Download 1. clone

Book 3, Unit 8
CLONING
Part I: Pre-Reading Task
First Stem Cells Extracted from Cloned
Human EmbryoPosted: 02.17.04
Scientists in South Korea have extracted stem cells
from a cloned human embryo - a breakthrough that
has potential for treating various diseases but also
ignites fears that rogue scientists will use the
technology to clone humans.
Other scientists have cloned small numbers of human
embryos that lived for a short time, but the South
Koreans who announced their work last week in the
journal Science, apparently succeeded on a scale
that far outstripped earlier human cloning efforts.
South Korean researchers make medical
history
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The researchers began with a group of
16 women who were given hormone
treatments to produce large numbers of
reproductive egg cells. They eventually
obtained 242 eggs from the women.
Then the scientists used innovative
techniques to strip out the nucleus from
each of these egg cells. The nucleus is
the portion of the cell containing many of
the cell's genetic instructions.
The scientists next took body cells from the same
women who had donated the egg cells. The body
cells have two sets of chromosomes, the full genetic
blueprint needed to create a human being. The
scientists removed these body cells' nuclear material
and placed it into the egg cells.
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The result was 66 cloned eggs, in effect, human
embryos, with the exact genetic makeup of the
original females. The researchers grew 30 of the
embryos for a week to the so-called blastocyst
stage, when stem cells could be extracted
Stem cell technology could help cure
diseases
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Embryonic stem cells are unique because they have the
potential to develop into any type of tissue or cell in the
body.
The research, called therapeutic cloning, could allow
scientists to take a plug of skin or blood sample from a
patient and use it to grow tissue, organs or batches of
cells. The new cells would have the same genetic
makeup as the donor and would therefore lower the risk
that the injured or sick person's body would reject the
new tissue.
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"Our approach opens the door for the use of
these specially developed cells in
transplantation medicine," said Woo Suk Hwang,
who led the government-funded study.
Researchers also hope the stem cell research
will lead to treatments for a range of diseases
from Alzheimer's to Parkinson's to diabetes.
Ethical questions
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But embryonic stem cell research is
controversial because harvesting the
cells destroys an embryo that could
have grown into a baby if implanted in a
woman's uterus. President Bush is
against making and destroying human
embryos.
"The use of embryos to clone is wrong.
We should not as a society, grow life to
destroy it," he said in 2001.
The Bush administration policy does not
allow the government to fund any
research on stem cells taken from
embryos destroyed after Aug. 9, 2001.
Since the research is expensive, the
ban has limited the amount of work
being done in the United States.
Reproductive vs. therapeutic cloning
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Some fear that the South Korean scientific
advance will encourage people to create
human clones, called reproductive cloning.
In reproductive cloning, which has been
performed with animals but not people, the
embryos are implanted in the womb and
allowed to develop into a fetus. In therapeutic
cloning, the embryos are never implanted,
but are grown for a few days in the laboratory
so that the stem cells can be extracted.
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The first mammal was cloned in 1996 when
Scottish researchers made Dolly the sheep.
Dolly died a year ago of what scientists said
was premature aging and complications from
cloning.
Most scientists believe human reproductive
cloning is unethical because any baby
created by this method would be prone to
severe deformities.
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Scientific research in the United States
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While many U.S. lawmakers would like to ban human reproductive
cloning, the debate is complicated by the question of whether to
allow therapeutic cloning. Conservative lawmakers have attached
bans on embryonic stem cell research to all bills regarding
reproductive and therapeutic cloning, preventing Congress from
coming up with a clear policy. Some U.S. scientists worry that the
lack of government support for all cloning related to humans is
already harming the future of American medical research.
"We will be sitting here with the best scientists in the world watching
things on television," Dr. Jose Cibelli, professor of animal
biotechnology at Michigan State University told the New York Times.
Cibelli collaborated with the South Korean scientists and is an
author of their paper.
Several countries in Europe ban all human cloning, including
therapeutic cloning.
Reading Comprehension Questions:
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1. Explain how the South Korean scientists created the stem cells.
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2. Why are embryonic stem cells so interesting to scientists? How can
this research be applied to medical treatments?
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3. Why is embryonic stem cell research controversial?
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4. Why does President Bush want to limit embryonic stem cell
research?
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5. How is reproductive cloning different from therapeutic cloning?
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6. Why hasn't the United States banned human reproductive cloning?
Keys:
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1. Explain how the South Korean scientists created the stem cells.
The scientists took body cells from 16 women who were given hormone treatments to
produce large numbers of reproductive egg cells. The body cells have two sets of
chromosomes, the full genetic blueprint needed to create a human being. The scientists
removed these body cells' nuclear material and placed it into the egg cells.
The result was 66 cloned eggs, in effect, human embryos, with the exact genetic
makeup of the original females. The researchers grew 30 of the embryos for a week to
the so-called blastocyst stage, when stem cells could be extracted.
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2. Why are embryonic stem cells so interesting to scientists? How can this research be
applied to medical treatments?
Embryonic stem cells are unique because they have the potential to develop into any
type of tissue or cell in the body.
The research, called therapeutic cloning, could allow scientists to take a plug of skin or
blood sample from a patient and use it to grow tissue, organs or batches of cells. The
new cells would have the same genetic makeup as the donor and would therefore lower
the risk that the injured or sick person's body would reject the new tissue.
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3. Why is embryonic stem cell research controversial?
Embryonic stem cell research is controversial because harvesting the cells destroys an
embryo that could have grown into a baby if implanted in a woman's uterus.
keys
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4. Why does President Bush want to limit embryonic stem cell research?
Harvesting the cells destroys an embryo that could have grown into a baby if
implanted in a woman's uterus.
President Bush is against making and destroying human embryos.
"The use of embryos to clone is wrong. We should not as a society, grow life to
destroy it," he said in 2001.
5. How is reproductive cloning different from therapeutic cloning?
In reproductive cloning, which has been performed with animals but not people, the
embryos are implanted in the womb and allowed to develop into a fetus. In
therapeutic cloning, the embryos are never implanted, but are grown for a few days in
the laboratory so that the stem cells can be extracted.
6. Why hasn't the United States banned human reproductive cloning?
While many U.S. lawmakers would like to ban human reproductive cloning, the
debate is complicated by the question of whether to allow therapeutic cloning.
Conservative lawmakers have attached bans on embryonic stem cell research to all
bills regarding reproductive and therapeutic cloning, preventing Congress from
coming up with a clear policy.
Part II Cultural Notes:
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1. clone: a group of organisms or cells that are genetically
identical, having been produced from one parent by asexual
reproduction. The individual organisms or cells are precise copies of
the parent and genetically identical to it. Clones are found naturally
among single-celled organisms ( such as bacteria), a few
invertebrates (such as corals), and some asexually reproducing
plants ( as in the production of runners by a strawberry plant). In
agriculture, plant cloning can be used to advantage, in that
individuals with desirable properties, such as pest-resistance or high
growth rates, can be replicated exactly without the unpredictable
results associated with sexual reproduction. Artificial cloning of
animals and cells can be achieved by teasing apart the cells of the
early embryo. Similarly, cells capable of growing into mature plants
can be obtained from plant growth-regions (meristems).
In genetic engineering cloning refers to the copying of DNA
molecules.
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2. genetic engineering: the deliberate modification of
the genetic make-up(genome) of an organism by
manipulation of its DNA. Genetic engineering
techniques include cell fusion and the use of
recombinant DNA (r DNA). Since the late 1960s these
techniques have held out the most exciting promise for
biotechnology.
In such a new field controversy inevitably abounds.
Worries concerning release of genetically novel
bacteria into the environment, or the possible
manipulation of human embryos, have led to the
setting up in the USA of the Genetic Manipulation
Advisory Group (GMAG). Legislation governing
genetic research has also been passed in several
other countries.
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3. NARCISSUS ( in Greek mythology):
a beautiful youth who spurned the love of
the nymph Echo and in punishment was
made to fall in love with his own
reflection; he pined away gazing at
himself in a pool and at his death was
changed into the flower bearing his name
narcissus.
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4. Prometheus: in Greek mythology, a Titan
who made the first man from clay and stole fire
from the gods to give to mankind. In revenge
for the theft, Zeus chained Prometheus to a
rock, where his liver was eaten every day by
an eagle, only to grow again ever night.
Herecules eventually rescued him.
Prometheus has been seen as a symbol of
reedom, rebellion against tyranny, and of
creative imagination.
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5. Oppenheimer, ( Julius) Robert (19041967): US physicist. He was appointed in 1942
as director of the Manhattan Project, the secret
project to develop the atomic bomb in the USA
during World War II, based at Los Alamos,
New Mexico, which in 1945 made the first
atomic bomb. In 1953, at the height of the
witch-hunting campaign led by the US Senator
Joseph McCarthy, Oppenheimer was excluded
from sensitive research on the grounds that he
had Communist sympathies, but subsequently
(1963) he was unreservedly rehabilitated.
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6. Hiroshima: Japanese city in southern
Honshu. Hitherto largely undamaged by the
US bombing campaign, Hiroshima became the
target of the first atomic bomb attack on 6
august 1945, which resulted in the virtual
obliteration of the city centre and the deaths of
about one-third of the population of 300,000.
The attach on Hiroshima, together with that on
Ngasaki three days later, helped bring about
Japan’s unconditional surrender and the end of
World War II.
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7. Nagasaki: Japanese city in Kyushu. On 9
August 1945, three days after the first atomic
bomb attack on Hiroshima, Nagasaki became
the next target. The hilly terrain protected the
population of 230,000 from the full effects of
the explosion, but 40,0000 people were killed
and tremendous destruction caused. On the
following day Japan offered to surrender and
the ceasefire began on 15 August, the official
surrender finally being signed on 2 September.
Part III Language Points:
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1. clone: any of a group of plants or animals produced
from the cells of a single ancestor and therefore exactly
the same as it is.
e.g. Researchers produced clones from adult mice in 1998.
Although two clones are identical genetically, they may
develop in different ways.
e.g. Researchers in Japan have cloned eight calves from
the cells of a single adult cow.
The idea of cloning extinct life forms still belongs to
science fiction.
Experiments to try to clone human embryos have met
with hostility from some sections of the public.
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2. give birth to: 1) bear (a bird), bring forth
e.g. Although a mother panda often gives birth to two cubs, she
usually abandons one of them without attempting to care for it.
The research has shown that mothers who smoke give birth
more frequently to premature or underweight babies.
create, originate
e.g. The extraordinary experience gave birth to his latest novel.
Einstein gave birth to a whole new way of looking at matter
and energy.
3. for all the world: in every respect; exactly
e.g. I felt for all the world as if I was still a child.
He looked for all the world like a country doctor.
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4. dot: spread things or people in various separate places over an
area
e.g. From the top floor we could see the trees dotting the landscape.
The sky was dotted with stars.
n. a small round mark
e.g. He forgot the dot on the letter i and so it looked like and 1.
The stars just look like thousands of tiny dots of light.
5. union: a uniting or being united; combination; an organization of
workers form a particular profession, an association or club.
e.g. Marriage is a socially recognized and approved union between
individuals.
Labor unions bargained with employers to determine issues
such as wages, conditions of work, and worker security.
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6. fuse: ( cause to ) join together ( followed by with)
e.g. Nearly 50 percent of the cumulus cells that successfully fused
with an egg developed into an advanced embryo.
Genes determine how we develop from the moment the
sperm fuses with the egg.
7. gene: a unit in a chromosome which controls inherited
characteristics
e.g. Genetics is the study of the function and behavior of genes.
The human Genome Project has to far identified nearly all of
the estimated 31,000 genes in the nucleus of a human cell.
The DNA is divided into units called genes, just like a long
train is divided into separate cars.
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8. take up: go and live; move into ( a certain position)
e.g. The hunter took up his quarters in a hut.
As the crowd grew, riot police took up their
positions.
UN peacekeeping forces are expected to take up
positions along the Afghanistan border.
9. residence: the fact of living in a particular place
e.g. He took up his permanent residence in China.
Campus residence halls provide common settings
for students to form new bonds with peers who
share similar experiences.
More immigrants were admitted to the United
States for permanent residence in recent years.
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10. identical: exactly alike or equal; the very same ( followed by to)
e.g. The journalist David Rorvik wrote a true story of a billionaire’s
quest to produce a son identical to himself.
Although Euro bills are identical in all countries, each country can
issue its own coins.
11. twin: persons who have the same mother and were born on the
same day
e.g. The two boys looked like twins.
He has a twin brother and a younger brother.
Unlike my friend, I think there are many positive aspects to being
a twin.
12. beforehand: in advance; earlier
e.g. Catherine got married without telling anyone beforehand.
Mum had done most of the cooking beforehand, so we weren’t
tied to the kitchen.
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13. oppose: express strong disapproval with the aim of preventing or
changing a course of action: resist
e.g. My father opposed my wish to become a musician.
The local residents strongly opposed the chemical companies
dumping their waste in the sea.
be opposed to : be against
e.g. We are utterly opposed to any form of terrorism.
They are strongly opposed to the presence of American troops
in this region.
14. theoretical: concerned with the theory of a subject; based on
theory
e.g. Information theory is primarily a theoretical study.
With his brilliant theoretical work, Albert Einstein revolutionized
20th century physics.
Aristole defined the basic concepts and principles of many of the
theoretical sciences, such as logic, biology and physics.
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15. in principle: as far as basic principles are concerned
e.g. In principle, clones may even be essentially immortal, dying only
from disease or the deterioration of the environment.
In principle, Quantum theory could be used to predict the
behavior of any physical, chemical, or biological system.
16. offensive: causing sb. To feel upset, insulted or annoyed
e.g. Minority groups are protected from hateful and offensive speech
and actions on campus.
The document did not appear to contain any offensive
statements.
17. compromise: a settlement in which each side gives up some
demands
e.g. In order to reduce carbon monoxide emissions from motor
vehicles but at the same tieme develop the industry, a
compromise was reached.
The two countries continued to have difficulties reaching a compromise
on a solution to the problem of acid rain.
v. (used in the patterns: compromise with sb. Over sth., compromise on sth.)
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18. potential: the possibility of sth. Happening or being developed
e.g. The potential for abuse of genetic engineering has presented
society with many ethical and legal controversies.
The best single indicator of a state’s great-power potential may
be its total Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
Volcanoes have the potential to create some of the planet’s most
formidable natural disasters.
a. that can, but has not yet, come into being; possible
e.g. In large cities with a million or more potential customers, there
are much larger clothing stores with many more choices of items
and styles.
In the article Wilmut discussed potential medical uses for cloning,
and ethical issues surrounding cloning technology.
Scientists can only speculate on the potential impact of the
depletion of the ozone layer.
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19. tolerate: allow (sth.) that one does not like
to happen or continue: put up with
e.g. College president sent letters to every
student saying that drugs on campus would
not be tolerated.
Teachers will not tolerate cheating on
exams, just as parents will not let their
children lie and get away with it.
20. ancient: belonging to times that are long past
e.g. Furniture designs have reflected the fashion of
very era from ancient times to the present.
Hebrew is an ancient language that became extinct,
but has now been brought back to life and is spoken
today.
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21. catalog: (also catalogue) a complete list of items
e.g. Users outside the library can access millions of
bibliographic records, including the entire card
catalog, through the Internet.
Dell sells its products directly to customers through
the Internet and mail order catalogs rather than
through retail outlets.
22. terrify: make (sb.)very frightened
e.g. Flying has terrified some people since the
terrorists attack on the World Trade Center.
The gunman’s threats terrified her into handing
over the money.
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23. normally: under normal circumstances; ordinarily
e.g. During 26 years of research on sharks I have
found them to be normally unaggressive and even
timid toward man.
Greatly affected by E1 Nino, areas that are
normally wet, such as Indonesia, the Philippines
and eastern Australia have experienced drought.
24. mixture: a combination of two or more things or styles
e.g. A mixture of cultures form around the world is reflected in the
street festivals and ethnic celebrations in New York City.
Offspring receive a mixture of genetic information from both
parents.
Smog, a mixture of smoke and fog, irritates the eyes, throat,
and lungs and also damages plants.
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25. brilliant: very intelligent; extremely clever
e.g. With his brilliant theoretical work, Albert Einstein
revolutionized 20th century physics.
It was his brilliant performance in Hamelt that established his
reputation.
The Hubble telescope is a brilliant new device that allows us
to peer far more deeply into heavens.
26. inherit: 1) have features or qualities from an ancestor
e.g. Although all humans share the same set of genes, individuals can
inherit different forms of a given gene, making each person
genetically unique.
Deficiencies in immune function may be either inherited or acquired.
While people biologically inherit many physical traits and behavioral
instincts, culture is socially inherited.
2) receive (money, property, etc. of an ancestor)
e.g. He has no son to inherit his land.
Mary inherited the money form her parents.
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27. comment: a written or spoken remark giving an
opinion
e.g. He was making rude comments about her haircut.
There has been no comment so far from police
about the bomb attack happening yesterday.
v. (followed by on)
e.g. The president refused to comment on the issued
of gun violence on campus.
The teacher commented on the fact that some
students were absent for class.
28. genius: (a person who has) exceptionally great
creative ability
e.g. Thomas Edison is considered a genius of invention.
From the age of three, she showed signs of genius.
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29. atomic: concerning atoms or the energy released by them
e.g. On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic
bomb on Hiroshima, Japan.
As the atomic nuclei are fused together, an extraordinary
amount of energy is released.
30. curiosity: a strong desire to know and learn (followed by
about)
e.g. Science museums stimulate curiosity and allow people to
learn at their own space.
As a youth Einstein showed a brilliant curiosity about nature
and an ability to understand difficult mathematical concepts.
My daughter showed an enthusiasm and curiosity about
Chinese history.
31. let loose: set free; release
e.g. Don’t let that dog loose in the yard, as it will terrify the kids.
Trainees will go through a four-hour lesson before they are let
loose on the controls.
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32. transplant: 1) remove tissue or an organ form one person or
animal and put it into another
e.g. To repair injuries such as burns, skin is sometimes
transplanted from one area of the body to another.
The operation to transplant a kidney is now fairly routine.
2) remove a growing plant with its roots and plant it elsewhere
e.g. Tea was transplanted from China to India and Sri Lanka.
The seedlings can be transplanted when they are bout four
inches tall.
n. transplant(ation)
e.g. In some instances, surgeons may perform a lung transplant to
save a patient’s life.
Cloning may generate genetically modified animal organs that
are suitable for transplantation into humans.
Advances in organ transplantation have brought new hope to
those afflicted with diseased organs.
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33. lash out at: make a sudden violent attack at with
blows or words
e.g. He lashed out at them with his fists.
It seemed that he was going to lash out at the
saleswoman, but he controlled himself.
34. immune: 1) protected against through the body’s natural
resistance (followed by to)
e.g. The health of the body is dependent on the immune system’s
ability to recognize and then destroy bacteria and viruses.
A healthy immune system protects the body against bacteria,
viruses, and other harmful agents.
It seemed for a while that infants were immune to Aids.
My brother seems to be immune to colds-he just never gets
them.
2) not affected by sth. (followed by to)
e.g. Football is not immune to economic recession.
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35. merge: (cause to ) combine
e.g. In the great melting pot like New York City cultures
are merged and traditions lost.
In the story he merged his mind with the robot’s and
shared its thoughts.
The two colleges will be merged to form a university.
36. primitive: of or at an early stage of development
e.g. An examination of two fossils reveals that a primitive
human species had arrived in Asia from Africa about
2 million years ago.
With the discovery in 1996 that primitive life may have flourished
early in the history of Mars, interest in exploring the planet
increased.
The most commonly cited example of a primitive calculating
device is the abacus.
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37. start out: 1) intend when starting
e.g. They started out wanting a house, but eventually bought a flat.
Peter didn’t start out to apply for Yale University-it just
happened that way.
2) begin
e.g. He started out in the personnel department; later he was
transferred to the sales department.
She started out as a teacher and only began writing in his
thirties.
38. grow into: become gradually as time passes
e.g. With the construction of the highways, the village is growing
into a town.
She is growing into a beautiful young woman.
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39. batch: the amount (of bread, etc.) produced at one
baking; a number of things taken as a group; lot
e.g. The second batch of sugar was
better than the first.
Harvard University biologist Dick
Estes supplied a large batch of lion
photographs taken from 1963 to 1965.
The school authorities have laid down a
great batch of rules and regulations.
Part IV Text Organization:
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The text can
be divided into
four parts. The
paragraph
numbers of
each part have
been given to
you. Now write
down their
main ideas.
Parts
Paragraphs
Part One
Paras 1-2
Part Two
Paras 3-6
Part Three
Paras 7-11
Part Four
Paras 12-16
Main Ideas
Keys:
Part One: Dolly the sheep, a clone, was
born.
 Part Two: Dolly’s birth has made cloning a
reality and human cloning a possibility.
 Part Three: People have to face the ethical
problems of human cloning.
 Part Four: Cloning technology could
benefit people in more than one way.
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Sections
Paragraphs
Section
One
Paras 7-9
Section
Two
Paras 10-11
Main Ideas
2. If you examine
Part 3 carefully,
you’ll find it can
be further divided
into two sections.
Please write
down the
paragraph
numbers of each
section and its
main ideas.
Keys:
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Section one: Human cloning has given rise
to the question of what implications the
technology may have for mankind.
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Section two: The making of the atomic
bomb had a tremendous impact on
scientists.
Part V Language Focus:
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You need to study carefully all the key words and phrases in the box.
We have a number of exercises to help you learn how to use them.
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Words and Phrases to Drill
ancient
catalog
dot
immune
offensive
terrify
union
grow into
start out
atomic
clone
fuse
inherit
oppose
theoretical
be opposed to
in principle
take up
batch
beforehand
brilliant
comment
compromise
curiosity
gene
genius
identical
merge
mixture
normally
potential
primitive
residence
tolerate
transplant
twin
for all the world
give birth to
lash out at
let loose
1.Fill in the gaps with words or phrases chosen from
the box. Change the form where necessary.
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1) A green card is a registration card, originally green,
granting an alien permanent ___________________ in
the United States.
2) It was Marx’s ideas that _____________________
communism.
3) In Istanbul, east and west ______________together
in a way that is fascinating to observe.
4) The _______________ surgery of those days left
my sister virtually deaf in one ear.
5) You inherit half your _______________from your
father and half from your mother.
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6) In a ______________between management
and unions, a 4% pay rise was agreed in
return for an increase in productivity.
7) Her house is furnished in a curious
_______________ of old and modern styles.
8) The Euro is a unit of currency that is used
by a dozen countries that have joined the
European monetary(货币的)
_________________.
9) I knew Michelle was coming that afternoon
because she had phoned me _____________.
10) What _______________as fun quickly
became hard work.
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11) The police chief has made no
_______________about the attack so far.
12) You don’t have to go to a store to buy
things now. You can buy them on line or
through a mail-order _________________.
13) This is certainly a ________________risk
but in practice there is seldom a problem.
14) Susan sounds for _________________like
her mother on the telephone.
15) Some educators advocated a bilingual
education in schools but many parents
vigorously _________________it.
Keys:

1) residence 2) gave birth to 3) fuse
4) primitive 5) genes
6) compromise
7) mixture
8) union
9) beforehand
10) started out
11) comment
12) catalog
13) theoretical
14) all the world 15) opposed
2. Use the verb in brackets to form an appropriate
phrasal verb and complete the sentence with it:
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Model: What _____________to be a
clone of you could grow into a batch of
your marrow—the perfect match. (start)
What started out to be a clone of you
could grow into a batch of your marrow—
the perfect match.
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1) Computer programming is the sort of work that
______________a high level of concentration. (call)
2) As I sat up very late last night, I
______________with a headache this morning. (wake)
3) As the crowd grew, riot police (防暴警察)
_________________their positions. (take)
4) If you are not sure how to go about organizing a
party, go and ask Millie. She never
________________ideas for such things. (run)
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5) He is a small man with a big ego (自我)-that about
_______________him_______________, doesn’t it?
(sum)
6) When the coach waslaid up with pneumonia, the
training rules of the team________________. (break)
7) The senator _________________the administration
for its failure to come up with effective measures to
deal with the economic recession. (lash)
8) Old John has accumulated a large fortune in the
past few years but he never donates anything to
charity; he _________________ an old miser (吝啬鬼).
(grow)
Keys:
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1) calls for
2) woke up 3) took up
4) runs out of 5) sums…up
6) broke down 7) lashed out at
8) has grown into
Part VI Comprehensive Exercises:
1. Cloze

(A)

Complete the following passage with words chosen from the Words and
Phrases to Drill box. Change the form where necessary.
“What do you think of ______________(1)?”
“What, like Dolly the sheep, that sort of thing?”
“That’s right.”
“Personally, I _______________ ______________
_______________(2) it. It seems far too
dangerous and could lead to all sorts of
__________________(3) results.”
“I had no idea you found it so _______________(4). You
don’t _________________(5) oppose such things.”
“Well, this seems to me to be one case where we are
taking human ______________(6) too far.”
“Well, I can’t say that I’m against it ______________
______________(7). It seems to have the
__________________(8) to do a lot of good. What about
________________(9) from one person to another?
They say that cloning can help get over problems of
rejection by the _______________(10) system.”
“But what if some evil _________________(11) were to
misuse the idea? Do you remember that film, The Boys
from Brazil, all about a German scientist who was
reproducing _____________(12) copies of Hitler?”
“Oh, come on. Now you really are letting your
imagination run away with you !”
Keys:
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1) cloning
3) terrifying
6) curiosity
8) potential
10) immune
2) am opposed to
4) offensive 5) normally
7) in principle
9) transplanting
11) genius
12) identical
(B)
Fill in the gaps with any words you think fit:

Since Dolly came into existence, scientists and politicians have
been worrying about the prospect that it will soon be possible to
clone humans, too. The debate centers ____________(1) two types
of cloning: reproductive, with the intention of ______________(2) a
baby, and therapeutic(治疗的), with the aim _______________(3)
creating a source of “embryonic” stem cells (干细
胞)_______________(4) might replace diseased organs of the body.
Cloning has ________________(5) strong supporters and fierce
critics. ______________(6) the deeply held moral and technological
objections of many people, human cloning __________________(7)
a small step forward this week ________________(8) an
announcement by researchers that they had successfully created a
_________________(9) embryo through

cloning, _________________(10) the purpose of developing stem
cells. They are ________________(11) the first to lay claim to such
a feat, _________________(12) they are the first to publish their
findings. Their work was promptly condemned
_______________(13) President George Bush,
_________________(14) said it was morally wrong, and by the
Vtican, among many others.
From a technical standpoint, such strong
________________(15) seems out of line with the slender scientific
significance ____________________(16) this development. The
researchers used ________________(17) has become standard
cloning method in animals. This is to remove the nucleus(核)
containing genetic materials__________________(18) a donor egg,
and replace it _________________(19) the nucleus of another cell.
The resulting stem cells would then be genetically identical to the
donor, avoiding problems of rejection _________________(20) they
are returned to the patient in treatment.
Keys:
1) on
2) producing
3) of
4) that/which
5) both
6) Despite
7) took
8) with
9) human
10) for
11) not
12) but
13) by
14) who
15) opposition/condemnation
16) of
17) what
18) from 19) with 20) when
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Part VII Translation:
Translate the following passage into English, using the words and
phrases given below:
identical offensive twin clone terrify batch
tolerate transplant grow into potential
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immune
多利羊诞生之后，克隆就再也不能当作科学幻想而不去认
真考虑了。人们能够复制一头一模一样的羊，这与克隆人
仅有一步之遥。许多人觉得克隆人很可怕，令人反感。
但是，这一技术具有极大的医药应用潜力。科学家可以培
养一群细胞，并指令它们长成与病人基因完全一致的整个
器官甚至四肢，这就消除了器官移植到病人体内时因免疫
反应造成的排异问题。科学家们还可以从改基因的动物譬
如猪身上获取一个接受移植的病人能够容忍的器官。这样，
现在每年成千上万个因为得不到可替换的心、肝或肾而死
亡的病人的生命就可以得救了。
Keys:

After Dolly was born, cloning could no longer be dismissed as science
fiction. The ability to create an identical twin of a lamb is but one step short
of cloning humans, which many find terrifying and offensive. However the
technology holds great potential for medical application. Scientists could
cultivate a batch of cells and direct them to grow into whole organs or
even limbs that will be genetically identical to the patient, thus eliminating
the problem of rejection caused by immune reaction when they are
transplanted into his body. Or they could take an organ from animals such
as pit that has been genetically altered so that it will be tolerated by the
recipient. Then the lives of thousands of patients who die every year before
a replacement heart, liver or kidney becomes available would be saved.
Test B Second Thoughts on
Cloning
Key Words Exercises:

Fill in the gaps with words or phrases lists below. Change the form
where necessary.
enhance
condemn
overcome
rest on
artificial
inevitable
significant
by virtue of
in essence
vital
prospect
necessarily
vague
is bound to
lend…support to
objection
subscribe to
come to terms with
have second thoughts
prohibiting
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1. Martin has been assigned to work in the company’s
Beijing office, and the ____________of living in a
foreign city excites him.
2. The new product is expected to ____________their
reputation as a leading IT company.
3. Brookman & Langdon is said to manufacture the
most desirable pens and these
_____________command astonishingly high prices.
4. Political leaders at the conference united to
________________the terrorist attacks on the World
Trade Center in New York.
5. Unfortunately, the victim of the attempted murder
only has a _______________memory of what his
attacker looked like.
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6. Courage is not the absence of fear. It is the ability to
______________fear.
7. The bridge was poorly designed and hastily built. It
_____________collapse.
8. The future of a nation ______________its youth.
That’s why education of the young is of such vital
importance.
9. The community _______________full
______________the building of a park in the
neighborhood.
10. The dying old general did not want his life to be
prolonged by ______________means.
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11. No one took seriously the ________________to
the proposed program until it was too late.
12. Four successive dry winters had made water
shortage _____________.
13. I’ve personally never _______________the view
that man should save nature for its own sake.
14. In the printed version of his speech, the speaker
made a small but _______________change.
15. At first she found it hard to ________________the
fact that she, a model worker, had been laid off by the
factory.
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16. He believed that it is wrong that some people
should enjoy wealth, privilege, influence and power
solely _____________an accident of birth.
17. We ________________about buying the house
when we met the neighbors.
18. In detail the class system is complex, but
_______________it is simple.
19. I think the government should introduce a law
__________________artificial additives(添加剂) in
children’s food.
20. Her release enabled her to give
_______________information about her kidnappers(绑
架者).
Keys:
1) prospect 2) enhance 3) necessarily
4) condemn 5) vague 6) overcome
7) was bound to
8) rests on
9) lent…support to 10) artificial
11) objections
12) inevitable
13) subscribed to
14) significant
15) come to terms with 16) by virtue of
17) had second thoughts 18) in essence
19) prohibiting 20) vital
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THE END
THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION!