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Blue Team “There is no shortcut to human resource development” - Picard (2005, 231) Story of a wealthy banker (Cowperwood) engaged in various troublesome financial dealings ◦ Seeks to give to high-profile causes (university telescope) to raise his public profile. He plans to give several hundred thousand dollars to university. Is in line to benefit from a city ordinance that would leave him directly profiting ◦ Ordinance puts mayor, engaged in reelection campaign soon, in a bind ◦ Should he push this through? Ultimately, is forced to not contest the ordinance due to Cowperwood’s pressure Take-away: corruption can work in subtle, behind-the scenes ways; brings theoretical concepts to life through literature Focuses on character in understanding political corruption ◦ Character: psychological and moral characteristics; independence, greed, insecurity, confidence, virtue, aggressiveness, passivity, malice, untruthfulness (603) Many people in positions that enable them to profit at public’s expense, but vast majority do not Example of Spiro Agnew, governor of Maryland, who had a system of kickbacks through state contracts set-up while governor Agnew’s character “fueled by resentment” (605); insensitive to conflicts of interest, ethical issues; lacked conscience; action preferred to introspection (also characteristic of political process) Concludes with standard corruption-fighting recommendations (transparency, civil service, etc.) Ultimately if we want to combat corruption we need to look at it through lenses of honesty and integrity, as well as vice Studies of bureaucratic structure/behavior (373) Structure: the centralization of power and authority; the establishment of a hierarchy of offices with special requirements and prerogatives; the existence of rules governing the exercise of functions and authority Behavior: institutional or behavioral concomitants of structures (ex. caution in interpreting rules, self-interest among officials, and their conduct toward public) Western concepts and findings revealing limitations for nonWestern setting (373-5) Ex. bureaucracy in Egypt got influenced by various culture and political control The degree to which personal initiative is related to bureaucratic behavior (which behavior is more highly bureaucratic?) Robert Merton’s summary on structural and behavioral patterns of bureaucracy Dees it match with Egyptian officials highly exposed to Western culture? Reexamination Rationality and universalism; hierarchy; discretion (378) Bureaucratic tendencies and professionalism Colonial territories/ transition/ colonial public servants The speed of political evolution tends to outstrip that speed at which the educational system can meet the new demand The evolution of the administrative services should be adjusted to suit the pace of political advance (2). Special list scheme: intended to retain experienced staff Especially designed for Nigeria (7-10) Serving on salaries, conditions, pensions, compensation payments Finding continuous employment for all officers on the special line up to at least the age of 55 Failure of the special list Special report B: superseding the previous place; UK encourage the Nigerian government to make use of the “freezing”; few younger officers Administrative reform as a means to better policy implementation ◦ Osborne and Gaebler: “We do not need more government or less government, we need better government. . . we need better governance . . . The process by which we collectively solve our problems and meet our society’s needs” (24) ◦ Picard: Change via… ◦ Institutions ◦ Functions ◦ Techniques ◦ Implementation: improved policy process Development and Human resource management Corruption Johnson/ Picard/ Wallis/ Younger Osborne & Gaebler/ Barzelay: NPM Corruption Administrative Reform Development Managemet Human Resource Management Jreisat/ Dunn Policy Implementation Dreiser/ Riordon/ Heidenhimer Berger/ Armstrong/ Baker/Picard Reinventing government (Osborne & Gaebler) ◦ “Crisis of confidence in government” (xxi) ◦ Decouple policy decisions (“steering”) from service delivery (“rowing”) (35) ◦ Governments that are centralized, hierarchal, strong on rules; regulations no longer work; are wasteful and ineffective (12) Reinventing government (Osborne & Gaebler) ◦ Comparison made to corporate sector that has made “revolutionary changes: decentralizing authority, flattening hierarchies, focusing on quality, getting close to their customers…” (13) ◦ Focus on “results” (14) ◦ Solution: “entrepreneurial government” Competition, empowerment, outcomes, missions, customers, prevent problems, earning money, decentralization of authority, market over bureaucratic mechanisms, catalyzing all sectors (20-21) Barzelay’s Breaking Through Bureaucracy ◦ Critique of “bureaucratic paradigm” focused on rules, centralization, economy, efficiency ◦ Improved service delivery key Separate service and control Changing the culture “Entrepreneurial spirit” (77) New public management ◦ Customers, service quality and efficiency (Hood 1991; Pollitt 1990; Kickert 1997) Synthesis Berger: Studies of bureaucratic structure and behavior (373) Western concepts and findings revealing limitations for nonWestern setting (373-5) The degree to which personal initiative is related to bureaucratic behavior (375) Three dimensions of bureaucratic behavior: rationality and universalism, hierarchy, and discretion Exposure to Western influences, age, and place of higher education do not uniformly influence three components of bureaucratic behavior (381) Irreducible concepts of professionalism: skill, selfprotection, and service (382). Bureaucratic and professional predispositions may not be unitary tendencies (384) Younger: ◦ Colonial territories/ transition/ colonial public servants The evolution of the administrative services should be adjusted to suit the pace of political advance (2) Special list scheme: intended to retain experienced staff Especially designed for Nigeria (7-10) Wallis: ◦ The importance of human resource management ◦ The scope of human resource management ◦ Recruitment, training, planning, staff appraisal and MBO, morale and motivation, participation and communication Johnson ◦ Discrepancy between the formal authority (constitutional) and the actual location of power (actual locus of sovereignty) in Japan ◦ Japan’s feudal past and the emergence of the developmental state during the Meiji era ◦ The evolution of a genuine Japanese institutional invention: industrial policy of the developmental state E.g., creation of MITI (Ministry of International Trade and Industry) and the renewal of the development policy Armstrong ◦ Ways in which modern administrative elites may relate to economic development ◦ Two salient counter-roles: both the traditional particularistic elite role and the new entrepreneurial role (50) ◦ Recruitment and class role model: tension between the aristocratic and the official roles (74) Baker ◦ Understanding the evolving roles of PA ◦ Interdependence as mutual vulnerability ◦ Alternatives facing American PA education Picard ◦ Institution building during the transition period in South Africa (176) ◦ Bureaucratic dysfunction (176) ◦ Good human resource performance requires a combination of education, training, technical knowledge, networks and values (183) ◦ No shortcut to human resource development ◦ A lethal combination of patronage, corruption, and privileges, and gravy train Threat to the long-term institutional effectiveness of the South Africa (230) Synthesis ◦ Development and institution-building ◦ HRM as development management skills ◦ Public policy implementation and administrative discretion Policy is a process as well as an authoritative one Riordon ◦ Honest Graft and Dishonest Graft ◦ the example of the most thoroughly practical politician, Senator Plunkitt Dreiser Story of a wealthy banker (Cowperwood) engaged in various troublesome financial dealings Is in line to benefit from a city ordinance that would leave him directly profiting Take-away: corruption can work in subtle, behind-the scenes ways; brings theoretical concepts to life through literature “Spiro Agnew and Maryland Customs” by Bruce L. Payne ◦ Focuses on character in understanding political corruption Character: psychological and moral characteristics: independence, greed, insecurity, confidence, virtue, aggressiveness, passivity, malice, untruthfulness (603) ◦ Many people in positions that enable them to profit at public’s expense, but vast majority do not Concludes with standard corruption-fighting recommendations (transparency, civil service, etc.) Ultimately if we want to combat corruption we need to look at it through lenses of honesty and integrity, as well as vice Synthesis: corruption as a way to improve policy implementation and administrative effectiveness for citizens Baker, Randall. 1994. Comparative public management: putting U.S. public policy and implementation in context. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. Barzelay, Michael. 1992. Breaking Through Bureaucracy. Berkeley: University of California Press. Berger, Morroe. 1957. “Bureaucracy East and West” in Raphaeli, Nimrod, 1967. eds. Readings in Comparative Public Administration. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Dreiser, Theodore. 1969. “Corruption” in Green, Philip and Michael Walzer, eds. The Political Imagination in Literature. New York: The Free Press. Heady, Ferrel. 2001. Public administration: a comparative perspective. 6th ed. New York: Marcel Dekker. Heidenheimer, Arnold, Michael Johnston and Victor T. LeVine, 1990. eds. Political Corruption: A Handbook. New Brunswick, NJ.: Transaction Publishers. Johnson, Chalmers. 1982. MITI and the Japanese Miracle. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Jreisat, Jamil E. 2002. Comparative public administration and policy. Boulder, Colo. Oxford: Westview. Osborne, David and Ted Gaebler. 1993. Reinventing Government. New York: Plume. Peters B. Guy. 1989. The Politics of Bureaucracy. New York: London. Picard, Louis A. 2005. The state of the state: institutional transformation, capacity and political change in South Africa. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. Riordon, William L. 1963. Plunkitt of Tammany Hall. New York: E.P. Dutton. Younger, Kenneth, 1960. The Public Service I New States. London: Oxford University Press. Wallis, Malcolm. 1989. Bureacracy: Its Role in Third World Development. London: Macmillan.