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What does Racism have to do with Power? Discuss. Racism and Anti-Racism: Lessons of Understanding and Allyship What are the terms that relate to Racism? FOUR ASPECTS OF RACISM (AND ALL THE OTHER ISMS) SYSTEMIC DISCRIMINATION BELIEFS, ATTITUDES policies, practices DISCRIMINATION PREJUDICE Racism, sexism, antiSemitism, classism, homophobia, etc. “pre-judge” STEREOTYPING “set Image” Adapted from B. Thomas and C. Novogrodsky (1983) Combatting Racism in the Workplace BEHAVIOUR, ACTION CIRCLE OF ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOURS STEREOTYPE PREJUDICE SYSTEMIC DISCRIMINATION DISCRIMINATION STEREOTYPE STEREOTYPE = The idea that ‘all’ members of a group are the same, rather than individuals with differing abilities, personalities and values. In other words, stereotypes are overgeneralizations about the appearance, behaviour, or other characteristics of all members of a group. STEREOTYPES Irish people are drunks. Teenagers are loud and obnoxious. Chinese people are bad drivers. Koreans are good at math. White men can’t jump. Blonde women are dumb. EXAMPLE: Racial + Ethnic Jokes In one of your classes you overhear a classmate telling a racist joke. What do you do? WE ALL NEED TO ASK OURSELVES Think: Would you say it in front of your partner, parents/guardians, grandparents/elders or a person of the race the joke is about? Think: Would you say it if the joke was going to appear on the front page of the newspaper or on the news? WE ALL NEED TO ASK OURSELVES Think: Would you say it to a member of the same gender in exactly the same way? Think: Why does it need to be said? Does it need to be said? What purpose does it serve? RACIAL/ETHNIC JOKES Consider all racial or ethnic jokes as discriminatory and promoting hate. “ Did you hear about the (Black, Jew, Newfie, Pollack, Native, Scotsman, Chinese, Catholic)…? RACIAL/ETHNIC JOKES All racial/ethnic jokes contain a slur = an insult toward those who are members of a particular racial or ethnic group. RACIAL/ETHNIC JOKES ARE BASED ON STEREOTYPES This stereotyped label is associated with a fixed image which is usually negative. Stereotyping and labelling can promote prejudice (a judgment based on insufficient, inappropriate and/or false information) and discrimination (the activation of prejudice) RACIAL/ETHNIC JOKES ARE BASED ON STEREOTYPES Racism – the expression of a negative prejudice towards a specific group. Promotes hatred towards the targeted group. Someone who already dislikes a certain group has those feelings strengthened. RACIAL/ETHNIC JOKES ARE BASED ON STEREOTYPES and Someone who has no knowledge of the group may accept this version and develop a negative feeling towards them without any direct experience. G. Guttentag Race Relations Directorate Ministry of Citizenship PREJUDICE Prejudice comes from the words “Pre” and “Judge” = to pre-judge. In other words, to have an opinion or image based on previously held ideas rather than knowledge or experience. PREJUDICE It is an irrational, negative attitude about people based on such characteristics as racialization, gender, age, ability, religion, and/or sexual orientation. It is when you agree with the stereotypes. DISCRIMINATE / DISCRIMINATION Discriminate/Discrimination = To treat a particular group, or member of a particular group differently or unfairly. It is based on prejudices. DISCRIMINATION For centuries women have been stereotypically viewed as being less intelligent, or incapable of doing things such as say math or science. They were to be “barefoot and pregnant in the kitchen.” DISCRIMINATION This prejudicial attitude led to discrimination when it came to women’s ability to be allowed to hold down traditional male jobs that required math/science. And if they did get the job, women were paid less for doing the same job. DISCRIMINATION Women were seen as being inferior to men therefore could not vote. It was not until 1918 that the Canadian Parliament granted women the right to vote in federal elections. DISCRIMINATION There is a prejudice that Aboriginal people do not have good work habits. There are stereotypes that Aboriginal people are not smart, that they are always late, that they are alcoholics. Discrimination occurs when a person is not given a job because they are Aboriginal. RACE AND ETHNICITY Race and ethnicity are not necessarily connected. Racial/racialized groups are set apart from others because of visible physical differences. Ethnic groups differ from others on the basis of national origin or distinctive cultural patterns. RACE AND ETHNICITY Ethnic Group/Ethnicity: a category of people who are distinguished by others or themselves on the basis of cultural or national characteristics. Race is considered a social construct (created/constructed by humans = we are all part of ONE RACE - THE HUMAN RACE). RACE AND ETHNICITY Many people use the term Racialized Group/Racialization = A category of people who have been singled out, by others or themselves, as inferior or superior, on the basis of subjectively selected physical characteristics such as skin colour or eye shape. RACISM Racism is the mistreatment of people on the basis of race, place of origin, or ancestry; the belief that one group of people is inferior or superior to another. Racism is any action based on stereotypes that view all members of a racial, ethnic, or cultural group as being the same, rather than individuals. Racism is EXCLUSION EXCLUSIONS OF A PARTICULAR KIND Exclusions that involve racialization. Exclusions that are organized (i.e. made by people). Exclusions that have significant negative consequences for the excluded. EXAMPLE: Name-Calling In one of your classes you overhear a student calling someone a racist name. What do you do? Common Responses “Don’t let that hurt you.” Focus on the offender. Try to get him/her/they to change his/her/their ways. See it as individual/family problem. Name-Calling as Exclusion This is an act of violence = what to do: 1) Stop it! 2) Support/comfort the victim. 3) Deal with effects which go beyond the immediate parties (i.e. tip of the iceberg, set of larger issues – get to the root of it). RACISM AS EXCLUSION Understanding racism as an exclusion draws attention to processes of creating inclusions. It also means that racism is NOT about intentions (what was intended). Rather racism is about effects/impacts. A note about INTENTIONS Racism is not about good people and bad people. Good people can do racist things and bad people can do anti-racist ones. A note about INTENTIONS People experience racism differently because of how it locates them socially. Racism originates from thoughts, beliefs, values = it is in the head/it is socially constructed. Regardless, racism is a reality in our world. Exposing Racism Photograph Activity Photographs can often capture important social, cultural, political, economic and environmental moments in history. Exposing Racism Photograph Activity You will examine one historical photograph to: 1) analyze the time period to gain a greater understanding of history; 2) explore issues of racism, stereotypes, and bias; 3) explore how photographs can expose racism. Exposing Racism Photograph Activity Essential Questions How can photographs capture a moment in history? What significance do historical photographs play in the present? Why is it important to understand the context of a photograph? Massery Eckford TO DO = Vocabulary + Read your Course Pack What are the roots of Racism? ROOTS OF “RACE” Classification schemes since 1700s: The time of the scientific revolution introduced and privileged the study of natural kinds. The age of European imperialism and colonization/age of exploration established political relations between Europeans and peoples with distinct cultural and political traditions. ROOTS OF “RACE” As Europeans encountered people from different parts of the world, they speculated about the physical, social, and cultural differences among various human groups. The rise of the Atlantic slave trade, which gradually displaced an earlier trade in slaves from throughout the world, created a further incentive to categorize human groups in order to justify the subordination of African slaves. ROOTS OF “RACE” Europeans began to sort themselves and others into groups based on physical appearance, and to attribute to individuals belonging to these groups behaviors and capacities which were claimed to be deeply ingrained. A set of folk beliefs took hold that linked inherited physical differences between groups to inherited intellectual, behavioral, and moral qualities. ROOTS OF “RACE” In regards to the inherited physical differences that were linked inherited intellectual, behavioral, and moral qualities the following socially constructed generalizations occurred: White (“top of the human hierarchy”) = intelligent, kind, and good. Black (“bottom of the human hierarchy”) = stupid, mean, evil. ROOTS OF “RACE” These traits were arbitrary/constructed: Why skin colour and not eye colour? “Experiments” on Eye Colour = Jane Elliot’s experiment in “Eye of the Storm” (1970) and A Class Divided (PBS 1985) ROOTS OF “RACE” Watch Jane Elliot’s A Class Divided (PBS 1985) – from the beginning until 27:45 minutes http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ divided/etc/view.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/classdivided/ ROOTS OF “RACE” Thoughts/questions/insights Share about the film? with your table group then with the larger class. “RACE” We are ALL part of the HUMAN RACE = we should see each other as human beings! ‘‘What is Race?’’ Website ‘‘Race: The Power of an Illusion” A three part documentary series looks into the notion of race in society. The Power of an Illusion questions the notion of race and suggest that race is more socially constructed around the world. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y8MS6zu bIaQ (Watch trailer in class = 5:13) ‘‘The DNA Journey” The DNA Journey, 2016 It’s easy to think there are more things dividing us than uniting us. But we actually have much more in common with other nationalities than you’d think. Watch this video in class - 5:16 minutes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tyaEQEm t5ls ROOTS OF “RACE” Thoughts/questions/insights Share with your table group. about the clips? ‘‘What is Race?’’ Website The PBS organization has created a website that delves into the notion of what is race with an assortment of learning activities. Take some time to go through this site on your own outside of class time. http://www.pbs.org/race/001_WhatIsRace/00 1_00-home.htm THE RESULTS The roots of race have led to Racism, White Privilege, and Internalized Dominance / Oppression. THE RESULTS Privilege = a right, immunity, permission or benefit enjoyed only by a person/individual, group, class, or caste that is beyond the advantages of most: i.e. the privileges of rich, white, able-bodied, heterosexual men. THE RESULTS White Privilege = privilege that accrues to people who have “white” skin, trace their ancestry to Europe, and think of themselves as European Canadians or WASPs (White Anglo-Saxon Protestants). THE RESULT = INTERNALIZED DOMINANCE Internalized Dominance = all the ways that White people learn they are normal (the “norm”), feel included, and do not think of themselves as “other” or “different”. THE RESULT = INTERNALIZED OPPRESSION Internalized Oppression = the process by which a member of an oppressed group comes to accept and live out the inaccurate myths and stereotypes applied to the group; also called “self-hate” which leaves deep, often invisible scars from being told over and over you are less than. THE POLITICS OF RACE The Politics of Race or Race Politics are where people perceive others to be different and use these perceptions to justify differential treatment. This is especially evident historically in Canada. TO DO = Vocabulary + Read your Course Pack A History of Prejudice and Racism in Canada HISTORICAL EXAMPLES OF RACISM IN CANADA: What do you know? Think about it. HISTORY OF RACISM IN CANADA History of Racism in Canada Video (2012) 7 minutes + 46 seconds http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvqXh83IJ gM OTHER EXAMPLES OF HISTORICAL RACISM? DISCUSS + SHARE What are the examples that show Canada’s history of racism and immigration? What are some other examples of Canada’s dark history of racism and immigration? NOTE See additional PPT if you need more info: Historical Review of Racism in Canada on www.scheuernet.com DISCUSS Do you think racism is a serious problem in our present day Canadian society? Why or why not? Explain. 5 MYTHS ABOUT RACISM IN CANADA 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. There is no racism in Canada! Only bad people are racist. Racism is about individuals. Difference causes racism. Children/young people are innocent of racism. Prejudice and Racism in Canada Today THE HISTORICAL EXPERIENCES The historical examples provide a backdrop to help illustrate the different forms of racism found in our society today… racism in all its forms continues to exist and racism (along with Colonialism, white privilege, and sexism) is part of the foundation and current reality of Canada. CANADA’S DEMOGRAPHIC COMPOSITION 2011 Census: 6.8 million foreign-born residents, or 20.6 per cent of the population. Almost one in five people living in Canada is a visible minority. 4.3 per cent of Canada's population have Indigenous status. CANADA’S DEMOGRAPHIC COMPOSITION 2011 Census: Nearly 6,264,800 people identified themselves as a member of a visible minority group. They represented 19.1% of the total population. CANADA’S DEMOGRAPHIC COMPOSITION 2011 Census: Of these visible minorities, 30.9% were born in Canada and 65.1% were born outside the country and came to live in Canada as immigrants. A small proportion (4.0%) of the visible minority population was non-permanent residents. CANADA’S DEMOGRAPHIC COMPOSITION A vision for Canada must be inclusive and based on collective endeavour to eradicate racism yet . . . there exists segregation and discrimination. MAJORITY AND MINORITY GROUPS Majority (or dominant) group = is one that is advantaged and has superior resources and rights in society Note: this is not necessarily based on demographics/numbers but those who have the power/privileges in society no matter their high or low numbers. MAJORITY AND MINORITY GROUPS Minority (or subordinate group) = is one that is disadvantaged, subjected to discrimination, and regards itself as an object of discrimination, e.g. people of colour, disabled, and gays, lesbians, and trans people. MINORITY GROUPS IN CANADA Visible minorities = is a person or group visibly not one of the majority race in a given population. MINORITY GROUPS IN CANADA Combined, the three largest visible minority groups-South Asians, Chinese and Blacksaccounted for 61.3% of the visible minority population in 2011. They were followed by Filipinos, Latin Americans, Arabs, Southeast Asians, West Asians, Koreans and Japanese. MINORITY GROUPS IN CANADA Among all recent immigrants who arrived between 2006 and 2011, roughly 661,600 or 56.9% came from Asia (including the Middle East). About 159,700 European-born immigrants arrived in Canada between 2006 and 2011. They comprised the second largest group of newcomers and accounted for 13.7% of all recent immigrants. MINORITY GROUPS IN CANADA By 2031, one in three Canadians will belong to a visible minority. One in four will be foreign-born. MINORITY GROUPS IN CANADA Visible minorities face the additional problems of prejudice, discrimination as well as higher rates of victimization. SOCIAL EXCLUSION OF MINORITIES Social exclusion of minorities is due to selective ethnic and racial inclusion by the majority group. Exclusion occurs because one group wants to defend its social status or resources against another. SOCIAL EXCLUSION OF MINORITIES Minority groups are seen as “others”, and barriers are built against them when they are perceived as competition. Historically immigrants were shunned, and tolerated only because Canada needed their labour. MULTICULTURALISM Canada recognizes two types of multiculturalism: 1) Traditional multiculturalism focuses on individual rights. 2) Modern multiculturalism is concerned with the survival of cultural groups. MULTICULTURALISM The Federal policy on multiculturalism has been criticized for emphasizing group differences and for its perceived special treatment of minority groups. Aboriginal fight for autonomy is yet another complication of Canadian multiculturalism. MULTICULTURALISM We pride ourselves on being a multicultural society, yet… THE PROBLEM OF NATIONALISM Nationalism is produced by an 'us' and 'them' mentality/orientation. This tends to be destructive to multiculturalism. THE PROBLEM OF NATIONALISM Two types of nationalism: 1) A community of citizens who express loyalty and patriotic attachment to a shared set of values which constitutes civic nationalism. 2) Ethnic nationalism involves a tracing of roots, and a search for identity, and political recognition. THE VERTICAL MOSAIC IN CANADA John Porter, a Canadian sociologist, calls Canadian society a vertical mosaic: English and French Canadians exist at the top of the economic hierarchy and ethnic minorities are situated at or near the bottom (regardless or demographics). THE VERTICAL MOSAIC IN CANADA The vertical mosaic persists because of several factors such as exclusionary practices by the majority, and migration and self-organizing practices. THE VERTICAL MOSAIC IN CANADA Vertical mosaic is a system of racial stratification: System of inequality in which “race” is the major criterion for rank and rewards (the white “race” is the measuring stick/at the top of the hierarchy). RACISM IN CANADA Our Canada: Are We Racist? (2014) 19 minutes + 28 seconds Show the clip from 8:32 - 14:48 minutes (watch the rest on your own) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ET8KyiY_ Nc RACISM IN CANADA Are we racist? – CBC Marketplace (2016) 43 minutes + 12 seconds Watch on your own – we will see a clip later from this investigation. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WjmDw WUhEpg&feature=youtu.be http://www.cbc.ca/marketplace/m/episodes/2 015-2016/are-we-racist RACISM IN CANADA Is it possible you have biases against one race or another without even knowing it? What would happen if you scratched the surface a little bit to see what lies beneath? Implicit Bias: Take the Test (2015) on your own time. RACISM IN CANADA Implicit Association Test Take on your own (will have to register and spend 10 minutes taking the “test”) http://www.cbc.ca/marketplace/blog/implicitbias-take-the-test https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/ RACISM IN CANADA The Implicit Association Test was developed at Harvard to try and expose subconscious feelings that may affect the way we relate to people of different races. In the test, you have to make split-second decisions on a keyboard, sorting black and white faces, connecting them with different words. RACISM IN CANADA Our mistakes, hesitations: They can reveal prejudiced thinking. It’s all about awareness. As long as you're aware that you have implicit biases that might sometimes come out, you can take proactive steps to lessening your bias. RACISM IN CANADA Our mistakes, hesitations: They can reveal prejudiced thinking. It’s all about awareness. As long as you're aware that you have implicit biases that might sometimes come out, you can take proactive steps to lessening your bias. TO DO = Vocabulary +Read your Course Pack IMMIGRATION AND RACISM: THEN AND NOW Immigration = The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country; a humanitarian issue. IMMIGRATION AND RACISM: THEN AND NOW Canada’s immigration policy historically has been determined by economic factors and by racial preferences = it has been about discrimination and exclusion. Negative beliefs about immigration and immigrants are often imbedded in and influenced by historical misinformation. IMMIGRATION AND RACISM: THEN AND NOW Today (and in the past) immigration is often viewed as problematic, not for the immigrants themselves, but for the social and economic comfort of the current citizens (mostly white Canadians). IMMIGRATION AND RACISM: MYTHS Myth #1) Immigration is an individual act or choice; it does not have anything to do with policies, government practices, discrimination, and/or lack of economic opportunity. IMMIGRATION AND RACISM: MYTHS Myth #2) Our county is based on multiculturalism and we have accepted and encouraged all immigrant groups equally; we have welcome all immigrants and they have had equally opportunity in Canada. IMMIGRATION AND RACISM: MYTHS Myth #3) Undocumented/illegal immigrants are lawbreakers/criminals; they are a negative influence/burden on our society regardless of their participations in consumerism or any claims of human and environmental exploitation. IMMIGRATION AND RACISM: THE CONTEXT The problem with these views/beliefs is that they lack sociopolitical context; that is they are not based on an understanding of the social, political, and economic forces that inform not only immigration, but also people’s responses to immigration and immigrants. IMMIGRATION AND RACISM: THE CONTEXT Context #1) Immigration is the result of inequitable sociopolitical and economic policies and practice between developed and developing nations. IMMIGRATION AND RACISM: THE CONTEXT Context #2) Canada has a long history of racial exclusion/racism and exploitation, often reflected in historical discriminatory immigration and citizenship laws and practices against people of colour. IMMIGRATION AND RACISM: THE CONTEXT Context #3) Unbridled consumerism and excessive corporate profits depend on the exploitation of labourers, particularly those who are most marginalized, both globally and nationally, and the exploitation of developing nations resources (the people are left in dire poverty because the profits go to foreign multinationals). IMMIGRATION AND RACISM: NOW Immigration continues to be about economics, politics and “race.” For instance, the Canadian government rejects certain occupations, requires certain language skills, and makes immigration officers available in only certain parts of the world. IMMIGRATION AND RACISM: NOW Racial profiling = is the use of an individual’s race or ethnicity by law, immigration and enforcement personnel as a key factor in deciding whether to engage in enforcement (e.g. make a traffic stop or arrest; let into the country; question after leaving a store); it is a form of racial stereotyping. IMMIGRATION AND RACISM: NOW The practice is controversial and is illegal in many jurisdictions/countries. Yet somehow it proliferates in law enforcement agencies (police forces, border guards, airport security), the education system, the criminal justice system, government and in the general public. IMMIGRATION AND RACISM: NOW For example, without notice, in 2012, the government arbitrarily rejected a backlog of nearly 100,000 applications, representing 280,000 people, many of whom had waited years to come to Canada. As a result, applicants from a lot of nonEnglish-speaking countries were excluded. RECENT RACIAL PROFILING Other examples of racial profiling, include the recent shootings of Trayvon Martin and Michael Brown in the USA. RECENT RACIAL PROFILING Trayvon Martin was a 17-year-old African American who was fatally shot on February 26, 2012 by George Zimmerman, a neighborhood watch volunteer, in Sanford, Florida. On the evening of February 26, Martin went to a convenience store and purchased candy and juice. RECENT RACIAL PROFILING As Martin returned from the store, Zimmerman spotted him and called the Sanford Police to report him, saying he looked suspicious. RECENT RACIAL PROFILING Zimmerman was eventually charged and tried in Martin's death and a jury acquitted Zimmerman of second-degree murder and of manslaughter in July 2013. Martin’s death raised questions about racism in US society and racial profiling. RECENT RACIAL PROFILING The shooting of Michael Brown occurred on August 9, 2014, in Ferguson, Missouri, United States, a suburb of St. Louis. He was about to begin college in September 2014. RECENT RACIAL PROFILING Michael Brown Jr., an unarmed 18-year-old black male, died after being shot at least six times by Ferguson police officer Darren Wilson, who is white. RECENT RACIAL PROFILING The shooting sparked unrest in Ferguson due to longstanding racial tensions in one of the most segregated metropolitan areas in the United States. Protests, vandalism, looting, and other forms of social unrest continued for weeks. RECENT RACIAL PROFILING Night curfews were imposed with the escalating violence. Widespread media coverage examined the post 9/11 trend of local police departments arming themselves with military-grade weapons when dealing with protests. RECENT RACIAL PROFILING #BlackLivesMatter The birth of a new civil rights movement http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/ 19/blacklivesmatter-birth-civil-rightsmovement?CMP=fb_gu ISLAMOPHOBIA An increase in Islamophobia resulted from the September 11 attacks, the increased presence of Muslims in the Western nations, and more recent events. RECENT ISLAMOPHOBIA After ISIS murdered two Americans in late August 2014, Americans of all backgrounds, Muslims included, responded with rejection and revulsion. Despite abundant evidence that ISIS was also slaughtering Muslims, the vast majority of whom reject ISIS's ideology, some in our country blamed all followers of Islam for the group’s actions. RECENT ISLAMOPHOBIA When the Kouachi brothers attacked the offices of Charlie Hebdo magazine in Paris on Jan. 7, 2015, the effect of islamophobia was magnified. ISLAMOPHOBIA Islamophobia (or anti-Muslim sentiment) = prejudice against, hatred towards, or fear of the religion of Islam or Muslims; a type of racialized discrimination. ISLAMOPHOBIA IN CANADA Muslims in Canada: Anti-Islamic sentiment a growing concern (2015) 9 minutes + 02 seconds https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZBof59a MGI ISLAMOPHOBIA IN CANADA Are We Racist? (CBC Marketplace 2016) Clip = 25:33 – 29:01 (4 mins 34 seconds) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WjmDw WUhEpg&feature=youtu.be ISLAMOPHOBIA IN CANADA Muslims in Canada Facing Extreme Racism (Muslims in Quebec) 2 minutes + 43 seconds Watch on your own https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNvuI1ThZE Q ISLAMOPHOBIA IN CANADA Anti-Muslim hate crimes on the rise, but bystanders sometimes stay silent CBC News – February 26, 2016 http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/marketplacehow-to-intervene-discrimination-racism1.3464217 XENOPHOBIA Xenophobia = typically used to denote an unreasoned phobic attitude/fear towards foreigners or strangers, or even of the unknown. Racism in general is described as a form of xenophobia. XENOPHOBIA Xenophobia can manifest itself in many ways involving the relations and perceptions of an ingroup (majority) towards an outgroup (minority) and can also be exhibited in a way where a particular culture is ascribed “an unreal, stereotyped and exotic quality”. Racism “Light”?! "Kinda Racist? Try Diet Racism!” 1:27 mins https://youtu.be/xdyin6uipy4 IMMIGRATION AND RACISM: TODAY When immigrants come to Canada today we complain that they do not speak English, that they are not assimilating, that the city is being taken over by them, that they are taking all our jobs, that they . . . What is all this about?! IMMIGRATION AND RACISM: TODAY Bigotry = the state of mind of a bigot: someone who, as a result of their prejudices, treats other people with hatred, contempt, or intolerance on the basis of a person's ethnicity, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, disability, socioeconomic status, or other characteristics. The takeaways: – Countries in the Middle East and Asia were found to be the least racially tolerant. – Latin and Anglo countries were the most racially tolerant. – Jordan and India were the least racially tolerant. – France was the least racially tolerant country in Europe. Slamming Bigoted Questions People of color are often asked, "What kind of ____ are you?" in relation to their ethnicity. It's quite a different question than "Where are you from?" Example: A Korean-American is asked which country in Asia they're from. Or they're asked, "What kind of Asian are you?" Slamming Bigoted Questions Doesn't that kind of sound like someone is asking what brand they are? Even if it doesn't to you, it's quite a loaded question — one that Alex Dang ponders below. Alex Dang - "What Kind of Asian Are You?" (NPS 2013) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VoP0ox_J w_w IMMIGRATION MYTHS ACTIVITY In this activity we will deconstruct the common myths about immigrants and the process of immigration. You will confront the lies/myths that are the foundation of bigotry/discriminations toward immigrants. IMMIGRATION MYTHS ACTIVITY There are seven workstations around the room each with its own immigration myth. Each station has a sheet of poster paper and each group will have their own coloured marker to use and move around the stations with. On smaller sheet of paper is that station’s immigration myth. IMMIGRATION MYTHS ACTIVITY INSTRUCTIONS All groups will move to all seven tables. Begin by going to the workstation that matches your group’s number (i.e. #1, 3, 6). With your group, hypothesize why that myth is not accurate/not true. IMMIGRATION MYTHS ACTIVITY INSTRUCTIONS Record your thoughts on the chart paper for each of the 3 sections - where does it come from?; who benefits?; why is it untrue? - (see additional handout). Have one person record your responses on the chart paper for the group (you may also share this task). IMMIGRATION MYTHS ACTIVITY INSTRUCTIONS Remain at this first work station until you are provided with instructions to move. Once you have moved and are at a new station, provide feedback on what the previous groups answered and expand upon their responses with your group’s thoughts. IMMIGRATION MYTHS ACTIVITY INSTRUCTIONS Repeat these steps for the next workstations until you have an opportunity to offer feedback on all the myths. IMMIGRATION MYTHS ACTIVITY INSTRUCTIONS Finally, return to your original group’s workstation to see what your class members had to say or add. IMMIGRATION MYTHS ACTIVITY INSTRUCTIONS Do you agree with the feedback? Why or why not? Discuss with your group. Share with the class why your immigration myth is not true/dispel the myth for us – refer to all the information the chart paper. IMMIGRATION MYTHS ACTIVITY INSTRUCTIONS Also be prepared to respond to this question: What have you learned about immigration, myths, and stereotypes? TO DO = Read your Course Pack 3 MAIN FORMS OF RACISM IN CANADA Cultural Racism = Ethnocentrism Institutional Racism Individual Racism 3 FORMS OF RACISM Cultural Racism = Ethnocentrism Institutional Racism Individual Racism CULTURAL RACISM Ethnocentrism = the belief that one’s culture, beliefs, and/or racialized/cultural group are better than others. CULTURAL RACISM “Us” and “Them” or “We” and “They” mentality where one’s own racial group is considered to be better than other groups – the other group literally becomes the “Other”/Othered. CULTURAL RACISM The Other = The Other and "Otherness" refers to that which is alien and divergent from the norm, the majority’s identity, or the self. The Other is the minority, the “them”/”they”, the marginalized, the discriminated. CULTURAL RACISM Cultural Racism = relies on cultural differences rather than on biological markers of racial superiority or inferiority. The cultural differences can be real, imagined, or constructed. CULTURAL RACISM Culture, rather than biology, has become a popular, political, and scientific explanatory framework for understanding and rationalizing the unequal status and treatment of various racial groups. Racialized groups are not burdened or blessed by their genetic traits but by their cultural traits. CULTURAL RACISM When the Europeans encountered Native North Americans it was inconceivable to them that Natives were their equals. As well, it was believed that non-Europeans would want to be like them. . . “superior”. 3 FORMS OF RACISM Cultural Racism = Ethnocentrism Institutional Racism Individual Racism INSTITUTIONAL RACISM Institutional Racism = The process by which organizational practices and procedures are used to either directly or indirectly discriminate against “Others”. Rules, procedures, rewards and practices that have the intent or effect of excluding “Others”. INSTITUTIONAL RACISM Examples include: Differential admission policy of Jewish students at McGill. Black individuals were regularly excluded from entry into theatres and restaurants. Aboriginal peoples denied jobs and education. EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMIC DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT AND/OR SERVICE DELIVERY Credentialism Non-valid tests Lengthy experience requirements Non-job-related qualifications Unnecessary physical requirements Lack of access Language barriers Inadequate knowledge of traditions and values INSTITUTIONAL RACISM Institutional Racism also includes laws and practices that segregated minorities, from equal participation in Canadian society (until the 1960’s). Bill of Rights = August 10, 1960 – protection of human rights. Charter of Rights and Freedoms = 1982. 3 FORMS OF RACISM Cultural Racism = Ethnocentrism Institutional Racism Individual Racism INDIVIDUAL RACISM Individual Racism = The attitude, belief or opinion that one’s own racial group has superior values and customs. Includes personal attacks on others who are perceived as culturally or biologically inferior. INDIVIDUAL RACISM Polite racism = is racism that is thinly veiled by seemingly harmless compliments which are really more like insults: “I’m not racist but . . .” “Her parents do not mind that she is friends with black people” “That Native person is not an alcoholic” INDIVIDUAL RACISM – POLITE??? Most racism in Canada is considered to be “polite” racism: No racist comments are shared openly with others, derogatory comments instead are made in private. Attempt to disguise a dislike of others through a non-prejudicial appearance. INDIVIDUAL RACISM – POLITE??? Evident when turned down for jobs, promotions or accommodations; told job is full when it’s not. More “sophisticated” type of racism but serves the same purpose to control, exploit and exclude others. RACISM + HATE Racial violence against individuals by groups with deep racial beliefs are found in many Canadian cities. The following is a list of White Supremacist/Neo-Nazi (Skinheads) Groups in Canada: RACISM + HATE Aryan Guard/Aryan Resistance Movement (ARM) Canadian Heritage Alliance Heritage Front Immigration Watch Canada National-Socialist Party of Canada RACISM + HATE Northern Hammerskins Final Solution Skins Tri-City Skins Western Canada for Us Western Guard Party Holocaust Denial Group (Ernst Zundel (a NeoNazi) was one of Canada’s most prolific Holocaust deniers; in jail) HATE GROUPS IN CANADA Racist Skinhead groups (aka White Supremacists) = Individuals from hate groups such as the Northern Hammerskins, the Final Solution Skins, the Aryan Resistance Movement (ARM), have been responsible for assaults, gaybashing, and murder in Canada. RACISM + HATE Hate Group = an organized group or movement that advocates and practices hatred, hostility, or violence towards members of a racialized group, ethnic group, religion, gender, sexual orientation or other designated sector of society. Hate in London, ON Skinheads This group believes that the white race is superior and are prepared to transform society along white supremacy lines. Believe “White is right!” MORE HATE GROUPS IN CANADA Christian Identity Movement = a movement of many extremely conservative Christian churches and religious organizations, extreme right wing political groups and survival groups (i.e. KKK). For more see the reading Facing Hate in Canada (CRRF) (see our website or me for a copy) HATE GROUP MAPS https://www.splcenter.org/hate-map http://users.humboldt.edu/mstephens/hate/hat e_map.html http://www.nccm.ca/map-of-anti-muslimincidents-reported-across-canada/ RACIST BELIEFS TODAY Henry (1978): First to measure racist attitudes in Canada. 16% of whites are considered extremely racist, 35% are somewhat racist. RACIST BELIEFS TODAY Focus Canada Survey (1998): 10-20% are strongly racist. 13% of Canadians would exclude non-White groups from immigrating. 7% would not vote for a Black political candidate. RACIST BELIEFS TODAY Association for Canadian Studies and the Canadian Race Relations Foundation (2010 – 2013): Read the article (in your course pack) Canadians hearing, seeing racism: Poll by Elizabeth Thompson. ARE WE REALLY A MULTICULTURAL COUNTRY? Decima Research, October 1993: 1200 respondents 75% rejected the concept that Canada is a cultural mosaic 72% believed that different racial and ethnic groups should adapt to Canadian society 41% think that Canada lets too many people from different cultures and “races” into Canada HOW DO RACIAL MINORITIES FEEL? Toronto (2000): 80% of Black, 63% of Chinese and 62% of EastIndian Canadians felt that they had experienced racial prejudice towards them. 73% of Blacks, 48% of Chinese and 47% of EastIndian Canadians felt they had been racially discriminated against in obtaining a job. IPSOS-REID SURVEY 2005 1 in 6 Canadians say they have been the victim of racism. Approximately one in ten (7% or 1,680,000 Canadian adults) would not welcome people from another race as next-door neighbours. IPSOS-REID SURVEY 2005 13% (3,120,000 Canadians) would never marry or have a relationship with someone of another race. 15% (3,360,000 Canadians) say skin colour makes a difference in their workplace. In 2005 which group did Canadians feel are the most likely to be targeted in their community with racist acts? Muslims/Arabs #MyExperienceWithRacism, Canadians share stories - Your Community http://www.cbc.ca/newsblogs/yourcommunity/2 014/11/myexperiencewithracism-canadiansshare-their-stories-with-cbcca.html So…do you think racism is a serious problem in Canadian society? Why or why not? Explain. Discuss. TO DO = Read your Course Pack The Theory & Perspectives OPPRESSION Oppression = refers to the injustices and disadvantages some individuals or groups suffer as a consequence of intentional or unintentional practices within a society. Oppression can take many forms including, but not limited to, exploitation, marginalization, powerlessness, cultural imperialism, economic imperialism, and violence. HOW DOES THE CYCLE OPPRESSION OPERATE IN TERMS OF RACE/RACISM? THE CYCLE OF OPPRESSION 1. A difference is identified or noticed (prejudice) 2. A negative experience or negative charge occurs (reaffirms prejudice) 3. This experience is then generalized to encompass the whole group or class (stereotype) THE CYCLE OF OPPRESSION 4. The generalization is reinforced by media, friends, family and/or institutions (reaffirms stereotype) 5. The reinforcement justifies unjust treatment (discrimination) 6. This treatment is then often institutionalized and oppresses the group (systemic discrimination) THE CYCLE OF OPPRESSION Handout: “Cycle of Oppression” Diagram and Guidelines. Discuss in small groups the cycle of oppression in terms of “race”; that is, how does the cycle of oppression operate/manifest it self in terms of racialization/racism? FEMINIST AND ANTI-RACIST THEORY Gendered racism = interactive effect of racism and sexism in exploiting Indigenous and women and/or visible minorities. FEMINIST AND ANTI-RACIST THEORY Intersectional Theorizing (Intersectionality) = a move toward an understanding of the myriad of ways in which oppressions are linked (e.g. wages of women of colour vs. White women). CONFLICT THEORY Conflict Theory = emphasizes the role of coercion and power in producing social order (feminist theory, queer theory, antiracist theory, intersectionality). In Conflict Theory power is the most important explanatory variable: CONFLICT THEORY The use power to maintain one’s position at the expense of others is the fundamental cause of social problems such as racism. I.e. Indian Act, Africville, Chinese Exclusion, Continuous Passage Law, etc. CONFLICT THEORY Power = the real or perceived ability or potential to make choices and to bring about significant change in a society or in people’s lives. Power can be based on a dominance of gender, age, racialization or ethnicity, sexual orientation, mental or physical ability, socioeconomic class, geography, etc. CONFLICT THEORY Power can also be conferred on an individual by a group, and can be used for the benefit of others. An inequity of power is one of the most common causes of social injustice. CONFLICT THEORY Groups that have clashing interests compete with each other; therefore, producing winners and losers: Conflicts benefit the winners at the expense of the losers. The winners interests and beliefs are strengthen while the losers beliefs are abused. POWER IS THE MOST IMPORTANT EXPLANATORY VARIABLE when considering INEQUALITY and INJUSTICE TO DO = Read your Course Pack The Effects of and Solutions for Racism? SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF RACISM Racism is exacerbated by gender for women of minority groups. Minority groups are disproportionately poor and, when employed, face discrimination in the workplace. SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF RACISM Minorities are also over-represented in the criminal justice system as both perpetrators and victims. In Canada, the social problems resulting from exclusion, discrimination, and prejudice are most evident among Aboriginal peoples. HEALTH EFFECTS Lives of disadvantaged groups are characterized by premature death and extended periods of chronic illness. Institutional racism forces visible minorities into low-paying jobs, unemployment, and poverty. This creates economic hardship with adverse health consequences. HEALTH EFFECTS Cultural variations such as dietary and exercise habits, and alcohol and cigarette use, also affect the health of those in ethnic groups. Due to racism and language barriers, minorities often experience difficulties in accessing health care. SOLUTIONS? For reduction of inequalities: Conflict Theory = Political action. Feminists and Anti-racist Feminists = Critical analysis from the standpoints + intersections and experiences of people + action. SOLUTIONS? Need for increased education and the enforcement of non-discriminatory government legislation (i.e. Employment Equity Act and Charter of Rights and Freedoms). The need to raise awareness and take action! ANTI-RACISM Anti-racism is a perspective aimed at eradicating racism in all its various forms. Systemic discrimination stereotyping prejudice racism RAISING AWARENESS + TAKING ACTION AWARENESS + ACTION Since 1966, March 21st has been recognized as the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination by the United Nations. Initiated in response for the need to increase awareness of the harmful effects of racism. Canadian youth have spoken out: there’s no room for racism in their lives = youth are the voice of the future. Racism. Stop it! National Video Competition Every year students across the country are challenged to create a one-minute video that expresses their feelings about racism. https://www.youtube.c om/user/march21mars 2008 Winner of Racism. Stop it! National Video Competition “It Takes Only One” Gander Collegiate, Gander, Newfoundland Watch on your own http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pITLqPxl ZZ4&list=PL4E17C73CFD93D986 Racism. It Stop With Me. Racism. It Stops With Me. Australian Government: Many people want to take a stand against racism but are not sure how, so we’ve put these pages together to help you find out what you can do if you encounter racist or discriminatory behaviour. https://itstopswithme.humanrights.gov.au/wh at-can-you-do/speak TAKING ACTION: A Recent Event Maenam and the use of the term “kaffir” on menu. Kaffir is an deeply offensive racial slur, akin to the N-word. Emailed and educated . . . the response was incredibly positive . . . a great social justice teachable moment. TAKING ACTION: A Recent Event http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/commonlime-name-has-racist-history-1.2698863 http://www.vancouversun.com/life/Kaffir+lim e+tainted+with+sour+taste+racism/9964313/s tory.html WHAT IS AN ALLY? An ally is a member of the agent social group who takes a stand against social injustice directed at target groups (Whites who speak out against racism, men who are anti-sexist/profeminist). An ally works to be an agent of social change rather than an agent of oppression. WHAT IS AN ALLY? When a form of oppression has multiple target groups, as do racism, ableism, heterosexism and faithism, target group members can be allies to other targeted social groups they are not part of (e.g. lesbians can be allies to bisexual people, African Canadians can be allies to Aboriginal Peoples, Jewish people can be allies to Muslims). FUTURE TO DO = UNPACK We will delve into White Privilege in the days ahead when we unpack our invisible knapsacks. Supporting Social Border Crossing Assignment Photographs may tell a story or make a statement about a greater concept or ideal. Sometimes photographers use the subjects in a photo to convey a message. Supporting Social Border Crossing Activity For this activity you will be able to: recognize and interpret the message in a photograph analyze the subject(s) in a photograph think about what it means to be inclusive explore the concept of diversity Supporting Social Border Crossing Activity Essential Questions How can photographs be used to illustrate a concept or ideal? How can the subject of a photograph help reveal the photographer’s point of view on a topic? See Additional Handout TO DO = Read your Course Pack DISCUSSION QUESTIONS INSTRUCTIONS In pairs or individually, discuss and address thoroughly the following questions (see handout). FUTURE TO DO = UNPACK We will delve into White Privilege in the days ahead when we unpack our invisible knapsacks. TO DO = Read your Course Pack