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Name KEY Date Period Lesson 16.1 - Our Dynamic Climate Vocabulary Review. Define each vocabulary term in your own words. A) Greenhouse effect B) Greenhouse gas C) Thermohaline circulation D) El Niño E) Topography Energy From the Sun 1. Fill in the diagram with three factors that influence the heating of Earth’s atmosphere by the sun. 2. What would happen if Earth did not have an atmosphere? Most of the energy from the sun would be reflected back into space 3. What are the two major greenhouse gases? A) Water vapor B) Carbon dioxide (Also ozone, nitrous oxide and methane) 4. How do greenhouse gases make life on Earth possible? They absorb heat and release it slowly; without them, surface of Earth would be too cold for life 5. What is the relationship between a geographical location’s distance from the equator and climate temperatures? Generally speaking, the further from the equator, the cooler the climate . 6. What are the general climate regions on Earth? Tropical (hot), temperate and polar (cool) 7. What is the relationship between sunspots and the energy released by the sun? Greater number of sunspots = more energy (radiation) given off; number of sunspots rises and falls over an 11-year cycle 8. What is a sunspot cycle? A pattern of rising and falling of the number of sunspots Wind Patterns in the Atmosphere For Questions 9–12, write True if the statement is true. If the statement is false, replace the underlined word or words to make the statement true. Write your changes on the line. _______________ 9. Convection currents form from the rising of cool air and the sinking of warm air. F, warm, cool _______________ 10. As part of the prevailing wind patterns, cool air moves toward the equator. T (warm air moves from equator poles, cool air opposite) _______________ 11. When warm, moist air is cooled, water vapor condenses and forms wind. F, clouds _______________ 12. As winds move over bodies of water, they pick up water vapor, which then falls as precipitation. T 13. Describe two ways in which water vapor enters the atmosphere. A) Evaporation from Earth’s surface from lakes, oceans and soil B) Plants release water vapor into the atmosphere The Oceans and Climate 14. Ocean water absorbs carbon dioxide. What effect does this have on the temperature of the atmosphere? Why does it have this effect? It cools the atmosphere 15. Saltier water is denser than water with low salinity. Cool water generally has a greater density than warm water. What effect do these factors have on the movement of ocean water? What is the term for this effect? Cooler, saltier water moves beneath the ocean’s surface, while warmer, less salty water moves along the surface Cooler, saltier water sinks at the poles; warmer, less salty water moves north from the equator and takes the place of the cooler water Thermohaline circulation 16. During El Niño, equatorial winds weaken. What effect does this have on the temperature of surface waters in the eastern Pacific Ocean? With the weakened equatorial winds, instead of warm surface water being pushed westward, it flows back eastward towards the coast of South America; this affects precipitation patterns all over the world 17. Oceans can hold 50 times more carbon dioxide than is found in the atmosphere. Given this fact, why is global warming still occurring? The oceans absorb carbon dioxide more slowly than it is being added to the atmosphere Other Factors that Affect Climate 18. Fill in the chart with information about other factors that affect climate. Factor Description of the Factor How the Factor Affects Climate Topography Surface characteristics of the area Altitude – the higher the elevation, (elevation, mountains, rivers) the cooler the temperature Mountain Ranges – winds forms clouds as they pass over a mountain range (windward, rainy side), drier winds release little moisture on the leeward (back) side Volcanoes Release of gas and particles Regional vegetation Variety of plants or organisms in an area Changes in Earth’s orbit Periodic variations in Earth’s movements and position in space relative to the sun Particles can be carried long distances and may block some sunlight from entering Earth’s atmosphere; results in a temporary cooling May affect the amount of carbon dioxide; if plants are cut down, the carbon dioxide they would have taken in remains in the atmosphere, resulting in increased temperatures Changes the distribution of solar radiation, causing ice ages, etc. 19. Why is the vegetation at the bottom of mountains generally not the same as vegetation found at higher altitudes on mountains? The greater the elevation, the cooler the temperatures; different plants are capable of growing in different weather 20. Why does precipitation generally fall on the windward side of mountain ranges? The windward side (the side the wind first passes over) gets the most precipitation because the rising air is cooling and forming clouds; by the time the air has moved to the back (leeward) side, it has lost most of its moisture 21. Do volcanic eruptions have long-term effects on climate? Explain. Yes, the dust and ash can block sunlight from entering the atmosphere, resulting in cooling temperatures Think Visually 22. Draw arrows on the diagram to show the direction of each global wind pattern. Then, label the climate zones with terms from the word bank. You may use each word more than once. Polar temperate tropical Lesson Summary: Self Check 23. Contrast the way solar radiation strikes the poles with the way it strikes the equator. Solar energy strikes the equator much more directly than the poles, resuling in uneven heating of the Earth 24. How does the greenhouse effect help warm Earth’s atmosphere? Greenhouse gases trap the sun’s heat and release it slowly 25. What climate-related factors are transported globally by winds? Heat and moisture