Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Noah W. Parden wikipedia , lookup
Civil rights movements wikipedia , lookup
Freedom Summer wikipedia , lookup
Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms wikipedia , lookup
Nashville sit-ins wikipedia , lookup
Hobson v. Hansen wikipedia , lookup
Civil rights movement (1896–1954) wikipedia , lookup
Hate speech laws in India wikipedia , lookup
Selma to Montgomery marches wikipedia , lookup
The Civil Rights Movement Organizations • NAACP – – – – Founded in 1909 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Organized, well-led group sought to bring an end to legalized segregation • SCLC – Founded in 1957 – Southern Christian Leadership Conference – Formed by clergymen to protest racial inequality – Founded by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. • Non-violence – No matter what happened to you, do NOT react to your aggressor; – This technique showed the hatefulness and aggression of the segregationists; – provided powerful images that were published in newspapers & magazines, nation-wide • Sit-ins and Boycotts: – both were very effective forms of nonviolent protest – used by the SCLC and others. Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education • 1954 • Led by the NAACP • Sought to overturn Plessey v. Ferguson, which established “separate but equal” – a.k.a. “du jure segregation • Fight was to desegregate elementary schools in Topeka, Kansas • Went all the way to the Supreme Court • NAACP lawyer was Thurgood Marshall • Plaintiffs (Brown) won • All schools in the U.S. must now integrate Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955 Led by the NAACP – looking for someone who was of spotless character = Rosa Parks – Parks had trouble with the same driver before • Boycott lasted 382 days (13 months) – Black Churches raised money for • new shoes • cab fare • car pools – 1st we see MLK in a large-scale leadership role • This job puts him in forefront of the Civil Rights Moment Montgomery Bus Boycott cont. • City tried to break the strike – Cab fines – Revoke insurance – violence • Bus Companies refused to change policies • the case went to the Supreme Court – Ruled in favor of plaintiffs • Ended segregation in all public facilities “The Little Rock 9” • Little Rock Central HS, 1957 • Arkansas Governor barred the door of school – used the Arkansas National Guard – Refused the entry of the black children • President Eisenhower responds: – places Arkansas National guard under federal command – ordered the students to be allowed to attend – Provided personal security for the children Freedom Rides • 1961 • Designed to test Supreme Court’s desegregation ruling in busses and trains – Organized bus rides from Washington D.C. throughout the South to New Orleans. • Freedom Rides faltered around Jackson, MS – all of the remaining riders were arrested. Freedom Rides, cont. • “Freedom Riders” were routinely met with violence – Americans were alarmed at images from the rides – Images continued to change national opinion Integration at Ole Miss • Fall 1962 • James Meredith wanted to transfer from Jackson State to Ole Miss – was denied admission • The case went to the Supreme Court – Plaintiffs won – Jackson was admitted. • Governor of Mississippi personally barred the schoolhouse door • Brief riots followed: 2 deaths, 100’s injured, many arrests • JFK called out 31,000 troops to restore order and enforce ruling Birmingham Protest • 1963 • MLK called Birmingham “the most segregated city in America”. – Police Commissioner Bull Connor was completely against integration • King and the SCLC called for a series of marches and sit-ins – “…to bring attention to the integration efforts…in Birmingham.” Birmingham Protest, cont. • King and others were arrested for conducting a “parade” without a permit. – King was criticized by local ministers for his civil disobedience. – King Responds with “Letter from A Birmingham Jail”. • As the marches continued, – Connor had firemen blast protestors with water hoses, – had police use police dogs to break up the protest • Nation was shocked to see images of widespread violence • The protest worked!! – Mounting pressure from all over the U.S. forced city and state officials to change – the city of Birmingham was desegregated. March on Washington - 1963 • “March for Jobs and Freedom” • Opposed by Kennedy, who didn’t want to alienate southern congressmen CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 – Banned different voting standards – Banned discriminations in public places – Banned discrimination on the base of race, sex, age, religion or nation of origin Selma • Protest led by MLK • Violence against protestors • Led to important legislation: • Voting Rights Act of 1965 – Federal officials could register voters • 24th Amendment – Banned Poll taxes Black Panthers • Most influential Black Nationalist group – Originally created to monitor police in California • Members sought to – Lead communities – Set up “Survival Programs”