Download Part 1 The Materials of Music

The Enjoyment of Music 10th
Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
PART TWO
Medieval and Renaissance Music
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Unit III
The Middle Ages
“Nothing exists without music, for the
universe itself is said to have been framed by
a kind of harmony of sounds, and the heaven
itself revolves under the tone of that
harmony.”
—Isidore of Seville
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
11. The Culture of the Middle Ages
•
•
•
•
•
Spans nearly 1,000 years
Early Christian church and state
Most patronage (sponsorship) from the church
Most surviving music is sacred
Later Middle Ages: cities, cathedrals, art, and
literature
1450
476
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
www.wwnorton.com/enjoy
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 10th
Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
12. Sacred Music in the Middle Ages
• Early Church Music
• Liturgy
• Gregorian chant (plainchant, plainsong)
Monophonic
Nonmetric
Latin text
Whitsunday Mass, “Alleluia, emitte spiritum”
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
• Syllabic
• Neumatic
• Melismatic
Classes of Chant
Syllabic:
Melismatic:
Psalm 94, “Venite, exsultemus domino”
Whitsunday Mass, “Alleluia, emitte spiritum”
Melismatic: many notes per syllable
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
12. Sacred Music in the Middle Ages
• Chant
3,000-plus surviving melodies
Oral transmission
Early notation = neumes
Scale patterns = modes
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Early Church Modes
Lydian
Ionian (major)
Mixolydian
Dorian
Aolean (minor)
Phrygian
Locrian
Modal (old system) vs. Tonal (major/minor system used later)
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Offices and the Mass
• Two types of prayer in the daily Offices and
Mass
Proper
Ordinary
• Form of music
Responsorial
Antiphonal
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Mass
Proper
• Introit
Proper
• Kyrie
• Gloria
Ordinary
Ordinary
• Gradual
• Alleluia
Proper
Proper
• Credo
Ordinary
• Offertory
Proper
• Sanctus
• Agnus Dei
Ordinary
Ordinary
• Communion
Proper
Text changes with
the season (Easter,
Christmas, etc.)
Ordinary
Text stays the same
in every mass
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Mass
• Form of music
Responsorial
Antiphonal
Gregorian chant: Whitsunday…
Gabrieli: “Hodie Christus…”
(late Renaissance)
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Life in the Medieval Cloister
• Cloister
Monastery
Convent
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Music of Hildegard of Bingen
(1098–1179)
• 1150 founded convent in Germany
• Known for miracles and prophecies
• Three collections of visions and prophecies in
manuscript
• Composed religious poetry with music
Morality play
The Play of the Virtues (Ordo virtutum)
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Characteristics of Hildegard’s poetry
• Brilliant imagery
• Visionary language
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Hildegard: Alleluia, O virga mediatrix
Listening Guide PDF
(Listening Guide)
A
B
A
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Rise of Polyphony:
The Notre Dame School
• Cathedral of Notre
Dame in Paris
• Romanesque
period
(c. 850–1150)
• Notated rhythm
and pitch
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Notre Dame School Organum:
Gaude Maria virgo (Listening Guide)
Same text in all 3 lines
Melismatic
Original chant melody slowed down Listening Guide PDF
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Early Medieval Motet
• New text for second melody in organum
• New genre: motet
• polytextual
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
www.wwnorton.com/enjoy
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 10th
Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
13. Secular Music in the Middle Ages
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Medieval Minstrels
Secular music in courts
Aristocratic artists
France: troubadours (south) and trouvères (north)
Germany: Minnesingers
Secular music in cities
Wandering minstrels
Men: Goliards, jongleurs
Women: trobairitz, jongleuresses
Idealized love and chivalry
Secular songs sung monophonically,
with improvised accompaniment
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Raimbaut de Vaqueiras and the Trouvère
Tradition
• Southern French secular composer (c.11551207)
– Musician at the court of the marquis of
Montferrat (northwest Italy)
• Knighted for bravery in battle
• Joined in the Fourth Crusade to the Holy
Land
• Probably died in battle alongside his patron
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Raimbaut de Vaqueiras:
Kalenda maya (Listening Guide)
Listening Guide PDF
•
•
•
•
Late-13th-century estampie (troubadour dance song)
Set to a strophic poem
Instrumental portion performed on rebec, pipe, guitar,
nakers, hand drum
Middle Eastern influence evident in the work
–
–
Improvisation
instruments
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Guillaume de Machaut
and the French Ars Nova
Ars nova
Machaut: “Nesque on porroit …”
Ars antiqua
Gregorian chant: Whitsunday Mass…
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Guillaume de Machaut (c. 1300–1377)
• French composer
• Premier composer of Ars nova
Cleric and courtier
Motets, chansons, polyphonic Mass Ordinary
Poet
Fixed text forms: rondeau, ballade, virelai
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Machaut: Puis qu’en oubli
Listening Guide PDF
(Listening Guide)
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Early Instrumental Music
• Central role in art music reserved for vocal
music
• Instrumental music mostly improvised
• Soft (bas) or loud (haut) instruments
• Categorized by their use (indoor or outdoor)
Praetorius: Terpsichore, “Volte” (bas)
Praetorius: Terpsichore, “Courante” (haut)
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Early Instrumental Music
Vielle
Mandolin
Lute
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Early Instrumental Music
Dulcimer
Psaltery
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Medieval Organs
• Large instruments
• Small instruments (portative, positive)
• Use of authentic instruments in recordings
Bach: Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
www.wwnorton.com/enjoy
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition