Cultural and social reasons
– Emphasis on activities varies by culture
– Sport seen as means of social mobility
– Many athletic role models
• Opportunity structures
– Facilities, resources available (money, programs)
Biological Differences in Athletes Due
to Race
Question: Are there significant biological
differences athletes of different races?
Cognitive Differences in Athletics Due
to Race
Question: Are there a valid reasons why less
African America college quarterback are
selected to play that position in the NFL?
What is the Wonderlic test?
“Stacking”
• Unusual distribution of whites and blacks in
certain sport positions cannot be explained
by a random distribution.
• Historically, minorities disproportionately found in
specific team positions.
• Whites in “thinking” and “outcome control”
positions
• Blacks in speed positions
• See table 11.4 on page 205 for stacking in the NFL
• The “Wonderlic Test”
Exploitation of Minority Athletes
• Given special treatment in classroom
• Promoted through grades without meeting standards
• Pressured into “easy” majors
• Entitlement in protecting their investment
• Graduation rates are low.
• African American women are especially exploited.
• Pros and colleges want athletes in college for
reasons not related to athletes’ best interests.
Latino and Hispanic Athletes
• Hispanic: All people whose ethnic heritage
is traced to Spanish-speaking countries
• Latino and Latina: Typically, reference to
people of Latin America
• Great diversity among Latino groups
• Most known for baseball and soccer
• March 2006: First National Hispanic Games
Asian American Athletes
• Along with Latinos, are fastest-growing
minority population in United States.
• Take different path from that of African
Americans and Latinos. Sport not used as
means toward economic, social, or
educational goals.
• Culture and perhaps body type mean
different sporting choices.
Native American Athletes
• 0.9% of population is Native American.
•
Poverty rate on reservations is 50%.
•
Stereotypical, dehumanizing images used for names, mascots, and
logos.
•
NCAA now limiting use of names, images.
•
Native American Sports Council is part of the Olympic Movement,
and North American Indigenous Games have become big event.
Legacy of Lacrosse
• Created by Native Americans.
• With skill, speed, agility, it’s a fast-paced
sport.
• Has grown 10% annually over past 15 years.
• 39 states have U.S. Lacrosse chapters,
more than half a million members playing.
• 39.5% growth in college participation and
200% growth in high school participation.
Key Point
Employment: The proportion of minorities as
college and professional coaches and
administration is lower than that of the
general population and vastly lower than
athlete percentages.
Sport as Negative Force for Equality
• Pro sport is an unrealistic career goal.
• College graduation rates of African American male athletes
(48%) now above those of African American male students
(38%).
• African American female athletes graduate at 68% rate,
compared to 50% for all African American females.
• Black families 8 times more likely than Whites to pressure
child into sport.
Sport as a Positive Force for Equality
• Sport success linked to self-confidence
(role models can be positive).
• It’s a way out of poverty for some.
• Integration is easier through sports.
• School-based programs are free.
• Unique travel possibilities raise awareness.
• Encourages a healthy lifestyle.
Minorities as Sport Leaders
• Annual race report card from University of
Central Florida: Number of collegiate
coaches who are minorities is low.
• Minority owners even fewer, though there
are some (e.g., Michael Jordan)
Ways to Promote Diversity in Sport
• Assist in collecting and reporting data.
• Require leaders to report racism.
• Major sport organizations need to include
minorities at all levels.
• Media need to recruit minority journalists.
• Get government support for programs.
• Adopt nondiscrimination policies.