Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Pastoral elegy wikipedia , lookup
English poetry wikipedia , lookup
Performance poetry wikipedia , lookup
Romantic poetry wikipedia , lookup
Vietnamese poetry wikipedia , lookup
South African poetry wikipedia , lookup
Jabberwocky wikipedia , lookup
Yemenite Jewish poetry wikipedia , lookup
Alliterative verse wikipedia , lookup
Poetry Terms • General Elements • Figurative Language • Sound Devices • Forms of Poetry • Types of Poetry 1 Elements: Stanza •Formal division of lines in a poem •Considered a unit •Separated by spaces •Couplets: two lines •Quatrains: four lines 2 Speaker • Imaginary voice assumed by poet • Often not identified by name • May be person, animal, thing, or abstraction • E.g.: Dickinson as dead person: “Because I could not stop for Death-He kindly stopped for me-” 3 Tone • Writer’s attitude to audience and subject E.g.: formal or informal serious, playful, pompous bitter, ironic, personal sympathetic, friendly grieving, sarcastic, harsh 4 Allusion • Reference to well-known person, place, event, literary work, or art • Usually to the Bible or to mythology • E.g.: “The Magi . . . were wise men . . . who brought gifts to the Babe in the manger.” 5 Connotation • Ideas or meanings associated with a word (in addition to dictionary definition) • E.g.: “caged bird” = sad, trapped creature “previously owned vehicle” = used car “vacation spot” = lake Compare: fragrance, smell, stench 6 Denotation • Dictionary definition of a word • Independent of other associations (connotations) • E.g.: lake • Denotation: inland body of water • Connotation: vacation or fishing spot 7 Paradox • Statement that seems contradictory but may be true • Surprising, catches reader’s attention • E.g.: “Youth is wasted on the young.” “The more things change, the more they stay the same.” 8 Symbol • Object has own meaning but also abstract idea represents • Stands for something else • E.g.: • Flag symbolizes country • Scarlet ibis symbolizes Doodle and other people who struggle 9 Figurative Language • Writing not meant to interpret literally • Compares dissimilar things • Creates vivid impressions • Metaphors, similes, personifications • E.g.: • “My black eyes are coals burning Like a low, full jungle moon Through the darkness of being” 10 Fig Lang: Metaphor • Figure of speech • A comparison • One thing spoken of as if it is something else • E.g.: “Poetry is a river.” “The sky is a patchwork quilt.” 11 Fig Lang: Simile • Figure of speech, comparison • Uses like or as to compare two unlike ideas • E.g.: • “The morning sun is like a red rubber ball.” • “Does it dry up, like a raisin in the sun?” 12 Fig Lang: Imagery • Descriptive or figurative language • Creates word pictures (images) • Details of sight, sound, taste, touch, smell, or movement • E.g.: “ghostly marching on pavement stones” “wind-tanned skin” “wise black pools” 13 Fig Lang: Personification • Figurative language • Nonhuman subject given human characteristics • E.g.: “The wind danced in the trees.” Daffodils “tossing their heads in sprightly dance” Storm “tosses her hair, throws back her head, and closes her eyes” 14 Fig Lang: Extended Metaphor • Writing about a subject as if it were something else • Comparison several lines long or • E.g.: “caged bird” becomes who is not free entire poem person “broken-winged bird that cannot fly” becomes life without a dream 15 Fig Lang: Sensory Words/Lang • Writing that appeals to the senses images • Provides details related to senses • E.g.: feeling the sun beating head down on one’s 16 Sound Devices: Onomatopoeia • Words that imitate sounds • E.g.: murmur, thud, sizzle, hiss, pop, cuckoo buzz, bang, • E.g.: Poe’s “Bells” “Of the bells, bells, bells, bells” ringing, chiming, jangling, rangling, clang, clash, roar” 17 Sound Devices: Assonance • Repetition of vowel sounds followed by different consonants in 2 or more stressed syllables • E.g.: “weak and weary” “child of silence” “so rolling…a stone” 18 Sound Devices: Alliteration • Repetition of initial consonant sounds • Emphasizes words, imitates sounds, creates musical effects • E.g.: “I grew like a thin, stubborn weed, watering myself whatever way I could.” “Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary.” “The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew.” 19 Sound Devices: Rhyme • Repetition of sounds at ends of words • End rhyme vs. internal rhyme • E.g.: “Swans sing before they die—’twere no bad thing Should certain persons die before they sing.” (end) “Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary.” (internal) • Exact rhyme vs. slant rhyme (slant rhyme – similar but not identical sounds) • E.g.: ball and hall (exact) hold and bald (slant) 20 Sound Devices: Repetition • Use of any language element – a sound, word, phrase, clause, or sentence – more than once • Used for musical effects and for emphasis • E.g.: • Alliteration, assonance, rhyme, rhythm repeat sounds • Refrain repeats line/s • “You liked winning…You liked writing…You liked all the faces…” 21 Sound Devices: Refrain • Regularly repeated line or group of lines In music: a chorus E.g.: Quoth the raven, “Nevermore.” “Macavity, Macavity, there’s no one like Macavity.” 22 Sound Devices: Rhythm • Pattern of beats or stresses • Some poems have a specific pattern or meter • E.g.: “There was a young lady named bright Whose speed was far faster than light;” • Prose and free verse use natural of everyday speech rhythms 23 Forms of Poetry: Fixed Form • Stanzas have repeated or predictable patterns • Words in each stanza may rhyme or sound alike • Length and rhythm of stanzas are related • Number of syllables in line may be fixed 24 Forms of Poetry: Free Form or Free Verse • Lacks structure or pattern • Words may not rhyme • Lines do not match in number of syllables, length, or rhythm 25 Types of Poetry: Sonnet • 14-line lyric poem • Formal patterns of rhyme, rhythm and line structure Two types: English, or Shakespearean (3 quatrains + couplet) Italian, or Petrarchan (octave + sestet) 26 Types of Poetry: Haiku • 3-line verse form • 1st and 3rd lines: 5 syllables (?) • 2nd line: 7 syllables (?) • Single vivid emotion • Images from nature • E.g.: Basho: • “furu-ike ya “An old pond kawazu tobi-komu A frog jumps in Mizu-no-oto” The sound of water” 27 Types of Poetry: Lyric Poem • Brief poem • Musical verse: uses rhythm, alliteration, and rhyme • Observations and feelings of one speaker • Sung with lyre in ancient times 28 Types of Poetry: Narrative Poem • Tells a story in verse • May be an epic or a ballad • E.g.: • “Casey at the Bat”: humorous narrative poem • Poe’s “Raven”: serious narrative poem 29 Types of Poetry: Ballad • Songlike poem that tells a story • Often adventure and romance • Most written in 4 to 6-line stanzas, regular rhythms and rhyme schemes, often a refrain 30 Types of Poetry: Limerick • Humorous, rhyming, five-line poem • Specific meter and rhyme scheme • E.g.: Edward Lear: “There was an Old Person whose habits, Induced him to feed upon rabbits; When he'd eaten eighteen, He turned perfectly green, Upon which he relinquished those habits.” 31 Types of Poetry: Concrete Poem • Poem with shape that suggests subject .. . t e a r s 32 Types of Poetry: Dramatic Poem • Uses techniques of drama • Writer tells a story • Character’s own thoughts/words • E.g.: Poe’s “Raven” uses dramatic dialogue • Dramatic monologue: 1 person speaks to silent listener 33