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RESURGENCE OF EMPIRE IN EAST ASIA CHINA UNDER THE SUI, TANG, AND SONG ANARCHY IN CHINA • Period Resembled Western European history after the collapse of the Romans – Disunity and civil war between nomads and Chinese warlords • Confucianism in decline, Buddhism in ascendancy due to its relationship with the nomads BUDDHISM ARRIVES IN CHINA • Buddhism in China – • Attraction: moral standards, intellectual sophistication, salvation, appeal to women, poor Buddhism and Daoism – • Chinese monks explained Buddhist concepts in Daoist vocabulary Hostility to Buddhism – • Resistance from Daoists and Confucians Persecution – Critics of Buddhism found allies in the imperial court SUI DYNASTY • • After fall of the Han, turmoil lasted for more than 350 years The rule of the Sui – – • Reunification by Yang Jian in 589 High taxes and compulsory labor services The Grand Canal – – • One of the world's largest waterworks before modern times Purpose: bring abundant food supplies of the south to the north The fall of the Sui – High taxes and forced labor generated hostility among the people IMAGES OF SUI CHINA THE TANG DYNASTY • Founding of the Tang Dynasty (618 – 907 CE) – A rebel leader seized Chang'an, proclaimed a new dynasty, the Tang • • • Extensive networks of transportation and communications Adopted the equal-field system Bureaucracy of merit – Recruited government officials through civil service examinations • Foreign relations – Tributary system became diplomatic policy • Tang decline – Casual and careless leadership led to dynastic crisis – The Uighurs became de facto rulers – The equal-field system deteriorated TANG CHINA TANG ART SONG DYNASTY (960-1279 C.E.) • Song Taizu – Founder of the Song dynasty • Song weaknesses – Song never had military, diplomatic strength of Sui, Tang – Financial problems • Enormous bureaucracy with high salary devoured surplus • Forced to pay large tribute to nomads to avoid war – Military problems • Civil bureaucrats in charge of military forces – External pressures • Semi-nomadic Khitan, nomadic Jurchen attacked in north – The Song moved to the south, ruled south China until 1279 THE SONG WORLD NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN DYNASTIES THE SONG ARTISTIC WORLD DEMOGRAPHIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENTS • An agricultural revolution – Twice flowering, fast-ripening rice increased food supplies • Urbanization: China most urbanized country in period • Commercialized agriculture – Extreme surplus of southern rice allowed cities to flourish CH’ANG-AN & HANGZHOU NEO-CONFUCIANISM • Daoist, Buddhist Synthesis with Confucianism – Confucians drew inspiration • From Buddhism Spirituality • From Daoism Cosmology • Xenophobia Contributes, too – Invasions by nomads, Turks and Mongols threatened state • Neo-Confucian influence – Adapted Buddhist, Daoist themes, reasoning to Confucian interests – Influenced East Asian thought • In China, it was an officially recognized creed • Influenced Korea, Vietnam, and Japan for half a millennium PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY • Developments reinforced patriarchal society – Chinese reaction to foreign ideas • • – • Preserving of family Results – – • Tightening of patriarchal structure Reinforcing of male domination Foot binding gained popularity during the Song – – • Neo-Confucianism emphasized patriarchy Ancestor worship revived Emphasized dependence of women on men, home Male sense of beauty at women’s expense Poor, peasant women not subject to footbinding TECHNOLOGY & INDUSTRY • Porcelain – • • High quality porcelain since the Tang, known as chinaware Metallurgy Gunpowder – • Discovered by Daoist alchemists during the Tang Printing – • Became common during the Tang Naval technology – "South-pointing needle" - the magnetic compass SONG LIFE A MARKET ECONOMY • Financial instruments – – • Banking and credit institution Paper money backed by state, treasury A cosmopolitan society – • Foreign merchants in large cities of China Economic surge in China – – An economic revolution in China Made China the wealthiest nation in the world at time