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HI-STAR
Health Improvements
through
Space Technologies And Resources
HI-STAR Logo
Mission Statement
Our mission is to develop and promote a
global strategy to help combat malaria using
space technology
Malaria - A Dangerous Disease
• Causes more than 300 million acute illnesses per year
• Causes at least 1 million deaths per year
• 40% of the world’s population is at risk of Malaria
• Slows economical development of countries
Deaths caused by vector-borne diseases in 2000
Malaria 1.08M
Schisto-somiasis 50,000
Dengue Fever 12,000
Lymphatic Filariasis 0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
RBM/WHO 2001
Million
Life cycle of Malaria Parasite
Parasites multiply in human
liver and bloodstream
 
 HUMAN
INFECTED
MOSQUITO
BITES
A HUMAN
MOSQUITO
BITES
INFECTED
HUMAN
MOSQUITO
Parasites multiply
in mosquito
Geography
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
Area where malaria transmission occurs
Area with limited risk
No malaria
(WHO, 2001)
Malaria - A Global Problem
•
Disease is spreading geographically
•
Parasite is becoming multi-drug resistant
•
Increasing travel
•
Global climate change alters the epidemic potential
infections in developed countries
- El Niño
- Global warming
HI- STAR
SPACE
TECHNOLOGIES
MIS
DISSEMINATION
STRATEGY
Ecological Parameters for Monitoring
or Prediction of Malaria Distribution
• Vegetation/crop type  Breeding/resting/feeding habitats;
• Deforestation
 Open sunlit pools for breeding
• Flooding
 Mosquito habitat and Breeding
• Wetlands & Soil moisture  Mosquito and Vector breeding habitat
•Temperature
• Low
• High
 prevents parasite & vector development
 increases mortality of the vector
• Low Humidity
 Short mosquito’s lifespan
• Rainfall
 Breeding sites for mosquitoes
Space Technologies for Malaria
GNSS
SSP02 Student
Remote Sensing
Ecological Parameters Monitored using Space Technologies
Vegetation type
Deforestation
Surface Water
Flooded areas
Soil Moisture
Climate
(Temp., Hum., Rain.)
Vegetation & Land Cover Changes
Seasonal Changes of NDVI
World land cover map from MODIS (Terra),
Source NASA, earth observatory
 Deforestation (IKONOS-2, Space Imagine)
Surface Water & Flooded Areas
August 14,2002
Flooding on Elbe River, Landsat 7 (ETM+)
Source, NASA
August 20,2002
Soil Moisture
SAR Images
Climate Factors
Surface Temperature
Rainfall
Source NASA, earth observatory
Global Navigation Satellite Systems
• GPS Major Roles:
• To locate infected areas
and treatment facilities
• To collect ground truth
data
• To help mapping activities
Communication Satellites For
Transmitting Ground Data
• In situ Ground
Measurements
• The use of specialized
sensors
• Real time
Transmission
• The use of existing
communication sats
• Mobile sensors using
Argos, Orbcomm
Remote Sensing & other Space
Applications
Monitoring environmental conditions
 Mosquitoes distribution
Information gathered
 Valuable Input to the
Malaria Information System
HI- STAR
SPACE
TECHNOLOGIES
MIS
DISSEMINATION
STRATEGY
Malaria Information System (MIS)
Spatial Data
Non Spatial Data
RS Data:
- Soil Moisture
- Vegetation Index
- Deforestation
- Wetlands etc.
Additional
information
e.g. # of bednets in a malaria
risk area etc.
Ground based Data:
- Health Facilities
- Population distribution
- Reported Malaria Cases
- etc.
Land IS
MIS
Database
Metadata
Water IS
Agricultural IS
MIS outcomes
Statistics
Assessment
maps
MIS
Database
Analysis and
visualization
Risk maps
Early warning/
prediction
Reports
Main goal of MIS: identify areas of risk and to assist
decision makers in directing resources and strategies
Malaria Early Warning System
1997/98 El Nino & East Africa
10 months early warning
(maximum)
NOAA, July 11, 2002 —
It's now official: El Niño is back
Malaria Early Warning Activities
Pre-rainy season activities
Updating of malaria risk
maps
- malaria case rates
- low immunity areas
- population migration
Rainy and malaria season monitoring
Seasonal climate forecast
update
Weather monitoring (national
level)
Local environmental monitoring
Seasonal climate forecast
Monitoring of malaria morbidity
Population movement monitoring
Sea surface temperature and
weather monitoring on the global level
MIS conclusions
• MIS integrates remote sensed and ground based
datasets
• MIS enables to visualize malaria risk
• 3-10 months Malaria Early Warning is reality with
space technologies
• MIS maps and reports for different user groups
(officials, researchers, health personnel)
HI- STAR
SPACE
TECHNOLOGIES
MIS
DISSEMINATION
STRATEGY
MIS Product Dissemination
Flow of MIS information
Processing
centers
Health
authorities
Regional
officers
Affected
population
MIS Product Dissemination
Application of Satellite Telecom System
Tools
Web
Phone /
Video
Conference
VSAT
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Actors
Processing Centers:
 Delivery of MIS products (risk maps) to
health authorities
National health authorities:
 Delivery of simplified MIS products to
Regional health officers
 Feedback to MIS processing centers
 Communications to affected population
Regional health officers/managers:
 Inputs to MIS and feedback to health
authorities
TV/Radio
Broadcasting
X
X
X
X
MIS Product Dissemination
• Possible solutions for the Telecom Systems Establishment :
–
Leasing of existing/foreseen capacities of commercial GEO
telecommunication satellites
–
Operation of country or regional owned small GEO satellites
–
Use of portable autonomous terminals (VSATs) together with
the two above options
MIS Product Dissemination
Opportunity of Satellite Telecom establishment in
Developing Countries:
•
Integration with telecommunication / teleeducational and broadcasting systems
•
Development of telecommunications in
countries with low developed ground
infrastructure
•
Investments
MIS Product Dissemination
And challenges :
•
Policy and Regulatory Frame work for ground and
satellite communications varies from one
developing country to the other
•
Monopoly of the telecommunication sector by
state owned carriers and licensing fees
HI- STAR
SPACE
TECHNOLOGIES
MIS
DISSEMINATION
STRATEGY
The HI-STAR Strategy
•
Space technology: a useful technology in the fight against
malaria.
What about the political, legal and financial aspects?
•
Gap between the health and space worlds.
How to meet the funding, promotion and education challenges?
Need for a global strategy integrating MIS and
other space technologies into current efforts.
Major Anti-Malaria
International Initiatives
Program Needs
Roll Back Malaria
• Risk Monitoring
• Communications Infrastructure
Multilateral Initiative
on Malaria
• Availability of Prevention Measures
• Locally Adaptive Strategies
• Measurements of Program Effectiveness
• Health Care Infrastructure
Special Program for
Research and Training in
Tropical Diseases
• Social Coordination and Education
• Financial Support
• Political Will
• Favorable Laws and Policies
Programs Using Space Technology
to Combat Vector-borne Diseases
CHAART
MARA
SatelLife
MEDSAT
EMERCASE
MALSAT
Healthy
Planet
The HI-STAR Strategy:
a Two-phase Approach
Phase 1:
Phase 2:
Development and
Qualification Phase
Operational Phase
•Pre-Development to
elaborate the business plan
•Development and
Qualification of MIS and its
dissemination system
•Promotion to obtain
funding and convince
national governments to
implement HI-STAR
•Operations in the
targeted countries
Effectiveness Measures
Integrating MIS and its Dissemination
System by Using the Expertise and
Resources of Existing programs
MEDSAT
MALSAT
EMERCASE
+ Innovations
+ Improvements
The HI-STAR Implementation (1)
P1: Development and Qualification Phase
• Collaborative structure:
- Policy-level health organization: WHO
Organizational, Structure,
Legal, Political Aspects
- Technical space-related expertise:
space agencies
Technical Issues
Promotion and Funding
Education and Training
Different time constraints:
• Early warning system
• Real-Time monitoring maps
• Pilot programs
• Conferences and workshops
• Diversified funding
• UN education centers
• Staff provided by the local organizations
The HI-STAR Implementation (2)
P2: Operational Phase
Organizational,
Structure, Legal,
Political Aspects
• Administered by RBM-WHO with technical
support from space agencies
• Participation of the WHO member states and
NGOs
• Commitment of the partner countries
• European GMES-like Relationships
Technical Issues
Number and location of MIS databases: distributed
or centralized system?
Promotion and
Funding
•Industries or foundation funding
•International organizations
•Reduction of data acquisition and processing costs
Education and
Training
•Collection & communication data
•Processing/distribution/ interpretation of data
•Creation of specific departments in charge of MIS
Implementation Timeframe
Summary of the HI-STAR Strategy
•
Integrates the expertise and resources of the major existing
programs optimally, while bringing improvement and innovative
approaches
•
•
•
Promotes a high level of cooperation and coordination between
health organizations (familiarity with realities on the ground)
and space organizations (knowledge of technical limitations)
Bases its funding on various sources, depending on the
implementation phase
Ensures a step-by-step implementation of MIS and its
dissemination system
The Plan for Kenya
•
Limited space infrastructure
•
Financial restrictions
•
Existing malaria control programs
•
International Cooperative studies for malaria
control planning
The Plan for India
•
Extensive space infrastructure
•
Population
•
Existing malaria control programs
•
Governmental support of $40 million per year to
combat malaria
Conclusions
•
Initially the costs are high but a significant
economic benefit can be realized with the
implementation of MIS
•
MIS initiation provides opportunities
enhancing existing health care
infrastructure
•
MIS stimulates education
•
MIS is effective in combating malaria
Finance
Cost of implementing MIS at the source
• Another space project ?
• Yes, but this time
– Clear defined objectives
– Based on mainly existing
technologies
– Results, not questions
Investment Cost Distribution
Nigeria: Total Investment Cost is US$ 3.9 Million
(including dissemination network)
Set-up cost MIS
Centers
32%
Set-up cost
Facilities in
Existing Shared
Centers
4%
Dissemination
Network Cost
55%
Set-up cost Global
Center
1%
Development cost
8%
• 2 New MIS centers
• 2 Shared centers
• 1266 Dissemination points
Operation Cost Distribution
Nigeria: Total Operation Cost is US$ 1.4 Million
(including dissemination network)
Downlink Cost
0%
Data Cost
12%
Depriciation Initial
Investment
29%
Cost of MIS
Centers
3%
Cost of Shared
Centers
1%
Dissemination
Cost
47%
Share of the
Global Center
Cost
8%
• 1266 Dissemination points
• 12 Reports per telephone
Cost Benefits
•
Reduce the negative impact on our economy
– No more panic (loss of labor)
– Back to normal level of health care costs
– Recovery of tourism industry
•
Local benefits at the source
– More efficient distribution and use of prevention resources
– Concentrating resources in problem areas (e.g. spraying
where needed, etc)
– The negative impact on economies will decrease
HI- STAR
SPACE
TECHNOLOGIES
MIS
DISSEMINATION
STRATEGY
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