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JOINT GLOBAL OCEAN FLUX STUDY
A Core Project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme
JGOFS REPORT No. 39
MINUTES of the
16 MEETING of the JGOFS
th
SCIENTIFIC STEERING COMMITTEE
MINUTES of the
17 MEETING of the JGOFS
th
SCIENTIFIC STEERING COMMITTEE
MINUTES of the
18 MEETING of the JGOFS
th
SCIENTIFIC STEERING COMMITTEE
October 2003
Published in Bergen, Norway, October 2003 by:
Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences
The Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, MD 21218
USA
and
JGOFS International Project Office
Centre for Studies of Environment and Resources
University of Bergen
5020 Bergen
NORWAY
The Joint Global Ocean Flux Study of the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) is
a Core Project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). It is planned by a
SCOR/IGBP Scientific Steering Committee. In addition to funds from the JGOFS sponsors,
SCOR and IGBP, support is provided for international JGOFS planning and synthesis activities
by several agencies and organizations. These are gratefully acknowledged and include the US
National Science Foundation, the International Council of Scientific Unions (by funds from the
United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization), the Intergovernmental
Oceanographic Commission, the Research Council of Norway and the University of Bergen,
Norway.
Disclaimer
Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of
the author(s) or editors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. National Science
Foundation (NSF) or any other funding bodies, including SCOR, IGBP and JRC.
Citation: Minutes of the 16th Meeting of the Scientific Steering Committee for the Joint Global
Ocean Flux Study. Minutes of the 17th Meeting of the Scientific Steering Committee
for the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. Minutes of the 18th Meeting of the Scientific
Steering Committee for the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. October 2003
ISSN:
1016-7331
Cover:
JGOFS and SCOR Logos
The JGOFS Reports are distributed free of charge to scientists involved in global change
research.
Additional copies of the JGOFS reports are available from:
Ms. Judith Stokke, Administrative Assistant
JGOFS International Project Office
Centre for Studies of Environment and Resources
University of Bergen
N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY
Tel: +47 5558 4246
Fax: +47 5558 9687
E-mail: [email protected]
or, from the International JGOFS website: http://www.uib.no/jgofs/jgofs.html
JOINT GLOBAL OCEAN FLUX STUDY
– JGOFS –
REPORT No. 39
MINUTES of the
16 MEETING of the JGOFS
SCIENTIFIC STEERING COMMITTEE
th
MINUTES of the
17 MEETING of the JGOFS
SCIENTIFIC STEERING COMMITTEE
th
MINUTES of the
18 MEETING of the JGOFS
SCIENTIFIC STEERING COMMITTEE
th
October 2003
Minutes from the 16th Meeting of the JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee
Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 7-8 July 2001
Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................................1
1.1.
Welcome and Opening Remarks ............................................................................................1
1.2.
Report from the Chair.............................................................................................................1
1.3.
Approval of the Agenda .........................................................................................................1
1.4.
Amsterdam reimbursements and local arrangements.............................................................1
2.
Old Business...........................................................................................................................1
2.1.
Approval of the Minutes from the 15th SSC Meeting............................................................1
2.2.
Second Open Science Conference (Bergen)...........................................................................2
2.3.
Synthesis Products: Publication Update.................................................................................2
3.
Synthesis Groups & Task Teams Business ............................................................................2
3.1.
EPSG (Equatorial Pacific Synthesis & Modelling Group).....................................................3
3.2.
NASG (North Atlantic Synthesis & Modelling Group) .........................................................3
3.3.
IOSG (Indian Ocean Synthesis & Modelling Group) ............................................................4
3.4.
SOSG (Southern Ocean Synthesis & Modelling Group) .......................................................4
3.5.
NPSG (North Pacific Synthesis & Modelling Group)............................................................4
3.6.
PJTT (Paleo JGOFS Task Team) ...........................................................................................5
3.7.
CMTT (Continental Margin Task Team) ...............................................................................5
3.8.
DMTT (Data Management Task Team).................................................................................5
3.9.
PMTT (Photosynthesis Measurement Task Team) ................................................................5
3.10.
JGTT (JGOFS-GAIM Task Team) ........................................................................................5
3.11.
GSWG (Global Synthesis and Modelling Working Group)...................................................6
4.
International Programmes ......................................................................................................6
4.1.
IGBP (International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme)........................................................6
4.1.1. Futures Meeting on Ocean Biogeochemistry ...............................................................6
4.1.2. Open Science Conference (Amsterdam, July 2001) ....................................................7
4.2.
SCOR (Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research) .............................................................7
4.2.1. Future Ocean Biogeochemistry....................................................................................7
4.2.2. SCOR–IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2 .................................................................8
4.2.3. IOCCG (International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group).........................................8
4.3.
WOCE (World Ocean Circulation Experiment).....................................................................8
4.4.
POGO (Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans) ..................................................9
5.
National Programmes .............................................................................................................9
5.1.
United States (Abbott)............................................................................................................9
5.2.
Germany (Lochte) ................................................................................................................10
5.3.
China-Taipei (Gong) ............................................................................................................10
5.4.
Japan (Saino) ........................................................................................................................10
5.5.
Chile (Quiñones) ..................................................................................................................11
5.6.
Norway (Johannessen) .........................................................................................................12
1.
5.7.
5.8.
Spain (Duarte) ......................................................................................................................13
China-Beijing (Hong)...........................................................................................................14
5.8.1. Activity Report (Hu) ..................................................................................................16
6.
Scientific Steering Committee..............................................................................................17
6.1.
Business Issues .....................................................................................................................17
6.2.
Other Matters Arising: Executive and SSC Meetings ..........................................................17
7.
International Project Office ..................................................................................................17
7.1.
Data Management Activities (Avril) ....................................................................................17
7.2.
Review Budget and Expenses (Hanson)...............................................................................18
8.
Other Business......................................................................................................................19
8.1.
Next SSC Meeting................................................................................................................19
9.
Meeting Adjourns.................................................................................................................19
10.
Acronyms .............................................................................................................................20
11.
Appendices ...........................................................................................................................24
11.1.
APPENDIX 1: List of Participants.......................................................................................24
11.2.
APPENDIX 2: Interim Report (USJN article) .....................................................................26
11.3.
APPENDIX 3: Activity Calendar & Timeline (updated November 2001) ..........................29
11.4.
APPENDIX 4: Practical Information (provided before the Meeting) ..................................32
11.5.
APPENDIX 5: Draft Agenda (provided before the meeting)...............................................33
11.6.
APPENDIX 6: Status of Actions from the 15th SSC (Bergen 2000)...................................34
11.7.
APPENDIX 7: Conference Funds and Expenses (Final Report) .........................................35
11.8.
APPENDIX 8: IGBP/Springer-Verlag Book (updated July 2001) ......................................36
11.9.
APPENDIX 9: Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group (Le Borgne) ........................................37
11.10. APPENDIX 10: North Atlantic Synthesis Group (Garçon) .................................................38
11.11. APPENDIX 11: Indian Ocean Synthesis Group (Burkill) ...................................................39
11.12. APPENDIX 12: Southern Ocean Synthesis Group (Tréguer)..............................................42
11.13. APPENDIX 13: North Pacific Synthesis Group (Bychkov) ................................................44
11.14. APPENDIX 14: Paleo-JGOFS Task Team (Lochte)............................................................45
11.15. APPENDIX 15: Continental Margins Task Team (Quiñones) ............................................46
11.16. APPENDIX 16: Data Management Task Team (Conkright) ...............................................50
11.17. APPENDIX 17: PMTT Activity Report (Laws) ..................................................................52
11.18. APPENDIX 18: JGOFS-GAIM Task Team (Monfray) .......................................................53
11.19. APPENDIX 19: Global Synthesis and Modelling Working Group (Schlitzer) ...................54
11.20. APPENDIX 20: The Amsterdam Declaration on Global Change........................................56
11.21. APPENDIX 21: SCOR-IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2 (Wallace) ..............................58
11.22. APPENDIX 22: IOCCG Activity Report (Stuart)................................................................59
11.23. APPENDIX 23: Global Hydrography (Gould) ....................................................................60
11.24. APPENDIX 24: POGO Activity Report (Sathyendranath)..................................................61
11.25. APPENDIX 25: List of SSC Members (as of June 2001)....................................................63
11.26. APPENDIX 26: Year 2000 Budget Table (Final)................................................................64
11.27. APPENDIX 27: Year 2001 Budget Table (as of August 2001) ...........................................65
11.28. APPENDIX 28: Working Budget and Requests for Year 2002 Allocations........................67
11.29. APPENDIX 29: The relationships among the JGOFS regional synthesis groups, task teams,
program-wide synthesis and global synthesis (updated and redrawn, July 2001)................68
1.
INTRODUCTION
th
The 16 meeting of the JGOFS SSC was held at the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
(KNAW) and hosted by the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and the Academy.
Ducklow, Chair of the SSC, opened the meeting at 0900 on Saturday, 7 July 2001.
1.1.
Welcome and Opening Remarks
Ducklow greeted the members, new members and guests, and described the objectives and format for
the 2-day meeting. Each participant gave short introductory presentations, and after the introductions,
Ducklow announced the regrets from Peter Burkill, Bronte Tilbrook, Trevor Platt, Douglas Wallace and
Paul Falkowski. Special recognition was provided to the new members, Reiner Schlitzer (Germany),
chair of the newly formed Global Synthesis and Modelling Working Group (GSWG), and Huasheng
Hong (China-Beijing), 2nd term at-large member approved by IGBP and SCOR Officers. Following the
departure of Neil Swanberg (IGBP) and Elizabeth Gross (SCOR), the new IGBP Deputy Director for
Natural Sciences, Wendy Broadgate, and the new Executive Director of SCOR, Ed Urban, were
recognized and acknowledged at their first JGOFS SSC meeting. In Platt’s absence, Nicolas Hoepffner
(JRC, Ispra, Italy) represented IOCCG (International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group). Ducklow also
recognised the new staff at the IPO (International Project Office), Bernard Avril and Reidun Gjerde and
welcomed them to their first SSC meeting. Guests during the meeting included Larry Atkinson from
LOICZ (CMTT) and Ken Buesseler from US JGOFS Planning Office. A list of participants that
attended this meeting is given in APPENDIX 1.
1.2.
Report from the Chair
Ducklow briefly reviewed JGOFS progress towards synthesis and modelling since the 15th Meeting
(April 2000) and addressed several points made recently in an USJN article (APPENDIX 2): fieldwork
nears completion, regional synthesis and modelling activities continues along with parallel activities in
IGBP synthesis, retrieval of all JGOFS data sets remains a high priority, new activities initiated in
ocean modelling, transition programmes in ocean biogeochemistry fully recognized internationally, and
the release of publications from the project, e.g., AMBIO Special Report No. 10, IGBP Science Series
No. 2, and Deep-Sea Research Part II volumes. To the chairs of the synthesis groups and task teams
contributing to the Synthesis Plan (Figure 1), he expressed his gratitude and appreciation, and pointed
towards the activities that lies immediately ahead on the calendar (APPENDIX 3).
1.3.
Approval of the Agenda
A draft agenda and working papers was distributed before the meeting, and the agenda was approved
without comments, additions or deletions (APPENDIX 4). The agenda focuses on the progress of the
regional groups and task teams engaged in synthesis, review of the international and national efforts
engaged in the future of ocean biogeochemistry, review of national efforts engaged in synthesis and
modelling activities, and plans for the third and final JGOFS Open Science Conference. The minutes of
the 16th SSC Meeting include all submitted working papers (reports on activities and progress) since
the 15th SSC Meeting in April 2000 (Bergen, Norway). A list of all acronyms appears on page 26 of the
minutes.
1.4.
Amsterdam reimbursements and local arrangements
Reidun Gjerde (IPO) provided information on the local arrangements, reimbursement procedures and
bank forms, and logistics for the SSC dinner (APPENDIX 5).
2.
OLD BUSINESS
2.1.
Approval of the Minutes from the 15th SSC Meeting
The SSC reviewed the minutes and status of each action items (APPENDIX 6) from the 15th Meeting
in Bergen, April 2000. The SSC approved the minutes as written. Hanson mentioned that the minutes
will be placed on the JGOFS web site and later printed in the JGOFS Report Series.
-1-
2.2.
Second Open Science Conference (Bergen)
Hanson reported on the final statistics and finances of the 2nd JGOFS OSC held in Bergen last April
2000. Briefly, 218 participants registered that included 10 invited speakers, 58 contributing speakers,
110 posters, 40 general participants, and 5+ unregistered students (day participants). Over 23 countries
were represented at the Conference. Countries with >30 abstracts included USA (36)1, France (31) and
Germany (31); countries with 10-12 abstracts each were UK, Norway, Japan and India; and countries
with <9 abstracts each were Australia, Belgium, Bermuda, Canada, Chile, China-Beijing, China-Taipei,
Columbia, Denmark, Italy, Kenya, Monaco, New Zealand, Puerto Rico, Spain and Turkey. The Best
Student Speaker was Laurent Bopp with co-authors Patrick Monfray, Olivier Aumont, James C. Orr,
Jean-Louis Dufresne and Hervé Le Treut (France) on “Potential impact of climate change on marine
production”; and the Best Student Poster was Xavier Giraud with co-authors Philippe Bertrand,
Véronique Garçon and Isabelle Dadou (France) on “Sensitivity of the NW African and Benguela
upwelling systems to the sea level change: a modelling approach using nitrogen isotopes”. The
conference cost US$164,700, and the final finances are given in APPENDIX 7.
2.3.
Synthesis Products: Publication Update
Hanson reported that the editors completed the science editing of the AMBIO Special Report No. 10
(May 2001) and the IGBP Science Series No. 2 (July 2001) and that both issues are now being
distributed to the JGOFS community. The former publication is targeted to the global climate research
scientists and ocean biogeochemists while the latter is written in a style adapted for ministers and
directors of funding agencies, government officials, NGO (non-governmental organizations) and other
decision-makers.
For the Springer-Verlag book, Hanson informed the SSC that Fasham has received 8 of the 12 chapters,
and they are out for peer review or being revised (APPENDIX 8). The others are expected shortly and
are needed to fill the gaps. Publication has now slipped from late 2001 to mid 2002. Fasham also
reported that Angela Bayfield was hired as the book’s editor manager. She is presently the managing
editor for Progress in Oceanography. Lochte felt that some pressure on chapter authors is needed and
that there is help available. Ducklow agreed and has offered Fasham help in retrieving chapters. Hanson
emphasised that the technical editing must be completed this year due to the conditions under the ICSU
funds, or unused funds must be returned to ICSU, which would embarrass SCOR Officers and hinder
future efforts to raise ICSU funds.
3.
SYNTHESIS GROUPS & TASK TEAMS BUSINESS
Ducklow briefly reviewed the future plans for the global synthesis of JGOFS research (see Illustration:
APPENDIX 29). In addition, US JGOFS confirmed that the 3rd and final JGOFS Open Science
Conference would be held 5-8 May 2003, which coincides with the completion of USA funding. The
conference site is the US National Academy of Sciences in Washington DC. Planning has begun and
full international participation is essential to its success. Public lectures in collaboration with the
Smithsonian Institution are being considered. Mark Abbott, US JGOFS SC Chair, requested
suggestions from the international JGOFS SSC for special sessions, speakers, and activities (see §6.1
US JGOFS national report)
Ducklow requested a brief progress report from the chairs of the Synthesis Groups, Task Teams and
Working Group.
1
Abstracts from the aforementioned country
-2-
3.1.
EPSG (Equatorial Pacific Synthesis & Modelling Group)
Le Borgne reported on the EPSG membership and described past activities and future plans of the
EPSG (APPENDIX 9). A concern arising from the report was the need of data from Japan for the
forthcoming CD-ROM. Saino mentioned that (Nozaki), chair of the data management advisory group at
JODC (Japan Ocean Data Centre) should be contacted, as almost all metadata from North Pacific
Process Study has been written. Le Borgne, as well as Conkright, felt that they are missing cruise and
observation data in the inventory of the North and the Equatorial Pacific Process Studies and the CO2
survey. Saino explained that the problems are related to data policy in JODC, which is different from
that at JAMSTEC, where the data are held 2-3 years before it is sent to JODC. Le Borgne requested
help from DMTT to retrieve at least the metadata and the relevant references of publications. Saino also
mentioned a project-tagging problem, i.e., if a project is not identified as a JGOFS project, then data
will not be released to JGOFS researchers.
Le Borgne updated the SSC on the DSR II volume, co-editors R. Feely, D. Mackey and R. Le Borgne,
planned for publication in 2002. The editors met in Hobart recently and wrote the introduction to the
Equatorial Pacific synthesis volume. All manuscripts are due August 2001 for peer review.
ACTION: Le Borgne will submit a workshop proposal and request financial support in Year 2002.
3.2.
NASG (North Atlantic Synthesis & Modelling Group)
Garçon reported on the NASG membership and described past activities and future plans of the NASG
(APPENDIX 10). The 3rd NASG meeting was held in Arcachon, 15-16 January 2001. A report is now
available on the JGOFS web site and will be printed in the JGOFS Report Series. Next year the group
will move to replace Drange and Wallace who are rotating off, and the group is announcing a Special
Issue publication in Deep Sea Research Part II on JGOFS Research in the North Atlantic Ocean: A
Decade of Research, Synthesis and Modelling, Volume 48, No 10, May 2001. Wolfgang Koeve and
Hugh Ducklow are guest editors.
Garçon also reported on the “Green Ocean Model” workshop held in Villefranche-sur-Mer, France,
June 2001. The “Green Ocean” meeting was organised by Corinne LeQuéré with financial support also
from IGBP/GAIM Task Force. Participants focussed on several key issues, such as the controls of CO2
at different time scales, tracers of the carbon cycle, DMS, Fe, services to fisheries, and CO2
sequestration. ”Green Ocean” wants to bring more dynamics in the coupling of biophysical models.
Regarding the “Green Ocean Model” and GAIM Task Force, Ducklow felt that GAIM needs stronger
interactions with GLOBEC and LOICZ in the future, in addition to their links with JGOFS via JGTT
(OCMIP) group. Anderson concurred and provided another example where stronger ties are urgently
required: Continental Margins. How do we integrate margins in inverse modelling? The answer will
help us setting boundary conditions between margins and oceans.
Garçon returned to the issue of the AMT (Atlantic Meridional Transect) and data availability, which
was discussed last year in Bergen. The NASG recommends that future AMT ship schedule not undergo
any major change and certainly not less than the frequency of twice a year cruises (see Footnote #2).
The AMT programme after a one-year hiatus measures physical, biological and bio-optical properties
and processes through the diverse ecosystems of the North and South Atlantic Oceans. The primary
objective is to improve the understanding and interpretation of the functional relationships between
biological particles and processes, and ocean colour. Modelling work covers in particular the North
Atlantic, including shelf waters. A special issue of Progress in Oceanography, Volume 45, No. 3-4,
2000, is devoted to the Atlantic Meridional Transect.
NASG future plans and needs include a synthesis group meeting, a link in the France-JGOFS website to
PI and groups, a CMTT link to NASG (plus OMEX), initiating of interactions between NASG and
GSTT, and planning of a joint session at the 2002 EGS meeting.
-3-
ACTION: Garçon will request nominations for the new members and seek JGOFS Executive approval
of candidates.
ACTION: Garçon recommends that JGOFS support the AMT application to NERC for the
continuation of the programme2.
ACTION: Garçon will submit a proposal requesting Year 2002 financial support.
3.3.
IOSG (Indian Ocean Synthesis & Modelling Group)
Burkill sent regrets and asked Ducklow/Hanson to report on the IOSG membership and to describe past
activities and future plans of the IOSG (APPENDIX 11). Hanson informed the SSC that Louisa Watts,
Peter Burkill and Sharon Smith edited a synthesis report in June and now available for comments. The
draft report was circulated among the SSC. After review, the committee strongly endorsed the report
and recommended that the editors and authors finish the editing process, and send it to the IPO for the
JGOFS Report Series and the JGOFS International web site. After a long search, Burkill recommended
Sharon Smith to lead the IOSG activities and requested SSC approval.
ACTION: The SSC unanimously supported Burkill recommendation and approved Smith as the next
Chair of the IOSG. Burkill remains on the IOSG until the synthesis group disbands.
3.4.
SOSG (Southern Ocean Synthesis & Modelling Group)
Tréguer reported on the SOSG membership and past and future activities (APPENDIX 12). From the
3rd Southern Ocean Brest symposium, 2 special issues in DSR II are planned: one will be submitted in
July (P. Tréguer, P. Pondaven, B. Anderson, M. Abbott, eds.) and another in October 2001. In 2002,
SOSG is planning a special Southern Ocean session at the AGU/ASLO OSM in February and a SOSG
workshop-meeting following the OSM at the University of Hawaii. APPENDIX 12 includes several
national reports (recent and future plans). In addition to the Fe experiments mentioned in the GermanJGOFS report (see §6.2), Lochte informed the SSC that Victor Smetacek is also preparing an Iron
Experiment for this fall (2001), where north and south polar waters are to be distinguished.
ACTION: SOSG has not finished revising their new synthesis modelling ToR. IPO sent the Executive
comments on revision of the ToR to Bathmann back in June 2000.
3.5.
NPSG (North Pacific Synthesis & Modelling Group)
Bychkov reported on the NPSG membership, past activities and future plans (APPENDIX 13).
Bychkov described two joint PICES-JGOFS sessions on carbon cycle and ecosystem dynamics during
the PICES IX meeting in Japan last October and the upcoming joint session on plankton size classes
and function during PICES X meeting in Canada this October. A publication will follow in
Oceanography. For data synthesis, a workshop was held during PICES IX and the National Institute
will publish a report for Environmental Studies (NIES) and in the PICES Science Report series. For
CO2 data intercomparison, there were 15 labs involved (7 from Japan; 4 from USA; one from Canada,
Russian Federation, South Korea, and China-Taipei. A report is also expected from NIES. For the data
exchange and integration (see PICES newsletter, Volume 9 (2): 20-21, 2001), JODC, US-NODC,
CDIAC, MEDS, etc. have formed links to compile an International North Pacific Data Inventory for
CO2 and CO2-related data. This inventory will be available through the JODC (MIRC/IJCD) web site.
Garçon asked how much of those data are included in the last Takahashi’s inventory and what is the
status of the data inventory? Bychkov estimated that 30% of the inventory might be included in
Takahashi’s latest assessment.
Bychkov also reported that NPSG expects an issue in Deep-Sea Research II with Arthur Chen, Paul
Harrison, Toshiro Saino and Alexander Bychkov (eds.) in early 2002. At present, there are six papers
from Canada and Japan, 1 paper each from China-Beijing and China-Taipei. The USA has not
submitted any papers to the issue. Another publication is expected in Journal of Oceanography (late
2003). Conkright asked whether the CD-ROM in the DSR II issue includes data. Bychkov felt that it
2
Update on the AMT application. In November 2001, NERC notified Carol Robinson at PML that the
application to continue the AMT programme was approved (the first NERC consortium grant). The first of six
cruises is planned for September 2002, but actual time depends on ships logistics.
-4-
depends on the funding agency policy, and JAMSTEC is one of the most reluctant to provide access to
data because of its data releasing policy. Plans for future cruises in the North Pacific still continue.
Canada plans to support three cruises per year to Station PAPA, and Japan has scheduled two annual
cruises (summer and winter) in western North Pacific (Station KNOT). In addition, there are plans for
an Iron Fertilisation Experiment at station PAPA in the North Pacific in May 2003.
ACTION: Bychkov confirmed that the overdue reports on past NPSG meetings would be submitted
soon.
3.6.
PJTT (Paleo JGOFS Task Team)
Lochte reported on the PJTT membership and its past and future activities (APPENDIX 14). The first
meeting of the PJTT was last summer and at a subsequent meeting in Germany, plans were made to
propose a new SCOR Working Group, which will promote the main tasks of the PJTT. In the fall
(2001), an international, 2-day workshop is planned, which is opened to all interested scientists (30-40
participants plus 2 invited speakers). The important function of this workshop will be to provide input
to the plan for Future Ocean Biogeochemistry Studies that is being developed now as a new future
IGBP focus.
3.7.
CMTT (Continental Margin Task Team)
Quiñones reported on the CMTT membership and on its past and future activities (APPENDIX 15).
The CMTT synthesis plan, including the publication of a book, is well underway with the completion of
several workshops on the Eastern-Western Boundary Current Systems (Fall 2000), the Polar Margins
and Seas (Summer 2001), and the Tropical Margins and Seas (planned for Fall 2001). A book is being
prepared for publication in 2003 on the assessment of carbon exchanges at the margins. However, to fill
an obvious gap on global coverage in the assessment, Task Team and workshop Chairs recommended
that a fourth workshop be held in the near future on Sub-Polar Ecosystems. Quiñones also reported on
an upcoming meeting at UNESCO in Paris from 8-11 August 2001, called COASTS (Coastal Ocean
Advanced Scientific and Technical Studies). Several members of JGOFS and LOICZ will attend.
3.8.
DMTT (Data Management Task Team)
Conkright reported on the DMTT membership and on its recent and future activities (APPENDIX 16).
She mentioned that the last proposal to NASA has been rejected and there are no USA funds to gather
JGOFS level 1 datasets and burn on CD-ROM(s). Steffen suggested that NIAES might help. NIAES is
designed for data collection of environmental projects and that Robert (Bob) Costanza in the US might
help. Conkright will contact Costanza and also provide her proposal (to NSF) to anyone who is
interested is seeking DMTT support. Lochte volunteered to lead a proposal through the EU for possible
funding and Steffen mentioned that he would send a letter and/or discuss the issue of JGOFS data
management at the next Intergovernmental Funding Agencies meeting.
ACTION: Conkright and Avril agreed to draft a letter that supports the urgent funding for international
data management to assist global synthesis and modelling groups.
Conkright also urged the SG and TT chairs to invite a DMTT member or a national data manager to
their meetings when such meetings are held in their countries. Such action would facilitate greater
cooperation between observationalists, modellers and data managers.
3.9.
PMTT (Photosynthesis Measurement Task Team)
Hanson reported that the PMTT, disbanded in 1999, is finishing up with the last remaining task, the
Photosynthesis Measurement Manual (APPENDIX 17). We plan to print it in JGOFS Report Series
later this year.
3.10.
JGTT (JGOFS-GAIM Task Team)
Monfray reported on the JGTT membership and Terms of Reference (APPENDIX 18) and its recent
and future activities. Regarding members, Monfray requested approval of Nicolas Gruber (UCLA,
USA) replacing Raymond Najjar on the Task Team. Future activities include model comparison with
tracers such as 13C, 3He, etc. and participation in OCMIP posters cluster. Monfray also proposed an
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open workshop with GAIM-TF, JGOFS-GAIM Task Team and the new JGOFS GSWG in Italy in
May-June 2002. Critical for this workshop is data accessibility.
ACTION: SSC approved the membership change of Nikki Gruber for Ray Najjar.
3.11.
GSWG (Global Synthesis and Modelling Working Group)
Schlitzer reported on the GSWG membership and Terms of Reference and its plans for future activities
(APPENDIX 19). He mentioned that he and the members drafted its ToR following the model of
previous synthesis groups and recommended that the new initiative be called a Working Group to avoid
confusion with the disbanded Global Synthesis and Modelling Task Team (1999) and because of its
closer ties to the observational approach. Ducklow felt that the ToR needed more focus, e.g., specific
products, to insure that the results are transferred to future programmes and requested that the SSC
members provide further inputs to GSWG ToR. Schlitzer confirmed that he and the GSWG would
revise/modify the ToR after considering SSC comments for approval.
Regarding data acquisition for the working group, Schlitzer emphasised that model validation and
calibration are made with very few large datasets because of a lack of agreement between the
algorithms and the methods. He felt that the GSWG could help alleviate some of the data availability
problem experienced thus far mentioned in JGOFS (DMTT and JGTT). Hoepffner also mentioned that
there is a similar need for the validation and calibration of satellite data, e.g., SIMBIOS.
4.
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMMES
4.1.
IGBP (International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme)
Steffen reported that after several meetings, a prospectus has been drafted regarding the next decade of
Global Change Research, called the “Joint Carbon Project” (JCP). The joint sponsors are IGBP, WCRP,
IHDP and DIVERSITAS. The JCP prospectus focuses on (i) spatial and temporal patterns, and
variabilities, (ii) underlying processes and feedbacks (up to socio-economic aspects), and (iii) carbon
futures (including societal consequences). The JCP adds value compared to what there is now. He
announced that next Saturday, there would be a Carbon meeting at the KNAW, open to all interested
global change research scientists. The JCP will include the future of global ocean science(s) with
SOLAS, CLIVAR and possibly marine biogeochemistry. Lochte mentioned that the new joint plan has
common characteristics with future EU Marine Framework; and Ducklow added with the earlier US
Carbon Science Plan. Elements of those plans and reports from other ocean meetings were taken into
account during the development of the JCP.
Anderson questioned the 10-year life span attached to the future plans? Steffen replied that the JCP
must be visible and realistic, and a timeline forces synthesis. The national funding agencies support this
science framework (fieldwork, integration and assessment). Atkinson asked how does IGOS fit into
those plans. Steffen replied that IGOS would be integrated along with IPCC matters. Hoepffner added
that the EU initiative will have an environment-monitoring component in its plans, and Bychkov
inserted that there will also be a CLIVAR / PICES session at the next annual PICES meeting in B.C.,
Canada in October 2001. Haugan also cited that during the Southampton meeting on ocean transport of
heat, CO2, etc., CLIVAR offered to help with logistics. Monfray added that there is not only a need for
repetitive transects (WOCE lines) but also moorings, time-series, and automatic buoys.
4.1.1. Futures Meeting on Ocean Biogeochemistry
Broadgate briefly presented the Ocean Futures Plan, lead by Peter Burkill (chair). The next steps will be
to set recommendations, research strategy and identify new projects in a coherent framework. Ducklow
emphasised that there is a need for a clearly identified framework for marine biogeochemistry. Steffen
acknowledged this concern and mentioned that the gap after JGOFS must be minimised. Ducklow
asserted that JGOFS sunset date is approaching fast and the ocean biogeochemistry community will
need an implementation plan soon. Input from JGOFS synthesis and modelling phase will help the
process, says Steffen. The details of the ocean biogeochemical framework will be heard from John
Field later (see Section 4.2.1 under SCOR).
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4.1.2. Open Science Conference (Amsterdam, July 2001)
Broadgate commented briefly on the plenary, sessions and posters at the OSC, 10-13 July in
Amsterdam. She felt that the OSC would provide an important platform to launch IGBP-WCRP-IHDPDIVERSITAS new joint efforts in global change research. A document, called the Amsterdam
Declaration (APPENDIX 20) and signed by the four directors of the international programmes, would
be circulated for signatures during the conference.
In regards to the poster sessions, Hanson informed the SSC that the IPO developed two posters on
JGOFS (one on the organization and structure with other programmes, and another on major science
highlights). Avril circulated coloured A4 copies of the posters. For the JGOFS displays, Hanson asked
for SSC volunteers to stand by the posters at the IGBP / IHDP / WCRP booth during the breaks and
lunches, meet the global change communities, and answer questions/inquiries on JGOFS research. It is
important for the community to hear from the JGOFS experts in the field of ocean biogeochemistry.
The following people volunteered: Lochte, Ducklow, Le Borgne, Garçon, Atkinson, Anderson, Hong,
and Saino. In addition to the booth posters, a duplicate set of posters would be displayed with US
JGOFS handout material (brochure) during the Ocean and Coastal Poster sessions. Lochte informed the
participants of the joint JGOFS-LOICZ-GLOBEC Ocean and Coastal session at the OSC and invited
everyone to attend.
4.2.
SCOR (Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research)
Urban reviewed a few activities at SCOR. He mentioned in particular the new initiatives on harmful
algal blooms, GEOHAB (Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms, SSC Chair
Patrick Gentien, France), air-sea interactions, SOLAS (Surface Ocean and Lower Atmosphere Study,
SSC Chair Peter Liss, UK), phytoplankton and global change (Marine Phytoplankton and Global
Climate Regulation: the Phaeocystis spp. Cluster as a Model, WG 120, WC Chair Winfred Gieskes,
The Netherlands), and export production (Sediment Trap and Th-234 Methods for Particulate Organic
Carbon Export in the Upper Ocean, WG 116, WG Chair Ken Buesseler, WHOI, USA). In response to
Haugan’s question on GEOHAB, Urban said that there is no link to IGBP at the moment, but SCOR
would entertain joint partners.
4.2.1. Future Ocean Biogeochemistry
Field presented an overview of the Future Ocean Biogeochemistry plans and issues arising. At present
the SCOR-IGBP Ocean Future Committee (OFC) consists of Peter Burkill (Chair), John Field (SCOR
reporter), Robert Costanza, Raja Ganeshram, Julie Hall, W. Jenkins, Kon-Kee Liu, Celia Marrasé,
Patrick Monfray, Richard Matear, Bradley Opdyke, Shubha Sathyendranath, John Steele, and Doug
Wallace. The key questions are: What controls the time-varying biogeochemical state of the oceanic
system and how it changes in response to global change? How do marine food web respond? How will
the accumulations of carbon compounds within the ocean respond? The common themes are (1) role of
the marine food web in the twilight zone, (2) comparison of food web structures and functions in the
continental margin and the open ocean, (3) change in the marine food web on decadal or centennial
time scales, (4) integrate across the size spectrum from bacteria to fishes, and (5) coupling-decoupling
of the biogeochemical cycles of C, N, P, Si. He also mentioned the need to involve CLIVAR (WCRP),
SOLAS and other international marine programmes. A draft progress report of the OFC will be
delivered to SCOR in October 2001, and the final meeting will be held in Barcelona, December 2001.
In 2002, OFC will request IGBP SC review.
Field received good feedbacks on the ocean future report from the SSC, for example, improper wording
should be checked, like “accumulation of respired carbon”; what is the “twilight zone?”. Field defined
the “twilight zone” between the 1%-PAR and 1000-m depths; paleo-aspects should be more explicit;
present focus is on a biological approach of the ecosystem; ocean future needs to involve CLIVAR; Fe
is missing in the list of elements for which cycle will be studied; ocean future need to involve GOOS
for long-term observations and monitoring; must define how ocean futures fit into the current-future,
national-international frameworks. Field commented that this is only a recommendation to SCOR and
IGBP and the group work will end at the end of 2001; report needs to be more than just
recommendations but needs to prioritise and address mid-term questions; there should be an
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announcement of opportunity; there is a need for bottom-up inputs from scientists; need realistic,
shorter-term, more focused items. It is too broad. Why another plan from IGBP & SCOR when money
will be let from national agencies, which may not follow that plan? Field mentioned that there exists
feedback but it is a perennial problem in timing. The European Marine Science Plan could also be
helpful; and the plans are quite similar at the international and the national levels. So, there are some
agreements in future plans.
4.2.2. SCOR–IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2
Ducklow announced Doug Wallace regrets and asked Haugan to provide a brief report on the Advisory
Panel committee (APPENDIX 21). Haugan reported that the Advisory Panel, which has evolved from
the previous IOC-JGOFS CO2 Advisory Panel, with Doug Wallace as chair. The revised ToR for the
Advisory Panel includes long-term carbon observations as one of the primary targets. Scott Doney
(NCAR, Boulder, CO, USA) and Maria Hood (IOC, UNESCO, Paris, France), with broad input from
the community, have prepared a background report on ocean carbon observations as a contribution to
the integrated global observing system (IGOS) process. The report is available from Maria Hood at
IOC. The Advisory Panel furthermore continues activities started by the previous panel in particular on
maintaining high quality on ocean carbon observations, and has also started the process of assembling
information in order to keep a watching brief on activities of ocean carbon sequestration. This panel
will be actively used by the OOPC and thereby GOOS.
The Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) structure has changed recently. A GOOS Steering
Committee now oversees development in interaction with the intergovernmental committee (I-GOOS)
and the GOOS Office at IOC in Paris. The Ocean Observations Panel for Climate (OOPC), chaired by
Neville Smith, takes responsibility for designing global observing systems for the deep ocean, while a
new Coastal Ocean Observations Panel (COOP), formed from three previously existing panels, deals
with issues like living resources and pollution. The OOPC with its broad mandate relies on a number of
panels and committees for input and advice.
There was a discussion concerning the many facets of GOOS and different related groups and
organizations. With particular reference to JGOFS science, the Partnership for Global Observations
(POGO) was mentioned as potentially useful for deep ocean carbon and tracer work (in conjunction
with hydrography). The question was raised to what extent CLIVAR is interested in carbon cycle
science. CLIVAR certainly aims to contribute to design of long-term climate observations with clear
links to GOOS.
4.2.3. IOCCG (International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group)
Hoepffner reported that Trevor Platt is the IOCCG Chair and the website is www.ioccg.org/. Three
reports are now available from the working groups (WGs). There are several ongoing WGs, such as
calibration (Robert Frouin), comparison of algorithms (M. Wang), coordination of datasets (?),
operational ocean color (Chris Brown), level 3 (composite) products (David Antoine), extraterrestrial
solar flux (J. Müller), and reports will follow. Courses are being offered on remote sensing for scientists
from developing countries. Tréguer asked what the recent progresses are in remote sensing of nonchlorophyll pigments and in remote sensing in coastal waters. Not much, replied Hoepffner. Hong
asked what about detection of red tides? Hoepffner gave the same answer. Venetia Stuart (IOCCG, c/o
BIO, Halifax, N.S., Canada) provided an overview of IOCCG activity (APPENDIX 22)
4.3.
WOCE (World Ocean Circulation Experiment)
Haugan provided a brief recap of the JGOFS/WOCE Ocean CO2 Transport workshop held in
Southampton, 25-29 June. A discussion and an initiative developed during the workshop for a joint
WCRP/IGBP initiative to ensure that hydrographic measurements already planned (and identified as
being required) go ahead to the mutual benefit of WCRP (through CLIVAR) and IGBP (through
JGOFS and new ocean biogeochemistry programmes). A recent communication on the Global
Hydrography Initiative is given in APPENDICES 23.
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4.4.
POGO (Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans)
Following Field’s presentation on the future of ocean biogeochemistry (see §5.2), Ducklow asked Field
for a brief report and update on POGO, as he chaired the recent Biology Workshop for POGO. Details
of the workshop are highlighted in POGO activity report (APPENDIX 24). For further information,
please visit the website: www.sioworld.ucsd.edu/pogo.html.
5.
NATIONAL PROGRAMMES
National chairs and contacts provided the following national reports before the meeting. Unfortunately,
time did not allow for any oral presentation during the SSC meeting. Reports are provided here as part
of the record.
5.1.
United States (Abbott)
1) Field Work: Field programmes continue at the Time Series Stations located near Bermuda and
Hawaii. A workshop on time series research will be held at the Bermuda Biological Research Station in
September 2001.
2) Publications: The following Deep-Sea Research II special issues have been recently published:
Volume 47(15-16), 2000, U.S. Southern Ocean JGOFS Program (AESOPS).
Volume 48(6-7), 2001, The 1994-1996 Arabian Sea Expedition: Oceanic Response to Monsoonal
Forcing, Part 4.
Volume 48(8-9), 2001, HOT and BATS: Interpretations of Open Ocean Biogeochemical Processes.
A second Southern Ocean volume is in press, a third Southern Ocean volume is presently soliciting
manuscripts, and a fifth Arabian Sea issue is in preparation. The US-JGOFS Newsletter (USJN) is
published four times per year and distributed to approximately 1800 scientists, program managers,
policy makers and educational centres. A searchable subject index for past issues is maintained on the
US JGOFS web site and new issues are available on line in PDF format.
3) Steering Committee Activities: The SC is continuing to focus on management of the Time-Series
Stations and the US JGOFS Data Management Office (DMO), oversight of the Synthesis and Modeling
Program (SMP). The SC convened last in February 2000, and will meet again 16-18 October 2001 in
Woods Hole.
4) Synthesis and Modeling Program: Principal investigators of the Synthesis and Modeling Program
(SMP) held their annual workshop in at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in July 2000. The
next SMP workshop is planned for 16-20 July 2001. A topical workshop on marine calcification was
recently held at WHOI (6-8 June 2001) and another topical workshop on iron dynamics is planned for
19-21 September 2001 in Monterey, California. Results from SMP research and standard data sets are
now being delivered using the SMP/Live Access Server, which can be accessed via the US-JGOFS web
site.
5) Research Opportunities: The US National Science Foundation anticipates issuing one more
Announcement of Opportunity (August 2001) for proposals to carry out research in support of the
Synthesis and Modeling Program. This represents the final opportunity to obtain support from the US
NSF for US JGOFS research. NASA will be announcing the results of its first Carbon Cycle Science
solicitation shortly. The NASA program includes ocean, land, and atmosphere studies of carbon
cycling.
6) Public Outreach: US JGOFS has two "legacy documents" highlighting US JGOFS achievements.
The first is a brochure designed for the general public, which can be ordered from usjgofs.whoi.edu.
Over 4000 copies of this brochure have already been distributed worldwide. The second is a series of
articles designed for non-JGOFS scientists that will appear in Oceanography (published by The
Oceanography Society) in November 2001. Manuscripts for this special issue are presently being
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reviewed. The US JGOFS web site has been completely redesigned to make it easier for JGOFS and
non-JGOFS researchers to learn about US JGOFS activities and locate data sets.
7) Open Science Conference: US JGOFS is planning to host the next JGOFS Open Science Conference,
5-8 May 2003 in Washington DC, to coincide the completion of the JGOFS funding cycle in the US.
The conference will be held at the facilities of the US National Academy of Sciences. Planning has
begun for this conference. Suggestions for special sessions, speakers, and activities are welcome! Public
lectures in collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution are being considered. International
participation is essential to the success of this conference.
8) Future Carbon Cycle Science Programs: Research agencies in the US have begun active discussions
and planning for continuing research on carbon cycle processes, including land, atmosphere, and ocean.
US JGOFS researchers are active participants in these planning activities.
9) Ocean Color Satellites: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) are
presently considering the continued operation of SeaWiFS. SeaWiFS is providing essential benchmark
measurements critical for other ocean color sensors, such as MODIS, GLI, and MERIS.
5.2.
Germany (Lochte)
German JGOFS continues to carry out synthesis and modelling activities in the Arabian Sea and in the
North Atlantic Ocean. The German Ministry of Research funds these two projects for two years until
end of 2002 and summer 2003, respectively. In both cases, the emphasis is on analysing the data from
the previous field studies and on bringing together the results of many different groups in order to
achieve a synthesis of main driving processes and to improve the coupled biogeochemical models. Data
archiving for long-term stewardship is another main aim of both projects. The Alfred-Wegener Institute
coordinates the Southern Ocean JGOFS activities in Germany. An iron fertilisation experiment
(EISENEX) was carried out with R/V Polarstern with international participation. The results supported
the earlier SOIREE study and more detailed analyses were carried out in the EISENEX study promising
interesting new insights. A further iron enrichment experiment is presently planned.
5.3.
China-Taipei (Gong)
Taiwan has been actively engaged in research related to the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS)
since 1989. The major contribution of Taiwan to JGOFS was the Kuroshio Edge Exchange Processes
(KEEP) project, which ended in July 2000. A special issue of the Continental Shelf Research on KEEP
was published as the initial product of the synthesis effort of KEEP (Wong et al., 2000). The outcome
of KEEP along with other contemporary biogeochemical studies on continental margins have drawn
global attention as to raise the issue that the continental margin carbon fluxes are significant in the
global carbon cycle (Liu et al., 2000a,b).
While the JGOFS has entered the synthesis stage, oceanographers on Taiwan continue to organize new
projects for the ocean biogeochemistry related to Global Change Research. Three new projects are
emerging: the Long-term Observation & Research of the East China Sea (LORECS), the South China
Sea Integrated Biogeochemical Experiment (SIBEX) and the South-East Asia Time-series Station
(SEATS). The goal of LORECS is to investigate the biogeochemical processes in the ECS that lead to
uptake of anthropogenic CO2 and to detect the likely changes resulting from damming of the
Changjiang (previously the Yangtze River) in the future. The goal of SIBEX is to study major
biogeochemical processes and the food webs of the South China Sea. The goal of SEATS is to
understand the upper ocean dynamics and biogeochemical fluxes in the water column at a time-series
station in the South China Sea in response to different physical forcings, from monsoon to El Niño
events.
5.4.
Japan (Saino)
The JGOFS North Pacific Process Study (NPPS), for which JGOFS-Japan took a major part, completed
its phase of intensive filed observations in March 2000. Some of the sub-programmes of the North
Pacific Process Study, e.g., CREST-KNOT (Kyodo North Pacific Ocean Time Series) observation,
SAGE (Sub Arctic Gyre Experiment), CREST-Okhotsk Sea programme (Air-Sea-Ice Interaction),
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West-COSMIC (CO2 dumping assessment), are still on-going. In addition to those, the GCMAPS
(Global Carbon Cycle Mapping) programme is conducting field survey in the western equatorial
Pacific. Some of the results from the NPPS are submitted to the Deep-Sea Research II special volume
on the North Pacific Biogeochemical Processes, to be published in June 2002.
The National Committee of JGOFS was re-organized in October 2000. The chairmanship of Nobuhiko
Handa (Aichi Prefectural University) was taken over by Toshiro Saino, and Yukihiro Nojiri (National
Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba) was appointed as a new chair of the Data Management
Advisory Group. New committee members’ term is from October 2000 through September 2003. The
committee has met twice and determined its objectives. Those are 1) to lead the synthesis phase of the
Japanese JGOFS North Pacific Process Study, 2) to promote management and archiving of the data not
only obtained in the NPPS, but also historical data utilized in the synthesis studies, and 3) to establish a
national plan for the future ocean biogeochemistry study in conjunction with national committees for
LOICZ, GLOBEC, and newly established committee for SOLAS. The National Committee for SOLAS
was established in November 2000. Chairman is Mitsuo Uematsu (Ocean Research Institute, Univ.
Tokyo) and some of the members are shared with the JGOFS Committee. It is planned that the draft
report be completed by the end of March 2002.
JGOFS Japan is working closely with PICES. Yukihiro Nojiri serves as a member of PICES WG13 on
CO2 data integration. A PICES CO2 Data Integration Implementation Workshop will be held in Tokyo
from July 31 to August 2, 2001. Nojiri also leads a working group named IJCD (Inventory for Japanese
Chemical-oceanographic Data) whose member are comprised of data originators in most of the major
organisations, data managers of JODC, and scientists of Marine Information Research Centre associated
with JODC. Now, a test web site is established at MIRC (www.mirc.jha.or.jp/).
5.5.
Chile (Quiñones)
The activities of JGOFS-Chile can be classified in three major periods: 1991-1997, 1997-2000, 2000-to
date. In what follows, a brief description of each of the periods is given:
1991-1997
Funded mostly by the project "Marine Natural Resources: JGOFS/SAREC" (Swedish Agency for
Research Cooperation), the JGOFS-Chile Programme started in 1991. The study site was located
offshore Coquimbo (central-north Chile, 30ºS) and included the mooring of deep sediment traps and
current meters. These moorings and its time-series have been kept until today. Biogeochemical
intensive studies were conducted mostly on 15 short cruises (about one week each). This is also the
period when JGOFS-Chile has a well-structured organization with periodic meetings and some funding
for organizational matters. It is important to note that these activities were essential in triggering the
higher levels of funding obtained in the next period.
2)
1997-2000
This period is characterized by the Chilean-government funding of two major research programmes.
Both programmes were affiliated to JGOFS-Chile.
a) Primary production and its fate in the pelagic food web and ocean-atmosphere CO2 exchange in the
upwelling ecosystem of Antofagasta. Grant SECTORIAL/FONDECYT 5960002-96 (CONICYT, Chile).
Total Funds: US$350.000. Duration: 2 years.
This multidisciplinary grant conducted two major cruises fully dedicated to the study of biogeochemical
processes (January 1997, July 1998) in the Antofagasta area (23ºS). Measurements never conducted
before in the Humboldt Current System were implemented such as pC02 and DOC measurements.
b) FONDAP-Humboldt Programme “Circulation and Physical-Biological Interactions in the Humboldt
Current System (HCS) and their Impact upon Regional Biogeochemical Cycling” (CONICYT, Chile).
Total Funds: US$ 1.5 Million. Duration 3 years.
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The FONDAP-Humboldt Programme is the bigger grant ever funded by the Chilean Government to
conduct basic oceanography. Major improvements in equipment were attained. A total of over 35
cruises of different duration, including four major ones, were conducted. Intensive process studies took
place off Concepción (37ºS) and Iquique (20ºS). The FONDAP-Humboldt Programme produced
already 40 published papers, 19 in press, 28 in review and 29 in preparation. All of them destined to
main international journals (ISI). This grant included, in addition to pelagic research, an important
benthic component. The FONDAP-Humboldt Programme was also connected to international
GLOBEC.
During this period, the knowledge on the biogeochemistry and physical oceanography of the Humboldt
Current System has improved tremendously. Nevertheless, the IGBP-related programmes in Chile did
not have financial support for organizational matters. In addition, the small JGOFS-Chile community
was “fully loaded” with field programmes, and accordingly, the JGOFS-Chile Programme is
characterized in this period by a “loose” organizational structure.
3)
2000-2003
After the end of the FONDAP-Humboldt Programme (September 2000), the JGOFS-Chile Programme
has kept field programmes based on three grants funded by CONICYT (Chile) to individual researchers
(see below). In addition, a proposal for a new major FONDAP-Programme in oceanography was sent to
CONICYT in April 2001. It is expected that a final decision about this proposal will be taken by
CONICYT in October 2001.
On the other hand, R. Quiñones is conducting exploratory conversations with CONICYT authorities to
obtain some basic funding for organizational matters related to the coordination of the Chilean
oceanographic contribution to IGBP Projects (i.e., JGOFS, GLOBEC, LOICZ). It is expected that this
initiative could provide the needed umbrella not only for improving JGOFS-Chile organization but also
for stimulating Chilean incorporation into the new international initiatives related to marine
biogeochemistry.
Grants affiliated with JGOFS-Chile, 2001-2003
Decomposition of organic matter in the water column: The role of bacteria and zooplankton in
modifying chemical structure and fluxes in the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) off Chile. Principal
Investigator: Silvio Pantoja, Co-PI: Humberto González (Austral University of Chile, Valdivia),
Duration: 2000-2003, Funding Agency: Fondecyt Grant Nº1000366 (CONICYT, Chile), Total: US$
140000.
Trophic Ecology of the Gelatinous Zooplankton (Carnivorous and Filter-feeding) and its significance in
the carbon flux of the northern Humboldt Current System. Principal Investigator: Dr. Humberto
González (Austral University of Chile, Valdivia), Co-PI: Sergio Palma (Catholic University of
Valparaíso, Valparaíso), Leonardo Castro (University of Concepción, Concepción). Duration: 20002003, Funding Agency: Fondecyt Grant Nº1000419 (CONICYT, Chile). Total: US$ 164000.
The use of dissolved ATP as an energy source for the pelagic bacterial community of a highly
productive ecosystem. Principal Investigator: Renato Quiñones (University of Concepción,
Concepción), Co-PI: Silvio Pantoja (University of Concepción, Concepción). Duration: 2000-2003,
Funding Agency: Fondecyt Grant Nº1000373 (CONICYT, Chile), Total: US$ 145000.
Eastern Pacific Consortium for Research on Global Change (Note: The Consortium includes scientists
from Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, United States, and Canada. It is also
connected to GLOBEC), Principal Investigator: Timothy R. Baumgartner (CICESE. Mexico), Co-PI’s
(Chile): Giovanni Daneri (University of the Sea, Valparaíso), Renato Quiñones (University of
Concepción, Concepción), Osvaldo Ulloa (University of Concepción, Concepción), Duration: 19992003, Funding Agency: Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research, Total: US$800000.
5.6.
Norway (Johannessen)
We are presently working on a synthesis of all work done in the Nordic Seas. There is an overview
based upon work done. Most of the activities reflected in this work is based upon our cooperation with
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other countries as well and can for this reason not be stated as a Norwegian activity. Most of the
funding for studies of biogeochemistry in Norway comes from the EU funding system. During the fall,
we hope to have a synthesis ready that covers the whole Nordic Seas and will include the new
TRACTOR work. For an overview of the Norwegian activities, please find the following references that
can be used as a guide for the present status. There are more papers from other scientists as well were
my name is not included. I think that Baliño before she left the JGOFS IPO has an updated author list
with these references. Of new activities to be announced is: New proposals to fund future studies in
biogeochemistry and development of autonomous sensors have been sent to different funding agencies.
This is as far as I can get before I leave for a short vacation. The joint WOCE/JGOFS/IOC workshop
was a success.
5.7.
Spain (Duarte)
The Spanish IGBP Committee has been recently reorganised (as of April 2001), with the aim of
entering a more operative phase after a period of inactivity and a past period aimed at identifying the
scientists within the country working on JGOFS-relevant issues.
A new subcommittee on Oceanic Programmes (JGOFS-GLOBEC-SOLAS) has been set up, with the
following composition:
Subcomité Programas de Ecosistemas Marinos
Celia Marrasé (coordinator - Chair)
Institut de Ciencies del Mar (CSIC)
Passeig Joan de Borbo s/n,
08039 Barcelona, Spain
Tel. 34 93 2216416, Fax 34 93 2217340
Javier Ruiz
Departamento de Biología y Ecología
Facultad de Ciencias del Mar
Universidad de Cádiz
Campus Río San Pedro s/n
11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz). Spain
Tlf.- 34 956 016028
Fiz Fernández Pérez
Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (CSIC)
Eduardo Cabello, 6
E-36208 Vigo
Tlf.- 34 986 231930
Antonio Bode Riestra
Centro Oceanográfico de la Coruña
Instituto Oceanográfico de la Coruña
Muelle de Ánimas, s/n, Apdo. 130
15080 La Coruña
Tel 34 981-205362
Fax 34 981-229077
Carlos M. Duarte Quesada
Presidente Ejecutivo, miembro de oficio
Profesor de Investigacion CSIC
Instituto Mediterraneo de Estudios Avanzados
CSIC-Univ. Illes Balears
C/ Miquel Marques 21
07190 Esporles
(Islas Baleares)
Tel: 34 971 611725 (Oficina - 34 971 611726
(Laboratorio) Fax: 34 971 611761
Where Carlos M. Duarte acts de oficio, as President of the Spanish IGBP Committee. Celia Marrasé is
an active member of the IGBP community (member of scientific committee of GLOBEC, and member
of the SCOR/IGBP Planning Committee on the Future of Ocean Biogeochemistry Research), and
should be able to lead the committee through fruitful avenues.
A web page has been set up, although still under construction, where information on Spanish JGOFS
activities is to be found at: www.eeza.csic.es/igbp/default.htm. Including a report, in Spanish, of
JGOFS-like activities, capacities, expenditure, and plans at www.eeza.csic.es/igbp/actividades2.htm.
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The list of JGOFS-relevant Spanish and European projects, along with the PI’s involved has been
updated and is attached below. Items for future action include: a Spanish IGBP Newsletter, which will
include a monographic issue on JGOFS activities in Spain, and the development of research
infrastructure, such as an oceanographic data centre, which is presently lacking in Spain.
5.8.
China-Beijing (Hong)
For JGOFS/LOICZ, Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) funded three projects in the East
China Sea (ECS), South China Sea (SCS) and the Taiwan Strait, respectively. Among them, two have
ended, while that of SCS is still going on.
The East China Sea (ECS): “Land-Ocean Margin processes in the ECS and environmental effects” is
the first important project on ocean-continent interaction done by the Science Institute of China. This
project incorporates field investigation, information collection, data arrangement and analysis, landbased laboratory experiments, numerical modelling and theoretical study. Twenty-one papers as well as
one monograph have been published.
Here are some results. The temporal variability of DIN and DIP in the Yangtze River since the 1960’s
has been shown through this research to be closely coupled with fertilization in this drainage area. This
study is the first to reveal this link. Through this research, formation mechanisms of the sludge areas in
both the region offshore Zhejiang and the Okinawa Trough have been put forward. It is suggested that
the sludge in the Okinawa Trough comes mainly from the old Yellow River estuary in northern Jiangsu.
In addition, field observations taking place during this study have provided, for the first time, a
boundary location representing primary productivity limitation factor near the Yangtze River estuary in
spring and autumn. The numerical model shows that there is an elliptic cyclonic circumfluence to the
west of the Kuroshio current and an anti-clockwise mesoscale eddy in the northern part of the Taiwan
Strait during autumn, winter and spring. The results of numerical modelling of sediment transport in the
ECS are relatively consistent with the observed distribution of suspended material and surface
sediments in the Yellow Sea and the ECS. This field data further validates the theoretical model, which
hypothesises that the sludge in the Okinawa Trough is mainly formed due to the vertical circumfluence
driven by wind in winter. A concept model is now put forth, showing that the distribution of suspended
material in the cold eddy area in the ECS is closely connected with upwelling and downwelling. Sample
analysis shows that the Taiwan warm current invades north with the strongest intensity in winter, a
finding completely contrary to the reported conclusion that the invasion is strongest in summer. It is
pointed out that the anoxia in Pearl River Estuary bottom water is a potential danger, which may be
described as a “chemical time bomb”.
The South China Sea: The project “Biogeochemical Carbon Cycling in the Pearl River Estuary and
South China Sea” is run by the Environmental Science Research Centre (ESRC), Xiamen University.
The main emphasis of this project is to look at carbon dynamics within this region and to investigate the
interaction between the biological, physical and chemical influences on these processes.
One goal of this project is to be able to elucidate the fate of carbon within the Pearl River Estuary and
the surrounding coastal region. This is in part dependent on the rate of particle sinking, the
remineralisation of particulate to dissolved species as well as the flocculation of dissolved organic
matter (DOM) to particles. The cycling between dissolved organic carbon (DOC), colloidal organic
carbon (COC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) is being investigated, as well as air-sea carbon
transfer rates. In addition, the link between nutrient dynamics and primary production is being
investigated in order to gain insight into this important influence on carbon cycling within the region.
Remote sensing is used as a tool to study the chlorophyll-a distribution in this area. Data collected
through remote sensing will be used in conjunction with discrete samples and fluorometric data
gathered on research cruises. Projects on these cruises have utilized isotopes as tracers in order to
quantify sources of organic carbon, export rates and biogenic cycling rates. The group is also focusing
on transformation rates between dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), COC and DOC, in order to further
investigate Carbon cycling in the region. The ultimate goal of this ambitious project is to create a model
of biogeochemical cycling for this region.
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Two research cruises have taken place; one in July-August 2000 and the second in May-June 2001.
These two investigations have involved collaborations between the ESRC and the Fujian Province
Oceanographic Institute, as well as the Ocean Research Centre of Taibei University. Collaborators from
the University of Georgia, USA and the University of Massachusetts, USA, have also participated in
this project. A third cruise is scheduled to take place in December 2001, in order to gain seasonal data,
thus providing a more comprehensive view of these processes.
Data completed to date includes the measurement of DOC concentrations from samples collected along
transects from the mouth of the Pearl River to offshore stations, as well as water column profiles taken
at offshore stations, from surface waters to depths of 300 meters. In addition, data has been analysed in
order to study the spatial distribution of chromophoric material within the estuary and coastal area, the
picoplankton dynamics within the Pearl River Estuary and South China Sea, nutrient dynamics as well
as DIC and Dissolved Oxygen levels. Further samples have been processed in order to measure natural
levels of Thorium within the water column. Those Thorium data are critical in determining the cycling
rates of dissolved, particulate and colloidal carbon.
Taiwan Strait: A NSFC key programme, “Study of Biogeochemical Processes of Bioactive Elements in
the Taiwan Strait” was also done by the Environmental Science Research Centre (ESRC), Xiamen
University. During three cruises from 1997 to 1998, it was found that occurred some irregular marine
hydrodynamic changes and responsive signals of relevant biological and chemical factors, as well as
variations in fishery resources. Because the period of this study represents an ENSO year, it may be
worthwhile to investigate the connections between marine eco-environmental changes and ENSO event.
(1) Coastal upwelling weakening in summer 1997: During the investigation in August 1997, it was
found that southern coastal upwelling within the Taiwan Strait, especially around Nan’ao Island, was
much weaker than that observed in this region during the same time in past years, such as August 1988
and 1994. Similarly, areas of surface high-temperature, and-low-salinity water were smaller than those
in August 1988 and 1994, and surface water temperature in the upwelling region, at 26°C, was 3
degrees higher than that measured in August 1988. Studies of plankton indicator species also provide
evidence to support the observed changes in upwelling intensity. Moreover, measured nutrient levels
were found to be generally lower than those during the same season in previous years. The supplement
from upwelling and coastal water seems decreasing.
Because the summer coastal upwelling in the Taiwan Strait is mainly driven by monsoon, the strength
of upwelling is correlated with the Southwest monsoon. It is widely presumed that the 1997 El Niño
served to weaken the Chinese monsoon, to increase surface seawater temperature, to decrease the
frequencies of typhoons, and to decrease river runoff. So, we are left with the question: “Are the
observed weakening of coastal upwelling and that of influences of dilution water in this region, some
reflections of the El Niño irregularity during the same periods?”
(2) Warm water input in winter 1998 and its ecological impacts: In the winter 1998, the input of
Kuroshio water to the Strait was greater than that in the past, so that 18°C isotherm moved north to
about 26°N. Satellite Sea Surface Temperature data (AVHRR SST) also show warm water moving
north and steadily strengthening during mid-February to mid-March. Nutrient concentration levels were
also found to be much lower than those of the same time period in 1995. For example, in the Northcentral region of the Strait, surface phosphate concentration was measured at roughly 0.2 mg m-3, while
the concentration in the same location and time period in 1995 is 0.5 mg m-3.
SeaWiFS images from March 27 1998 show telemetric Chl a values generally less than 1 mg/m3 over
the entire eastern Taiwan Strait. And these images clearly show paths through which oligotrophic warm
water current flowing from the North-east South China Sea through Peng-Hu water passage into the
southern Taiwan Strait, where telemetric Chl a is at less than 0.2 mg m-3.
- 15 -
Variations of plankton size-fraction and zooplankton species also show a strong warm water input. In
brief, the intensity of Kuroshio water input into this sea area is out of the ordinary. Corresponding
chemical and biological factors are different from the usual either. These may be related to the El Niño
event during 1997 to 1998 and the winter monsoon weakening.
(3) Low–temperature, high-salinity water distributes wider in summer 1998: Underway CTD
observations show an inverse relationship between water temperature and salinity, with water
temperature low in the west and high in the east, while salinity low in the east and high in the west.
Furthermore, three obvious low-temperature, high-salinity areas along the coast were observed.
Northeastern areas of Taiwan shallow are relatively easy to be defined as a low-temperature, highsalinity region, where temperature < 26°C and salinity > 34. Compared with past studies of coastal
upwelling in this region, our result shows more significant T–S gradient over the whole marine area, as
well as more obvious phenomena of low-temperature, high-salinity in the coastal area. These may be
related to enhanced southwest monsoon and northward warm current caused by El Niño decline and La
Niña arising during the period of investigation.
The variation of marine eco-environment may affect primary production and introduce changes in the
biotic population structure as well. For example, pico-plankton abundance and individual abundances of
three categories of the pico-plankton within the Strait were all higher during summer 1998 than during
summer 1997.
All these variations in marine environmental conditions in the Taiwan Strait during 1997 to 1998, as
well as associated changes in ecological processes, probably had somehow teleconnection with global
ENSO events, that needs to be further explored in the future.
5.8.1. Activity Report (Hu)
The Chinese Committee for JGOFS has been combined with LOICZ called Chinese LOICZ/JGOFS
Committee since 1998. Annual Committee meeting took place with workshop.
Through the committee effort, LOICZ and JGOFS have become quite popular in China. The NFSC has
funded JGOFS studies with its four Key Projects and a number of general projects since 1992. The
Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) funded LOICZ research with its Major Project on LOICZ Study
in China Seas from 1997 and its Innovation Project on LOICZ study from 2000.
Within CAS, scientists are proposing a big CAS programme on carbon cycle including the land and
ocean surrounding now, as synthesis procedure.
Four books on LOICZ/JGOFS have been published (in Chinese):
Margin Flux in the East China Sea (D. Hu and S. Tsunogai, 1999)
Land-Ocean Interactions in Major Chinese Estuaries (J. Zhang et al., 2000)
Key Processes of Ocean Fluxes in the East China Sea (D. Hu et al., 2001)
Land-Ocean Interactions in the Yangtze, Pearl Estuaries and the Adjacent Area (D. Hu et al., 2001)
New findings and conclusions:
The East China Sea is a weak sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide, absorbing about 4.3 MtC from the
atmosphere annually.
The mud in the Okinawa Trough is transported by wind-driven vertical circulation during wintertime,
instead of summer and mainly from abandoned Yellow River mouth, instead of the Yangtze.
- 16 -
6.
SCIENTIFIC STEERING COMMITTEE
6.1.
Business Issues
Ducklow reviewed the terms of the at-large members and the chairs of the groups and teams
(APPENDIX 25). He noted that 5 members (Anderson, Tilbrook, Falkowski, Hong and Wallace) were
scheduled to rotate off the SSC this year and that all needed to be invited back as at-large member until
the sunset date of 31 December 2003. He would decide on a replacement, if anyone elects to rotate off,
pending the need(s) of JGOFS synthesis and modelling efforts. At this late time in the projects life span,
Hanson suggested that JGOFS seeks sponsors’ approval to extend all at-large members to the sunset,
regardless of the number of terms or time served. Following the response of the at-large members and
assessment of JGOFS future needs, the Executives will seek sponsors’ approval of new members, and
block extension of all at-large members to 31 December 2003.
6.2.
Other Matters Arising: Executive and SSC Meetings
Ducklow summarised the plans for the remaining SSC meetings (2002 and 2003). This year, the SSC is
being held alongside the IGBP OSC in Amsterdam. As agreed in 2000, the 2002 SSC meeting will be
held alongside a planned Training Course on ocean biogeochemistry in Concepción, Chile, during the
austral spring (September-November). Quiñones will host and organise the meeting and training course.
Because of the long period between SSC meetings (summer 2001 and austral spring 2002), Ducklow
suggested that SSC members attending the AGU/ASLO OSM in February 2002 meet with the 3rd
JGOFS OSC Planning Committees and assist with the organisation of the final OSC in Washington DC,
5-8 May 2003. He also suggested that the final SSC meeting would be held alongside the 3rd JGOFS
OSC. The committee agreed to hold the final SSC meeting in Washington DC along the final Open
Science Conference.
Because of other obligations, the Executive meeting will not be held this year. Ducklow also announced
that Lochte has resigned from the Executive Committee due to new responsibilities at the University of
Kiel and internationally (SC-IGBP), and that he accepted her resignation with regrets and thanked her
for her long service on the Executive Committee. In the spring 2001, Ducklow invited Véronique
Garçon on the Executive Committee, and she kindly accepted. With departure of Lochte off and
acceptance of Garçon on the Executives, Ducklow plans to select a new Vice-Chair after of the SSC
meeting.
7.
INTERNATIONAL PROJECT OFFICE
Since the last report, Hanson reported that the Office staff focused considerable effort and time in the
support of SSC synthesis activities, such as travel support for 2000/01 meetings, publication of the
AMBIO article (May 2001) and the IGBP Science Series No. 2 (July 2001), assistance with the
Springer-Verlag textbook (expected publication date is summer 2002), production of two posters and
presentations at the IGBP Open Science Conference (Amsterdam) and printing several JGOFS Reports.
The latter two items will be placed on online at the JGOFS web site for easy access to information and
downloading of figures and illustrations. Printed copies are also available. The Springer-Verlag book
expenses for 2001 are estimated at US$28K and remaining ICSU funds will go to cover the publication
cost of the AMBIO article and support new global synthesis activities. He also reported that the Office
staff has changed, as many of you aware. Beatriz Baliño moved to the Bjerknes Centre for Climate
Research at the University of Bergen, Norway, as the new project coordinator for the Centre, and a
search for a new Assistant Executive Officer in February 2001 was successfully completed in March
this year. The new Assistant EO is Dr. Bernard Avril from France. The Office also hired a half time
financial officer, Ms. Reidun Gjerde, to assist Judy Stokke, who has returned half time after an
extended illness. Ducklow welcomed Avril and Gjerde to their first JGOFS SSC meeting.
7.1.
Data Management Activities (Avril)
As JGOFS completes the synthesis phase, the Data Management Task Team (DMTT) and the JGOFS
International Project Office (IPO) are in the process of documenting and compiling all data collected
under the JGOFS umbrella. Avril has taken over the work started by Baliño and the DMTT, in
- 17 -
compiling all JGOFS research projects and cruises from each contributing country since 1988. This
inventory also includes aspects of national data management, i.e., the whereabouts and archival of
JGOFS data collected during the fieldwork. This information will also assist the DMTT in their
activities directed at securing the long-term stewardship of the JGOFS data sets. Avril is also building
upon the metadata catalogue started by Baliño of the datasets from those national activities lacking data
management support. The metadata will be archived in the Global Change Master Directory (GCMD)
at NASA. The steering committee and project office has given high priority to building this catalogue.
The ultimate purpose is to provide scientists with a comprehensive biogeochemical data set, in a
common file and data format. The product is called the JGOFS Master Data Set, for use not only in
current synthesis activities, but also as a JGOFS legacy for future global change studies. It is the
responsibility of the DMTT and IPO to ensure the future availability and long-term archiving of these
valuable data sets. It is planned that the Master Data Set will be deposited in the ICSU’s World Data
Centres System. Principal investigators (and their institutions) who submit data will be given full credit
for their data within the Master Data Set and will have priority access to it.
ACTION: Conkright and Avril will prepare a letter, signed by Ducklow, to request that all SSC
members and National Contacts to help and assist the DMTT and IPO to develop and expand the
international cruise inventory (data and metadata).
Since the JGOFS project began its final phase, the international JGOFS website
(www.uib.no/jgofs/jgofs.html) is currently being revised, updated and formatted with two main
concerns in mind: first, to be more directly useful to all within and outside the JGOFS community at the
present time, and second, when JGOFS will come to an end, to facilitate the forthcoming handover of
the website to the IGBP secretariat with minimal support needed in the future.
The Norwegian JGOFS database project, fostered by the IPO and financed by the Research Council of
Norway, continues with the aim to centralise all JGOFS data gathered by Norway at the Institute of
Marine Research (IMR) and further publication on CD-ROM. Quality-controlled data sets derived from
JGOFS-Norway research in the Nordic Seas since 1990 will be archived in a database developed by
IMR. Datasets to be included are from the following projects: Carbon profiles in the Nordic Seas
(CARNOR); Carbon dioxide and deep water formation circulation in the Nordic Seas (CARDEEP); the
carbon cycle in the Greenland Sea from ESOP-2; Carbon Time-Series in the Norwegian Sea at Station
M and the Norwegian contribution to Continental Margins Studies (OMEX I). A steering group
supervises the database project with representatives from IMR, the Norwegian JGOFS Committee and
the IPO. Avril will assist Baliño and IMR in the collection of those datasets.
7.2.
Review Budget and Expenses (Hanson)
In Year 2000, Hanson reported that the project completed an operating budget from the Research
Council of Norway (NRC), SCOR, University of Bergen (UiB) and IGBP of US$328,955 (APPENDIX
26). Total expenses were US$308,754 (This figure is exclusive of the Open Science Conference in
Bergen, which costs US$167,000). A budget excess of US$20,201 resulted from holding the SSC
alongside of the JGOFS OSC, which encumbered some SSC expenses, and several groups and task
teams secured significant cost sharing in holding meetings, particularly the DMTT and SOSG in 2000.
Project funds covered administration costs, overheads for the project and facilities, publications,
committee and group meetings, workshops and symposia.
In Year 2001, Hanson reported that the project funds from NRC, SCOR, IOC, ICSU, UiB, and IGBP,
including the carry over of Year 2000 assets, totalled US$437,346 (APPENDIX 27). With changes in
project activities, such as the cancellation of the JGTT Workshop, cost reduction of the CO2 Transport
Workshop and other activities, the expected expenditure for Year 2001 is US$437,108. As of July 2001,
the balance is US$238 and remaining funds will be carried over to Year 2002.
Hanson reported that Year 2002 requests for JGOFS support exceed present allocations for Year 2002
from NRC, SCOR, UiB and IGBP (APPENDIX 28). He reviewed and summarised the budgetary
impact of all requests made during the SSC meeting. The SSC decided on the final prioritises for 2002
- 18 -
fund allocations. After the 2001 budget is closed, the Executives will make the necessary allocations
and adjustments to balance the 2002 budget.
8.
OTHER BUSINESS
Ducklow asked for any other new or old business items. None were offered.
8.1.
Next SSC Meeting
Ducklow reminded everyone that the venue for the 17th JGOFS SSC meeting is in Concepción, Chile.
In 2000, Quiñones offered to host the SSC meeting alongside of the training course/workshop in Chile.
The best time is during the austral spring (September-October 2002). Past SSC meetings were held in
Bergen, Norway (2000), Yokohama, Japan (1999), Cape Town, South Africa (1998), Oban, Scotland
(1997), and Bad Münstereifel, Germany (1996). It is now time to return to the Southern Hemisphere,
again before JGOFS shuts down. In May 2003, the 18th and final JGOFS SSC Meeting will hold
alongside the final Open Science Conference in Washington DC, USA.
9.
MEETING ADJOURNS
Ducklow thanked all those attending the meeting and how he valued and appreciated their input during
the discussions. He closed the meeting at 1600 on Sunday, 8 July 2001. Following the SSC meeting, the
Executives met immediately to wrap up any unfinished business from the meeting.
- 19 -
10.
ACRONYMS
AESOPS – Antarctic Environment Southern Ocean Process Study www.usjgofs.whoi.edu/research/aesops.html
AGU – American Geophysical Union – www.agu.org
AMT – Atlantic Meridional Transect – www.npm.ac.uk/amt/index.htm
ARGO – Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography – www.argo.ucsd.edu/
ASLO – American Society of Limnology and Oceanography – www.aslo.org/
AVHRR – Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer – www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/globsys/avhrr.shtml
AWI – Alfred-Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research – www.awi-bremerhaven.de/
BATS – Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study – www.bbsr.edu/cintoo/bats/bats.html
BOBPS – Bay of Bengal Process Studies – www.indian-ocean.org/bobps/bobps.htm
CARDEEP – Carbon dioxide Cycles and Deep Water Formation in the Greenland and Norwegian Seas
CARNOR – Carbon profiles in the Nordic Seas
CAS – Chinese Academy of Sciences – www.cas.ac.cn
CBD – UN Convention on Biological Diversity – www.biodiv.org
CDIAC – Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center – www.cdiac.esd.ornl.gov
CEOS – Committee on Earth Observation Satellites – www.ceos.org
CICESE – Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada – www.cicese.mx
CJP – Carbon Joint Project – www.gaim.sr.unh.edu/cjp
CLIVAR – Programme on Climate Variability and Predictability – www.clivar.org
CMMACS – Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation – www.cmmacs.ernet.in
CMTT – Joint JGOFS/LOICZ Continental Margin Task Team – www.ncor.ntu.edu.tw/cmtt
CNES – Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales – www.cnes.fr
CNRS – Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique – www.cnrs.fr
COASTS – Coastal Ocean Advanced Scientific and Technical Studies –
www.ioc.unesco.org/icam/coasts.htm
COC – colloidal organic carbon
CONICYT – Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica – www.conicyt.cl
COOP – Coastal Ocean Observations Panel – www.ioc.unesco.org/goos/COOP.htm,
www.skio.peachnet.edu/coop
CREST – Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology – www.jst.go.jp/jst/crest-e.htm
CSIC – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – www.csic.es
CSIRO – Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization – www.csiro.au
DIC – dissolved inorganic carbon
DIVERSITAS – International Programme of Biodiversity Science – www.icsu.org/DIVERSITAS
DMS – Dimethyl Sulfide
DMTT – Data Management Task Team
DOC – dissolved organic carbon
DSR – Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers – www.elsevier.com/locate/dsr
DSR II – Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography – www.elsevier.com/locate/dsr2
EBC – Eastern Boundary Current
EISENEX – Second Iron Enrichment Experiment – www.awi-bremerhaven.de/Biomeer/eisenex-e.html
EPSG – Equatorial Pacific Synthesis and Modelling Group
ESOP – Thermohaline Circulation in the Greenland Sea – www.smr.uib.no
ESRC – Environmental Science Research Centre – www.ois.xmu.edu.cn/oec/english/jgjz3.htm
FONDAP – Fondos de Estudios Avanzados en Areas Prioritarias – www.conicyt.cl/fondap
FONDECYT – Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico – www.conicyt.cl/fondecyt
GAIM – Global Analysis, Integration and Modelling – www.gaim.unh.edu/
GCM – General Circulation Model
GCMAPS – Global Carbon Cycle and related Mapping based on Satellite imagery
GCMD – Global Change Master Directory – www.gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/
GCOS – Global Climate Observing System – www.wmo.ch/web/gcos/gcoshome.html
GCTE – Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems – www.gcte.org
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GED – Global Ecosystem Dynamics
GEF – Global Environment Facility – www.gefweb.org/
GEOHAB – Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms –
www.ioc.unesco.org/hab/GEOHAB.htm
GFDL – Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory – www.gfdl.gov
GLI – Global Imager – www.sharaku.eorc.nasda.go.jp/GLI/index.html
GLOBEC – Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics – www.pml.ac.uk/globec
GODAE – Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment – www.bom.gov.au/bmrc/ocean/GODAE
GOOS – Global Ocean Observing System – www.ioc.unesco.org/goos
GSWG – Global Synthesis and Modelling Working Group
GTOS – Global Terrestrial Observing System – www.fao.org/gtos
HNLC – High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll
HOT – Hawaii Ocean Time series station – hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/hot/hot_jgofs.html
IABO – International Association of Biological Oceanography
IAPSO – International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans – www.olympus.net/IAPSO
ICES – International Council for the Exploration of the Sea – www.ices.dk/
ICSU – International Council for Science – www.icsu.org/
IGAC – International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project – web.mit.edu/igac/www/index.html
IGBP – International Geosphere Biosphere Programme – www.igbp.kva.se/
I-GOOS – Intergovernmental IOC-WMO-UNEP Committee for GOOS –
www.ioc.unesco.org/goos/i_goos.htm
IGOS – Integrated Global Observing Strategy – www.ioc.unesco.org/igospartners/igoshome.htm
IHDP – International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change –
www.ihdp.org
IJCD – Inventory for Japanese Chemical-oceanographic Data – www.ijcd.jp/
IMAGES – International Marine Global Change Study – www.images.pclab.ifg.uni-kiel.de/start.html
IMR – Institute of Marine Research – www.imr.no
IOC – Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission – www.ioc.unesco.org/iocweb/default.htm
IOCCG – International Ocean Colour Co-ordinating Group – www.ioccg.org
IODE – International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange – www.ioc.unesco.org/iode
IOSG – Indian Ocean Synthesis and Modelling Group
IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (WMO-UNEP) – www.ipcc.ch
IPO – International Project Office – www.uib.no/jgofs/IPO_descript.html
IRD – Institut de recherche pour le développement – www.ird.fr
ISCAP – IOC- SCOR Carbon Advisory Panel – www.jhu.edu:80/~scor/other.htm
IUGG – International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics – www.iugg.org
JAMSTEC – Japan Marine Science and Technology Center – www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec-e/indexe.html
JGOFS – Joint Global Ocean Flux Study – www.uib.no/jgofs/jgofs.html
J-GOOS – Joint Scientific and Technical Committee for GOOS – www.ioc.unesco.org/goos/j_goos.htm
JGR – Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans – www.agu.org/journals/jc
JGTT – Joint JGOFS-GAIM Ocean Carbon Modelling Task Team
JODC – Japan Oceanographic Data Center – www.jodc.jhd.go.jp/index.html
JOIDES – Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling – www.joides.rsmas.miami.edu/
JRC – Joint Research Centre – www.jrc.it
KEEP – Kuroshio-Edge Exchange Processes – www.ncor.ntu.edu.tw/keep/keep-english.html
KNAW – Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen – www.knaw.nl/
KNOT – Kyodo North Pacific Ocean Time Series
LEGOS – Laboratoire d´Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiale – www.obsmip.fr/umr5566/english/index.htm
LOICZ – Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone – www.nioz.nl/loicz
LORECS – Long-term Observation & Research of the East China Sea –
www.ncor.ntu.edu.tw/taipei_scor/twjgofs2001.html
MAFLECS – Material Flux in the East China Sea
MASFLEX – East China Sea-Marginal Sea Flux Experiments in the West Pacific
- 21 -
MAST – Marine Science and Technology – www.cordis.lu/mast/home.html
MEDS – Marine Environmental Data Service – www.meds-sdmm.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
MERIS – Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer –
www.envisat.esa.int/instruments/meris/index.html
MFLECS – Margin Flux in the East China Sea – www.keep.oc.ntu.edu.tw/CMTT/LagosRep.htm
MIRC – Marine Information Research Centre – www.mirc.jha.or.jp
MODIS – Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer – www.modis.gsfc.nasa.gov
NABE – JGOFS North Atlantic Bloom Experiment – www.usjgofs.whoi.edu/mzweb/nabe.htm
NASG – North Atlantic Synthesis and Modelling Group – www.obsmip.fr/omp/umr5566/english/jgofs/index.html
NCAR – National Center for Atmospheric Research – www.ncar.ucar.edu/ncar
NERC – National Environmental Research Council (UK) – www.nerc.ac.uk
NFR – Research Council of Norway – www.forskningsradet.no/english
NGO – Non-Governmental Organisation
NIAES – National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences – www.niaes.affrc.go.jp/index_e.html
NIES – National Institute for Environmental Studies – www.nies.go.jp
NIO – Indian National Institute of Oceanography – www.nio.org
NIOZ – Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek der Zee – www.nioz.nl
NOAA – US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – www.noaa.gov
NODC – Indian National Oceanographic Data Centre
NODC – Netherlands Oceanographic Data Committee – www.nodc.nl
NODC – US National Oceanographic Data Center – www.nodc.noaa.gov
NOPACCS – North Pacific Carbon Cycle Study – www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/nopaccs/welcome.html
NPPS – North Pacific Process Study – www.jodc.jhd.go.jp/JGOFS_DMO/NP-JGOFS.html
NPSG – North Pacific Synthesis and Modelling Group
NPTT – North Pacific Task Team
NSF – National Science Foundation – www.nsf.gov/
NSFC – National Natural Science Foundation of China – www.nsfc.gov.cn
OACES – Ocean-Atmosphere Carbon Exchange Study –
www.aoml.noaa.gov/ocd/oaces/co2/whato.html
OCCM – Ocean Carbon Cycle Model
OCMIP – Ocean Carbon Modelling Intercomparison Project – www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/OCMIP
OCTET – Ocean Carbon Transport, Exchanges and Transformations – www.msrc.sunysb.edu/octet
OCTS – Ocean Colour Temperature Scanner – www.eoc.nasda.go.jp/guide/satellite/sendata/octs_e.html
ODAS – Ocean Data Acquisition System – www.noaa.chesapeakebay.net/odas_sas.html
OFC – Ocean Future Committee – www.jhu.edu:80/~scor/other.htm
OGCM – Ocean General Circulation Model
OMEX – Ocean Margin EXchange – www.pol.ac.uk/bodc/omex/omex.html
OOPC – Ocean Observations Panel for Climate – www.ioc.unesco.org/goos/oopc.htm
OPCC – Ocean Panel on Climate Change
OSM – Open Science Meeting
PAGES – Past Global Changes – www.pages.unibe.ch
PFZ – Polar Front Zone
PICES – North Pacific Marine Science Organisation – www.pices.int
PJTT – Paleo-JGOFS Task Team
PMEL – Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory – www.pmel.noaa.gov
PML – Plymouth Marine Laboratory (UK) – www.pml.ac.uk
PMTT – Photosynthesis Measurements Task Team
POC – Particulate Organic Carbon
POGO – Partnership for Observation of the Global Ocean – www.oceanpartners.org
POMME – Programme Océan Multidisciplinaire Méso Echelle – www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/POMME
PON – Particulate Organic Nitrogen
PRIME – Plankton Reactivity in the Marine Environment – www.sos.bangor.ac.uk/prime/intro.html
PROOF – Processus biogéochimiques dans l'Océan et Flux – www.obs-vlfr.fr/jgofs/html/proof98.html
RSMAS – Rosenstiel School of Marine Atmospheric Sciences – www.rsmas.miami.edu
- 22 -
SAGE – Sub-Arctic Gyre Experiment in the North Pacific –
www.pices.int/Library/PicesPress/May99/SAGE_10.pdf
SAREC – Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency – www.sida.se
SAZ – Sub Antarctic Zone
SCOPE – Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment – www.icsu-scope.org
SCOR – Scientific Council of Oceanic Research – www.jhu.edu:80/~scor
SCS – South China Sea
SEATS – South-East Asia Time-series Station – www.ncor.ntu.edu.tw/english/SEATSweb.htm
SeaWiFS – Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor – www.seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEAWIFS.html
SEEP – Shelf Edge Exchange Processes
SES – Shelf Edge Study – www.pol.ac.uk/sesw3/sesdata/htm/content.htm
SIBEX – South China Sea Integrated Biogeochemical Experiment –
www.ncor.ntu.edu.tw/taipei_scor/twjgofs2001.html
SIZ – Seasonal Ice Zone
SMP – Synthesis and Modelling Program – www.usjgofs.whoi.edu/mzweb/syn-mod.htm
SOFeX – Southern Ocean Iron Experiment – www.whoi.edu/science/MCG/dept/current_res/prop_abs
SOIREE – Southern Ocean Iron Release Experiment – www.envsol.env.uea.ac.uk/temp/tracer/soiree
SOLAS – Surface Ocean and Lower Atmosphere Study – www.ifm.uni-kiel.de/ch/solas/main.html
SOSG – Southern Ocean Synthesis and Modelling Group
SSC – Scientific Steering Committee
SST – Sea Surface Temperature
START – Global Change System for Analysis, Research and Training – www.start.org/
TOGA – Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere – www.lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/coare/toga.html
ToR – Terms of Reference
TRACTOR – TRAcer and Circulation in The NORdic Seas Region –
www.bjerknes.uib.no/Research/TRACTOR
TTO – Transient Tracers in the Ocean
TWAS – Third World Academy of Sciences – www.twas.org
UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization – www.unesco.org
USJN – US-JGOFS Newsletter – www.usjgofs.whoi.edu/general_info/newsletter.html
WBC – Western Boundary Current
WCRP – World Climate Research Programme – www.wmo.ch/web/wcrp/wcrp-home.html
WDC – World Data Centre System – www.ngdc.noaa.gov/wdc/wdcmain.html
WHOI – Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution – www.whoi.edu
WHP – WOCE Hydrography Program – www.whpo.ucsd.edu
WMO – World Meteorological Organization – www.wmo.ch
- 23 -
Appendices
10.1.
APPENDIX 1: List of Participants
Professor Hugh Ducklow, Chair of the JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee, Virginia Institute of
Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Route 1208-Greate Road, Box 1346, Gloucester Point,
VA 23062-1346, USA, Tel. +1 804 684 7180, Fax. +1 804 684 7293, [email protected]
Dr. Robert Anderson, SSC Executive, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61
Route 9W, P.O. Box 1000, Palisades, NY-10964-1000, USA, Tel. +1 845 365 8508, Fax. +1 845 365
8155, [email protected]
Professor Larry Atkinson, Guest, Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography, Old Dominion University,
Crittenton Hall, Norfolk, VA 23529-0276, USA, Tel. +1 757 683 4926, Fax. +1 757 683 5550,
[email protected]
Dr. Bernard Avril, Assistant Executive Officer, JGOFS International Project Office, University of
Bergen, SMR, High Technology Centre, Post Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY, Tel. +47 5558
4249, Fax. +47 5558 9687, [email protected]
Dr. Wendy Broadgate, Deputy Director, Natural Sciences, IGBP Secretariat, Royal Swedish Academy
of Sciences, Box 50005, S-104 05 Stockholm, SWEDEN, Tel. +46 8 6739 559 / 8 166 448, Fax: +46 8
16 64 05, [email protected]
Dr. Alexander Bychkov, NPSG Chair, North Pacific Marine Science Organization, c/o Institute of
Ocean Sciences, 9860 West Saanich Road, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney B.C. V8L 4B2, CANADA, Tel. +1
250 363 6364, Fax. +1 250 363 6827, [email protected]
Dr. Margarita Conkright, DMTT Chair, Ocean Climate Laboratory, National Oceanographic Data
Center / National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1315 East-West Highway, OC/5, Silver
Spring, MD 20910, USA, Tel. +1 301 713 3290 ext. 193, Fax. +1 301 713 3303,
[email protected]
Dr. Véronique Garçon, SSC Executive and NASG Chair, Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et
Océanographie Spatiales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique / CNES / UPS, 18 av. Edouard
Belin, F-31055 Toulouse Cedex, FRANCE, Tel. +33 5 6133 2957, Fax. +33 5 6125 3205,
[email protected]
Ms. Reidun Gjerde, Administrative Assistant, JGOFS International Project Office, University of
Bergen, SMR, High Technology Centre, Post Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY, Tel. +47 5558
4246, Fax. +47 5558 9687, [email protected]
Dr. Roger Hanson, Executive Director, JGOFS International Project Office, University of Bergen,
SMR, High Technology Centre, Post Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY, Tel. +47 5558 4244, Fax.
+47 5558 9687, [email protected]
Professor Peter Haugan, JGOFS SSC, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Allégaten 70, N5007 Bergen, NORWAY, Tel. +47 5558 2678, Fax. +47 5559 9883, [email protected]
Dr. Nicolas Hoepffner, IOCCG, Marine Environment Unit, Joint Research Centre - Space Applications
Institute, 1, via Fermi, I-21020 Ispra, ITALY, Tel. +39 332 789 873, Fax. +39 332 789 034,
[email protected]
- 24 -
Professor Huasheng Hong, SSC, College of Oceanography and Environmental Science, Xiamen
University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, CHINA, P.R.C., Tel. +86 592 218 2216, Fax. +86 592 209 5242,
[email protected]
Dr. Robert Le Borgne, EPSG Chair, Centre de Nouméa, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement,
IRD, 101 Promenade Roger Laroque, B.P. A5, F-98848 Nouméa Cedex, New Caledonia, FRANCE,
Tel. +33 49 104 1657, Fax. +33 4 9104 1635, [email protected]
Professor Karin Lochte, PJTT co-Chair, FB Marine Biogeochemie, Institut für Meereskunde an der
Universität Kiel, Düsternbrooker weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, GERMANY, Tel. +49 431 600 4250, Fax. +49
431 565 876, [email protected]
Dr. Patrick Monfray, JGTT co-Chair, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Centre
National de la Recherche Scientifique / CEA / IPSL, Bât. 709, Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-surYvette, FRANCE, Tel. +33 1 6908 7724, Fax. +33 1 6908 7716, [email protected]
Professor Renato Quiñones, CMTT co-Chair, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidad de
Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, CHILE, Tel. +56 41 203 861, Fax. +56 41 256 571,
[email protected]
Professor Toshiro Saino, SSC Executive, Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Science, Nagoya
University, IHAS, Furo-cho, Chigusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8601, JAPAN, Tel. +81 52 789 3487, Fax. +81
52 789 3436, [email protected]
Dr. Reiner Schlitzer, GSWG Chair, Department. of GeoSystem, Alfred-Wegener Institut für Polar- und
Meeresforschung, P.O. Box 120161, Columbusstraße, D-27515 Bremerhaven, GERMANY, Tel. +49
471 4831 1559, Fax. +49 471 4831 1149, [email protected]
Professor Paul Tréguer, SOSG Chair, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne
Occidentale, IUEM / UBO, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Place Nicolas Copernic, F-29280 Plouzané,
FRANCE, Tel. +33 2 9849 8664, Fax. +33 2 9849 8645, [email protected]
Dr. Edward Urban, SCOR Executive Director, SCOR Secretariat, Department of Earth and Planetary
Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Olin Hall, San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA, Tel. +1
410 516 4070, Fax. +1 410 516 4019, [email protected]
- 25 -
10.2.
APPENDIX 2: Interim Report (USJN article)
As JGOFS draws to a close, its participants are focusing their attention on the synthesis of results from
interdisciplinary field studies conducted over more than a decade in most of the major biogeochemical
provinces of the global ocean. Over the last three years, various JGOFS planning and oversight groups
have concentrated their efforts on synthesis at regional, program-wide and global levels.
At its annual meeting in Cape Town, South Africa, in April 1998, the members of the JGOFS Scientific
Steering Committee (SSC) accepted responsibility for integrating regional synthesis and modelling
activities and for maintaining links to other ocean observing programmes. The JGOFS planning groups
responsible for coordinating field studies were transformed into regional synthesis groups responsible
for encouraging data submission and sharing, meetings and publications and the development of
regional biogeochemical ocean models.
Later that year JGOFS initiated a coordinated programme of synthesis at a workshop held at the
Southampton Oceanography Centre in the United Kingdom. At that meeting, the JGOFS SSC under the
leadership of then chairman Michael Fasham laid out a plan for international synthesis of JGOFS field
observations and for participation in the program-level synthesis planned by the International
Geosphere-Biosphere Programme along with other IGBP core projects.
At its annual meeting in Durham, New Hampshire, in October 2000, the executive committee of the
JGOFS SSC assessed progress and plotted its course toward the final synthesis goals for the JGOFS
concluding years. Figure 1 presents the overall structure of the JGOFS synthesis programme and some
of its current and planned products.
As Figure 1 shows, the work is divided into three phases. The first of these covers the completion of
regional and thematic syntheses by JGOFS synthesis groups. The second comprises program-wide
synthesis events and activities that are designed to blend the products of the regional syntheses. The
third is intended to focus on a global synthesis that will conclude JGOFS efforts to develop an
integrated and quantitative understanding of the biogeochemical fluxes of carbon in the ocean and their
role in the global carbon cycle.
JGOFS groups responsible for regional and/or disciplinary syntheses are the North Atlantic Synthesis
Group (NASG), the Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group (EPSG), the Indian Ocean Synthesis Group
(IOSG), the Southern Ocean Synthesis Group (SOSG), the North Pacific Synthesis Group (NPSG), the
Continental Margins Task Team (CMTT) and the Paleo-JGOFS Task Team (PJTT). Several of these
groups are working on synthesis volumes or special issues of Deep-Sea Research Part II.
Other activities include a series of continental margins workshops on specific coastal systems like the
Eastern and Western Boundary Currents, each to culminate in a book. This ambitious project is directed
by the CMTT, which is a joint JGOFS and Land Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ)
committee. This project is supported in part by an award from the International Oceanographic
Commission (IOC), a valuable supplement to the core funding that the Scientific Committee on
Oceanic Research (SCOR) provides to JGOFS for synthesis work.
Later this summer thematic synthesis will continue with a workshop on the transport of carbon dioxide
(CO2) in the ocean, to be held at Southampton Oceanography Centre. This event, hosted by the
international project office of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), is a joint
JGOFS/WOCE activity with additional financial support coming from IOC, NOAA, WCRP, and UK
Global Environmental Committee (Royal Society). It is intended to build on WOCE results and on the
global survey of CO2 in the ocean, carried out by JGOFS scientists on WOCE Hydrographic
Programme cruises. This workshop will launch a unique effort to blend diagnoses of ocean circulation
with extensive analyses of ocean dissolved inorganic carbon to estimate intra- and inter-basin carbon
transports.
- 26 -
Program-wide synthesis began at the Southampton Synthesis Workshop and was defined at the JGOFS
open science conference "Ocean Biogeochemistry: A New Paradigm" in Bergen, Norway, in April
2000. Keynote speakers at the Bergen conference have submitted draft chapters for a book to be edited
by Fasham and published by Springer-Verlag in the IGBP Global Change series in early 2002. As this
article goes to press, most of the chapters have been or are being reviewed.
The Bergen conference attracted 218 participants from 27 countries and a large number of presentations
and posters reporting on models and other synthesis projects. Even though few national JGOFS
programmes have formal synthesis and modelling projects, the large turnout of such presentations in
Bergen indicates that synthesis has become the intellectual core of JGOFS.
There are several other notable products of the program-wide synthesis phase. Two general JGOFS
publications are coming out as part of the IGBP-wide synthesis effort. At its Southampton workshop,
the SSC commissioned a number of JGOFS scientists to draft brief synthetic reports on the components
of the program: its regional process studies, the CO2 survey, remote sensing, the time-series
programmes, data management and modelling.
A longer version, directed at the wider scientific audience, was published in May as a special report in
AMBIO. A shorter version of the AMBIO report is being published as the second volume in the IGBP
Science series. This version, intended for policymakers and the interested public, describes the
operation and role of the ocean carbon cycle in global change. Both documents provide an in-depth
summary of more than a decade of JGOFS research and lay the groundwork for planning new efforts in
ocean biogeochemistry.
A final piece of the program-wide synthesis will be the third JGOFS open science conference, which
will be hosted by the U.S. JGOFS Planning and Implementation Office. It will be held at the National
Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C., in May 2003. As with first and second conferences, a final
book is expected and published by Springer-Verlag in the IGBP Global Change series.
A new synthesis group that is currently being formed under the leadership of Reiner Schlitzer of the
Alfred-Wegener Institute for Polar Research, Bremerhaven, Germany, will lead the third phase of
JGOFS synthesis activity. The idea for this group came out of discussions among JGOFS scientists
attending the IGBP Global Carbon Cycle Synthesis Workshop in Durham, New Hampshire, last fall.
While exploring different ideas around which the JGOFS global synthesis could begin to focus, JGOFS
executive committee member Robert Anderson of Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory described a talk
that Schlitzer had presented at the Southern Ocean Synthesis Workshop in Brest, France, last summer.
Schlitzer showed the results of inverse solutions to a global model of ocean biogeochemistry, focusing
on export production in the Southern Ocean.
The inverse solution Schlitzer described reproduces a very large data set of measurements of nutrients,
CO2 and oxygen in the full water column. Its representation of the distribution and magnitude of the
export flux differs significantly, however, from that given by estimates of export derived from maps of
primary productivity based on remote-sensing measurements and algorithms relating export and
primary production.
Which set of maps is correct? In the sense that each is derived from and shows fidelity to one or more
of the largest global biogeochemical datasets, they are both "right". The reasons why they do not agree
are not obvious. JGOFS scientists decided that this problem was intriguing and certainly central to the
original programme goals.
The JGOFS executive committee asked Schlitzer to consider chairing a new Global Synthesis Working
Group (GSWG), whose initial charge would be to explore the problem of export in various global
models. He agreed, and the newly constituted group will meet in July in connection with the IGBP
- 27 -
Open Science Conference "Challenges of a Changing Earth" in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Group
members are Reiner Schlitzer, Andreas Oschlies, Andrew Yool, Ed Laws, Gerhard Fischer, Mike
Behrenfeld, Nicolas Gruber, Patrick Monfray, Richard Jahnke, Richard Matear, and Yasuhiro
Yamanaka.
The GSWG will also work with the JGOFS Data Management Task Team (DMTT), which is
responsible for amassing JGOFS data sets in national repositories and facilitating access to them and
with the International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG). Another new task team has been
formed jointly between JGOFS and another IGBP programme element, the Global Analysis, Integration
and Modelling (GAIM) initiative, to support global synthesis efforts on ocean carbon modelling. The
JGOFS-GAIM Task Team (JGTT) oversees the ongoing effort of the Ocean Carbon-cycle Model
Intercomparison Project (OCMIP), which focuses on advancing the development of ocean
biogeochemical models.
In closing, I want to stress another important JGOFS synthesis achievement. Recently we were asked
by IGBP to identify JGOFS greatest achievements and failures during the past decade. The programme
successfully carried out a series of large-scale, international and truly interdisciplinary process studies
that incorporated physical, biological and geochemical observations.
As I write this, I am sailing into the northeast Atlantic on the British ship RRS Discovery to carry out a
study of the transport of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen with co-investigator Dennis Hansell of
the University of Miami. The goal of the cruise, planned by Raymond Pollard and headed by John
Allen of the Southampton Oceanography Centre, is to conduct a high-resolution study of the circulation
and hydrography of the Iceland-Faroes-Shetland region.
Although this is in some sense a physical oceanography cruise, it includes substantial ecological and
biogeochemical components. This sort of multidisciplinary cruise was not really possible before
JGOFS. In the synthesis of physical, biological and chemical oceanography into ocean
biogeochemistry, JGOFS has made its most enduring contribution to ocean science.
(USJN Editor's note: Hugh Ducklow, chairman of the JGOFS SSC, sent this report on May 6 from
54°N, 12°W.) 6/19/01, US JGOFS News 11, 2. International section with one figure.)
- 28 -
10.3.
APPENDIX 3: Activity Calendar & Timeline (updated November 2001)
Year 2001
January 15-16 North Atlantic Synthesis Group Meeting, Arcachon, France. Contact: Véronique
Garçon, Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales, Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique / CNES / UPS, 18 av Edouard Belin, F-31055 Toulouse Cedex, FRANCE, Tel.
+33 5 6133 2957, Fax. +33 5 6125 3205, (PROOF Cost Share) (Completed)
March
JGOFS/GAIM Task Team on Ocean Carbon Modelling: Workshop on 3D Ocean
modelling and analysis, Contact: Patrick Monfray, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de
l'Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique / CEA / IPSL, Bât. 709, Orme des
Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FRANCE, Tel. +33 1 6908 7724, Fax. +33 1 6908 7716 (Deferred
to 2002)
May 5-11
JGOFS/LOICZ/IOC Continental Margins Workshop III on Polar Margins, Institute of
Ocean Sciences, B.C., Canada. Contact: Robie Macdonald, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of
Fisheries and Oceanography, Canada, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, B.C. V8L 4B2, CANADA, Tel. +1 250
363 6409, Fax. +1 250 363 6807 (Completed)
June 7-9
Indian Ocean Synthesis Group Meeting (closed), Miami, USA. Contact: Peter Burkill,
Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Natural Environment Research Council, Prospect Place, West Hoe,
Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UNITED KINGDOM, Tel. +44 175 263 3422, Fax. +44 175 263 3101,
(Completed)
June 27-29
JGOFS/WOCE/IOC CO2 Transport Workshop, Southampton Oceanography Centre,
Southampton, UK. Contact: Paul Robbins, Physical Oceanography Research Division, Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, Mail Stop 0230, SIO/UCSD, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0230,
USA. Tel: (858) 534-6366, (Completed)
July 7-8
16th JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee Meeting, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Contact: Roger Hanson, JGOFS International Project Office, University of Bergen, SMR, High
Technology Centre, Post Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY, Tel. +47 5558 4244, Fax. +47 5558
9687, (Completed)
July 10-13
IGBP Open Science Conference, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Theme: Challenges of a
changing Earth. Contact CONGREX HOLLAND BV, P.O. Box 302, 1000 AH Amsterdam, The
Netherlands, Tel: +31 20 504 0200, fax: +31 20 504 0225, Speaker: Professor David Karl, University of
Hawaii (Completed)
Sept. 28-30
JGOFS/LOICZ/IOC Continental Margins Workshop II on Marginal Seas, Taipei,
Taiwan, R.o.C.; International Symposium on Biogeochemical Fluxes in Marginal Seas and Tropical
Coastal Zones, International Conference Centre (Taipei). Contact: Kon-Kee Liu, Institute of
Oceanography, National Taiwan University, P.O. Box 23-13, Taipei 106, TAIWAN, R.o.C., Tel. +886
2 2363 1810, Fax. +886 2 2362 6092, (Completed)
October 21-28 Joint IAPSO-IABO Assembly, Mar del Plata, Argentina. An Ocean Odyssey.
Symposium session. Contact: Hugh Ducklow, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William
and Mary, Route 1208-Greate Road, Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062-1346, USA, Tel. +1 804
684 7180, Fax. +1 804 684 7293, or Karin Lochte, FB Marine Biogeochemie, Institut für Meereskunde
an der Universität Kiel, Düsternbrooker weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, GERMANY, Tel. +49 431 600 4250,
Fax. +49 431 565 876 (Completed)
- 29 -
October 5-7
North Pacific Synthesis Group Meeting. Contact: Alexander Bychkov, North Pacific
Marine Science Organization, c/o Institute of Ocean Sciences, 9860 West Saanich Road, P.O. Box
6000, Sidney B.C. V8L 4B2, CANADA, Tel. +1 250 363 6364, Fax. +1 250 363 6827, (Completed)
October
Data Management Task Team, Business Meeting, Washington, DC. Contact: Margarita
Conkright, Ocean Climate Laboratory, National Oceanographic Data Center / National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, 1315 East-West Highway, OC/5, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA, Tel. +1
301 713 3290 ext. 193, Fax. +1 301 713 3303, (Cancelled)
Nov. 12-17
Paleo JGOFS Task Team Meeting. Contact: Karin Lochte, FB Marine Biogeochemie,
Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel, Düsternbrooker weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, GERMANY,
Tel. +49 431 600 4250, Fax. +49 431 565 876 (Completed)
Year 2002 (Meetings planned as of December 2001)
January 23-25, Southampton, UK.
Continental Margin Task Team Workshop on Subpolar
Regions. Contact: Jonathan Sharples, School of Ocean and Earth Science, Southampton Oceanography
Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom. Tel. +44 23 8059 649; Fax +44 23
8059 3059
January 29-30, Washington DC, USA. Data Management Task Team Meeting. Contact: Margarita
Conkright, Ocean Climate Laboratory, E/OC5, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910,
USA. Tel.: 1(301) 713-3290 ext 193, Fax: 1(301) 713-3303
February 11-15, Honolulu, HI, USA
During the forthcoming 2002 Ocean Sciences Meeting
organised by AGU and ASLO, special sessions or meetings are sponsored by JGOFS for the SOSG
(OS04. The Cycle of Carbon in the Southern Ocean", chaired by Paul Tréguer, Ulrich Bathmann, Tom
Trull, Phillip Boyd, and Stéphane Blain), the EPSG (Robert Le Borgne) and the NASG (Véronique
Garçon).
April 22-26, Nice, France.
During the forthcoming European Geophysical Society 27th
General Assembly, a special session "OA8. Biogeochemistry of the carbon cycle of the Atlantic
Ocean", chaired by W. Koeve, J. Aiken and V. Garçon is sponsored by JGOFS for the NASG.
May or June, Ispra, Italy.
Joint Workshop of the Global Synthesis Working Group and
JGOFS-GAIM Task Team on 3D Ocean Carbon Modelling and Analysis. Contacts: Reiner Schlitzer,
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Dept. of GeoSystem, P.O. Box 120161, D27515 Bremerhaven, GERMANY, Tel. (49) 471 48311559, Fax. (49) 471 48311149; Patrick Monfray,
Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Orme des
Merisiers, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, FRANCE, Tel. (33) 1 69 08 77 24, Fax. (33) 1 69 08 77 16
Summer, Orono, ME, USA.
Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Meeting and Workshop. Contact:
Robert Le Borgne, Centre IRD, B.P. A5, F-98848 Nouméa Cedex, Tel. (33-4) 9104 1657, Fax. (33-4)
9104 1635, FRANCE; Fei Chai, School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 044695741, USA, Tel. (1-207) 581 4317, Fax. (1-207) 581 4388
Sept. / October, Concepción, Chile.
17th JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee Meeting. and
capacity building / training course on ocean biogeochemistry. Contact: Roger Hanson, JGOFS
International Project Office, SMR, University of Bergen, PO Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway. Tel:
(+47-555) 84244, Fax: (+47-555) 89687.
Fall, Nagoya, Japan.
North Pacific Synthesis Group Meeting and Symposium for the
North Pacific synthesis. Contact: Toshiro Saino, Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Science,
Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chigusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan, Tel. (81-52) 789 3487, Fax. (8152) 789 3436
- 30 -
Late Fall, Sidney, B.C., Canada.
North Pacific Synthesis Group editorial meeting for an issue of
the Journal of Oceanography on JGOFS NP synthesis. Contact: Toshiro Saino, Institute for
Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chigusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8601,
Japan, Tel. (81-52) 789 3487, Fax. (81-52) 789 3436
early Winter, place to be determined. Continental Margin Task Team Workshop for the Global
Synthesis of the 5 Regional Syntheses. Contact: Renato Quiñones, Departamento de Oceanografia,
Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción CHILE Tel. +56-41-203861, Fax. +56-41256571; Larry Atkinson, Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography, Old Dominion University,
Norfolk, VA 23529-0276, USA, Tel. (1-757) 683 4926, Fax. (1-757) 683 5550
Year 2003
Archival of all JGOFS data sets at the World Data Centres (WDC) System!
May
18th JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee Meeting, Washington DC, USA. Contact:
Roger Hanson, JGOFS International Project Office, University of Bergen, SMR, High Technology
Centre, Post Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY, Tel. +47 5558 4244, Fax. +47 5558 9687
May 5-8
Final JGOFS Open Science Conference. National Academy of Sciences, Washington
DC, USA. Contact: Ken Buesseler, Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution, WHOI, Clark Laboratory, Mail Stop #25, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA,
Tel. +1 508 289 2309, Fax. +1 508 457 2193
Fall
JGOFS Executive Meeting. Contact: Roger Hanson, JGOFS International Project
Office, University of Bergen, SMR, High Technology Centre, Post Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen,
NORWAY, Tel. +47 5558 4244, Fax. +47 5558 9687 (pending)
- 31 -
10.4.
APPENDIX 4: Practical Information (provided before the Meeting)
Hotel Arrangements
Because of arrangements provided by the IGBP in Amsterdam, we ask that you log onto the IGBP OSC
web site and make your own hotel arrangements and register for the conference. The JGOFS IPO will
reimburse your travel costs after the meeting or provide an advance before the meeting. For advances,
please contact Reidun Gjerde early. As always, you are responsible for all incidental costs attributed to
your hotel room (phone, minibar, etc.).
City and Airport Connections
For people flying into Amsterdam Airport (Schiphol), you need to catch a train from the airport to
Central Station (CS)/Amsterdam/City Centre. The train costs NGL 6.50 and leaves from platform 3,
approximately every 15-20 minutes. It takes approximately 15 minutes to arrive at CS. From there, you
make you way to your hotels by foot, tram, or taxi. Check with the Information Centre if you are unsure
(direction or best mode of transportation)
Meeting Venue and Room
We reserved the library (Room 4) at The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
(Kloveniersburgwal 29, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) for the meeting. The numbers and web site are
Tel: 31-20-551-0862, Fax: 31-20-620-49-41, and www.knaw.nl/. Coffee/Tea breaks and lunch will be
provided by KNAW each day (Saturday and Sunday).
SSC Dinner
A dinner for the SSC and guests was held at the Restaurant Sluizer on Saturday evening.
IPO Contact (travel expenses)
Ms. Reidun Gjerde
Administrative Assistant
JGOFS IPO (before and after you travel)
Tel: +47-5558-4246
Fax: +47-5558-9678
Hotel Aalborg (during the meeting)
Sarphatipark 106-108
EC Amsterdam
Tel: +31 (0) 20-676-0310
or +31 (0) 20- 679-9057
- 32 -
10.5.
APPENDIX 5: Draft Agenda (provided before the meeting)
Opening (09:00, 7 July 2001)
Welcome and Opening Address
Announcements and Local arrangements
Adoption of Agenda
Old Business
Minutes of the 15th Meeting of the SSC (Bergen, 2000): Approval
Second Open Science Conference (Bergen, 2000): Expense Report
AMBIO Special Report, May 2001: Published
IGBP Science Series No. 2: Status
IGBP/Springer-Verlag Book: Status
Synthesis and Modelling Plans
Executive Meeting (Durham, 2000): Global Synthesis & Modelling
THIRD JGOFS Open Science Conference (Washington DC, May 2003)
Other Matters Arising
Synthesis Groups & Task Teams Business
Brief Activity Reports
Terms of References and Members: New and Revised
Requests for Year 2002 Activities
Other JGOFS and Related Meetings
Brief Activity Reports
Scientific Steering Committee Business
Scientific Steering Committee
Executive Committee
International Programmes
IGBP (Broadgate)
SCOR (Urban)
Carbon Advisory Panel (Wallace)
IOCCG (Hoepffner)
POGO (Sathyendranath)
National Programmes
US JGOFS (Anderson)
Others Programme Reports
International Project Office and JGOFS Budgets
IPO Activities (Hanson)
Data Management (Avril)
Funds and Expenses (Gjerde/Hanson)
Other Business
Next SSC Meeting
Adjourn (1700, Sunday, 8 July 2001)
- 33 -
10.6.
APPENDIX 6: Status of Actions from the 15th SSC (Bergen 2000)
Action 1: Garçon agreed that model codes are a very important issue. Schlitzer felt that the value of
having codes depends on the complexity of the model and emphasised that the need for more
documentation along with the codes. It is extra work and not always possible. Ducklow added that it is
an on-going process.
Action 2: JGOFS moved the synthesis phase forward with the creation of the GSWG. Publications,
outcome, and visibility are now sought.
Action 3: IGBP Science Series No. 2 will be placed on the IGBP and JGOFS web sites.
Action 4: done, no comment
Action 5: done, no comment
Action 6/7: done, no comment
Action 8: Le Borgne commented that EPSG workshop/meeting is scheduled next year with modellers at
the University of Maine. The host is Dr. Fei Chai, and the approximate time is Aug.-Oct. 2002 period.
Funds (US$20,000) will be requested to supplement the costs.
Action 9/10: Hanson mentioned that the IPO has not received the revised ToR for SOSG. An email
request was sent to Uli and the SOSG for action/revision at the Brest Symposium. Travel funds were
approved for all SOSG members to attend and meet together at the Brest Symposium.
Action 11/12: Discussion deferred to Burkill report on IOSG activities.
Actions 13/14: done, no comment
Actions 15/16: Ducklow felt that the acquisition of Station P data was moving forward, but Conkright
thought otherwise. Station P data are not complete. NODC received only hydrography and nutrient data
for Station Papa, which are available on Canada-JGOFS CD-ROM
Action 17: done, no comment
Action 18: Monfray mentioned possible interactions with OCMIP and the new GSWG, possible joint
workshop in 2002, which will be open to a wider ocean community (modellers, observationalists and
users of remote sensing information). Schlitzer added that GSWG needs JGOFS data to be more
accessible and encourages DMTT representation. Monfray mentioned that JGTT plans to meet 1 day
next week (12/07/01) in Amsterdam and requested Schlitzer’s attendance, if possible.
Action 19: done, no comment
Action 20: IGBP deferred the Nature paper til later
Action 21: done, no comment
Action 22: With JGOFS winding down, SSC recommended that GLOBEC seek a strong link with the
new ocean biogeochemistry project.
Action 23: Haugan mentioned that he would address CO2 and GOOS in the Carbon Advisory Panel and
GOOS-OOPC reports.
Action 24: Ducklow emphasised the importance to maintain continuity in membership during the final
phase of JGOFS.
Action 25-32: done, no comment
Actions 33/34: Deferred to budget discussion
Action 35: Anderson mentioned that Buesseler has begun to organise the Final OSC, now set for 5-8
May 2003 at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington DC, USA.
- 34 -
10.7.
APPENDIX 7: Conference Funds and Expenses (Final Report)
Credit
(US$)
Funds
A) Conference Support
Norwegian Research Council
Norwegian Polar Institute
Fisheries Commission
Nansen Centre
SCOR Funds 1999 (printing)
Conference Fees
Sub Total
$10,500
$1,200
$2,300
$1,200
$11,600
$48,400
$75,200
B) Travel Support
EU (for young European scientists)*
SCOR (developing countries)
IOC (developing countries)
University of Bergen
JGOFS (support for Speakers)
US JGOFS (support for 10 US Scientists)**
NASG Fund (support for one French Scientist)
IGBP (support for SSC travel)
Sub Total
TOTAL
$20,000
$10,000
$10,000
$3,500
$20,000
$10,000
$2,000
$14,000
$89,500
$164,700
Expenses
A) Conference Costs
Announcements/Posters
Promotional Effects
Social Events
Conference Facilities
PLUS Conference Organizers
Miscellaneous Expenses
B) Travel/Hotel/Fees
C) Nominal Support
Institute of Marine Resources (Aquarium Rental) $2,000
City of Bergen (Conference Reception)
$4,000
Sub-Total
$6,000
TOTAL OSC Funding
$170,700
* Karin Lochte and staff administered these funds
** US JGOFS administered these funds
- 35 -
Debit
(US$)
$13,846
$1,327
$22,345
$27,316
$7,500
$2,866
$75,200
$89,500
$89,500
$164,700
10.8.
APPENDIX 8: IGBP/Springer-Verlag Book (updated July 2001)
Title: Ocean Biogeochemistry: a JGOFS synthesis
Editor: M.J.R. Fasham
Associate Editors: J. Field, T. Platt, & B. Zeitzschel
Contents:
Preface (Peter Brewer?)
Chapter 1: Biogeochemical provinces (Hugh W. Ducklow) – delivered
Chapter 2: The role of physical processes in biological production (Richard G. Williams and Michael J.
Follows) – delivered
Chapter 3: Continental margin exchanges (Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, K.K. Liu and Rob MacDonald) –
delivered
Chapter 4: Regional and global primary, new and export production (Paul Falkowski and Jim Murray) –
Barber providing input to the chapter, still waiting
Chapter 5: Carbon dioxide fluxes in the global ocean (Andrew J. Watson, James Orr and D. W. R.
Wallace) – expecting it soon
Chapter 6: The role of community structure in regulating export fluxes (Michael R. Landry, Ulrich
Bathmann, Paul Falkowski, Thomas Kiørboe and Frede T. Thingstad) – still waiting
Chapter 7: Water column biogeochemistry below the euphotic zone (Paul Tréguer) – delivered
Chapter 8: The impact of climate change and feedback processes on the ocean carbon cycle (Philip
Boyd and Scott Doney) – still waiting
Chapter 9: Benthic processes and the burial of carbon (K. Lochte, R. F. Anderson, R. Francois, R.
Jahnke and A. Vetrov) – delivered
Chapter 10: An emerging paradigm for global ocean carbon and ecosystem modelling (Scott C. Doney)
– delivered
Chapter 11: Temporal studies of biogeochemical processes in the world’s oceans (D.M. Karl, S.
Emerson, P.J Harrison, A. F. Michaels, and Y. Nojiri) – delivered?
Chapter 12: What has JGOFS achieved and what are the lessons for future research? (Michael J.R.
Fasham) – waiting on the delivery of ALL chapters before writing
- 36 -
10.9.
APPENDIX 9: Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group (Le Borgne)
Le Borgne, Robert. Chair, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, FRANCE
Barber, Richard. Duke University, USA
Chai, Fei. University of Maine, USA
Feely, Richard. PMEL, NOAA, USA
Karl, David. University of Hawaii, USA
Lewis, Marlon. Dalhousie University, CANADA
Mackey, Denis. CSIRO, AUSTRALIA
Murray, James. University of Washington, USA
Nozaki, Yoshiyuki. University of Tokyo, JAPAN
Fieldwork. Most of the cruises involving process studies ended in 1996, except for the JAMSTEC
cruises which are organized every year in January-February in the western and central Pacific (145°E160°W). Carbon dioxide observations are routinely made by PMEL along the TAO mooring lines, with
two cruises per year on board R/Vs Ron Brown and Ka’imimoana. Two time-series works, involving
CO2 and bio-optical measurements on TAO moorings (155°W and 170°W) started in 1997 and are
being carried on. Finally, ships of opportunity measurements of CO2, pigments and nutrients have been
on since the end of 1999 in the frame of PROOF (formerly France-JGOFS). All these on-going
activities are planned to continue during the next few years.
Data CD-ROM’s. Since its first meeting in 1998, EPSG decided to gather all data collected during
oceanographic cruises on CD-ROMs. M.P. Labaied, from DMTT agreed with doing this work and has
already received all the data from Australian, U.S. and French cruises. However, the Japanese policy in
terms of biogeochemical data release is different and needs a different approach. One of the solutions
that may be envisaged in this case, is to present only the cruise plans, measured parameters with PI’s
and methods, station positions and time. Such a presentation of Japanese data would be a good start for
future developments.
Modelling activities. Most of the present activities on the equatorial Pacific are devoted to modelling
within two groups: US JGOFS SMP (Synthesis and Modeling Program) and PROOF Modélisation. In
addition, the region is part of global models developed by various organizations. The models consider
the following points: new and export productivity regulation by Si and Fe, ecosystem and carbon cycle
responses to physical variability on various time-scales, evaluation of marine primary productivity
using satellite ocean colour, food-web regulation of particulate export flux in HNLC regions, and
plankton community structure and export flux.
Synthesis publications. Le Borgne, Feely and Mackey are editing a Deep-Sea Research Part II volume.
Most of the 17 manuscripts are now ready for publication, which should come out at the beginning of
2002. The Introductory chapter of the volume was written during a meeting of the editors in Hobart
(December 2000) and aims at being a « synthesis of the synthesis ». A modified summary of the
Introductory paper has been submitted to Scientific American and, provided it is accepted, will lead to a
general article about the carbon budget of the equatorial Pacific.
EPSG future activities. The entire Group has not met since its first meeting in 1998 and there is a need
for direct contacts. E-mail communications appears unreliable. During the meeting of some members of
the group in Bergen (April 2000), it was suggested that a joint meeting between EPSG and young
modellers would be a good opportunity to transmit knowledge and the conclusions of the synthesis
work, which has been achieved recently. The idea progressed and Fei Chai proposed to host such a
meeting at his institute (University of Maine, Orono, USA) in August-October 2002. The meeting
would include EPSG members plus other observationalists and modellers, 25-30 participants in total.
- 37 -
10.10.
APPENDIX 10: North Atlantic Synthesis Group (Garçon)
Véronique, Garçon. Chair, LEGOS, FRANCE
Drange, Helge. NRSC, NORWAY
Ducklow, Hugh. VIMS, USA
Fasham, Michael. SOC, UK
Fernandez, Emilio. University of Vigo, SPAIN
Koeve, Wolfgang. IfM-Kiel, GERMANY
Lowry, Roy. BODC, UK
Mémery, Laurent. LODYC, FRANCE
Siegel, Dave. UCSB, USA
Wallace, Douglas. IfM-Kiel, GERMANY
Achievements in 2000-2001
Third and final NASG meeting in Arcachon, 15-16 January 2001 (Report available on the JGOFS
International web site) followed by the Annual Synthesis and Modelling Meeting of the French PROOF
programme.
Edition of a Special Issue of Deep Sea Research Part II: JGOFS Research in the North Atlantic Ocean:
A Decade of Research, Synthesis and Modelling, Volume 48, No 10, May 2001. Guest Editors:
Wolfgang Koeve and Hugh Ducklow.
Report on the Workshop: Towards a “Green Ocean Model” held in Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, June
2001.
Invitation of KK Liu at LEGOS, Toulouse, France, 6-7 August 2001 to foster links with Continental
Margins Task Team and to encourage submission of data from French continental margins studies to
the international CMTT data centre.
Which actions to encourage NA synthesis in late 2001-early 2002?
Joint synthesis work under way and planned publication for 2002
Joint North Atlantic Biogeochemistry (JGOFS Synthesis-AMT-POMME) during the next 2002 EGS
Meeting (Nice, France, 22-26 April 2002), convenors: W. Koeve and J. Aiken
Membership
Doug Wallace and Helge Drange have expressed a desire to be replaced.
Terms of Reference (ToR)
Proposed Modifications:
Delete the sentence « Present a paper on the results of the group’s activities at the 2000 JGOFS Science
Conference »
Add the sentence « Foster links with the recently formed Global Synthesis Working Group »
NASG expected to finish its work mid 2002 and therefore to disband.
Strong links with the new JGOFS Global Synthesis Working Group chaired by Reiner Schlitzer
Budget status
Arcachon Meeting Expenses: Ducklow, Koeve, Lowry, Wollast, Mémery, Garçon: ~ US$ 9,000
- 38 -
10.11.
APPENDIX 11: Indian Ocean Synthesis Group (Burkill)
Burkill, Peter. Chair, PML, UK
Amjad, Shahid. National Institute of Oceanography, PAKISTAN
Baars, Martien. NIOZ, THE NETHERLANDS
Banse, Karl. University of Washington, USA
Kindle, John. NRL-SSC, USA
Naqvi, Wajih. CSNIO, INDIA
Rixen, Tim. Universität Bremen, GERMANY
Sathyendranath, Shubha. Dalhousie University, CANADA
Smith, Sharon. RSMAS, USA
Yajnik, Kirit. CMMACS, INDIA
The IOSG has three matters to report.
Synthesis Report on Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry
This report originated through discussion at the last meeting of the IOSG (Bangalore in 1999). IOSG
identified key topics and authors to produce an updated but personal view on advances in Arabian Sea
biogeochemistry during the period of JGOFS Process Studies. This report brings recent literature
together in an integrative way and will be used as a stepping-stone towards publications in the peerreviewed literature. Agreement by the JGOFS SSC in 2000 to allocate some travel funds, has allowed
editing of the chapters. Sharon Smith, Louisa Watts and Peter Burkill met in Miami in June 2001 to
bring the report together. The report is largely complete thanks largely to the tremendous work put in by
Louisa Watts. One chapter is incomplete and some minor editorial work remains to be done. This will
be completed in the next few months. We ask for any comments from the JGOFS SSC, and
endorsement that this report is published in the JGOFS/SCOR Series. A time-line for peer-reviewed
publications co-ordinated by IOSG is identified in the report.
National Activities
Canada: Shubha Sathyendranath reports that there are no national activities. However, Louisa Watts’
contribution to the Synthesis Report is particularly noteworthy.
Germany: Tim Rixen reports that the second synthesis phase started in March 2001 and will lasts until
February 2003. German data are available via www.ifm.uni-kiel.de/jgofs/dm/. A new data manager has
been recently appointed (Joachim Herrmann) at the Institut für Meereskunde in Kiel.
India: Wajih Naqvi reports that the JGOFS-India programme involved extensive observations during
five cruises of the R/V Sagar Kanya during 1994-97 in the eastern and central parts of the Arabian Sea.
The results of these surveys were presented in about 40 research papers including those published in a
special issue of Current Science (Vol. 71, No. 11, 10 December, 1996). The synthesis of these results is
under final stages. Apart from providing an account of the productivity and carbon flow, the synthesis
efforts are expected to culminate in the development of a model for carbon emissions/absorption in the
eastern Arabian Sea.
The JGOFS-India team is now extending its studies to the Bay of Bengal. The Bay provides
hydrographical conditions quite different from the Arabian Sea primarily as a consequence of the huge
amounts of freshwater input (~1.5 x 1012 m3 y-1) and associated sediment load (~1.5 billion tones).
However, it remains as one of the least studied areas of the oceans. The upper layer is strongly
stratified, but frequent tropical cyclones occurring in this region are expected to bring about substantial
nutrient injection to the euphotic zone stimulating primary production. Oxygen concentrations in
intermediate waters approach but do not reach suboxia even though the organic carbon fluxes to deep
sea appear to be higher than those in the Arabian Sea.
- 39 -
A major project termed the Bay of Bengal Process Studies (BOBPS) has recently been approved for
funding (INR 16.5 millions) by the Department of Ocean Development (DOD), New Delhi. This multiinstitutional endeavour involving the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Goa, Physical
Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Computer
Simulation (CMMACS), Bangalore, and Goa University, will be formally initiated in July 2001. Field
studies, similar to those undertaken in the Arabian Sea, will be carried out utilizing the R/V Sagar
Kanya (5 cruises) over a 2-year period with an additional year for synthesis. Samplings at 1-degree
interval are planned along 89oE longitude north of 5oN latitude up to the Bengal coast. In addition,
several stations over the shelf along the east coast of India will also be worked during each cruise.
Post-JGOFS studies in the Arabian Sea have largely been focused over the western Indian shelf and
have led to some exciting findings of seasonal development of anoxia with an unprecedented build-up
of nitrous oxide in the inner and mid-shelf regions. In addition to this work, studies on nitrogen cycling
have been undertaken with emphasis on direct measurements of denitrification rate using 15N-labelled
substrates. Finally, an effort is being made to develop a multi-national programme involving India,
Oman and USA. A tri-lateral Workshop organized at Muscat in November 2000, has led to the
formulation of a research proposal to be submitted to the US National Science Foundation. As a followup of this Workshop, a research cruise of the R/V Sagar Kanya is planned for September-October,
2001. A trans-Arabian Sea section with re-occupation of the US JGOFS Southern Leg in the west and
the 15oN transect frequently worked during the previous Indian cruises is planned for this cruise.
UK: Peter Burkill reports that since the 1994 field campaign, a series of papers have been published
including two Special Issue of Deep Sea Research II and one in Progress in Oceanography. There is no
national JGOFS Arabian Sea Synthesis activity although individual papers will continue to be
published. A major cruise (AMBITION) will investigate microbial functional biodiversity in the
Arabian Sea in September 2001.
Ukraine: Karl Banse reports that S.A. Piontkovski and his colleagues are producing a CD-ROM. This
involves the collation of Russian and Ukrainian oceanographic data (CTD, nutrients, heterotrophic
bacteria, phytoplankton, micro-, meso-, and macro zooplankton, mesopelagic fishes, and squids) from
the Indian Ocean (including the Arabian Sea) collected on 19 expeditions of the former Academy of
Sciences of the Soviet Union between 1959 and 1990. The master copy of the CD is ready for
dissemination. At present, S. Piontkovski is looking for funds to manufacture 100 copies of the CD. He
also plans to ask JGOFS and GLOBEC to assist with the announcement and dissemination of the CD.
USA: Sharon Smith reports that four issues of Deep Sea Research II have now been published with a
5th volume in revision. The national Synthesis and Modelling Project has started with two proposals
funded. One is for a 1-D Arabian Sea model that is posted on a test-bed site for all to use. The other is
to integrate all the Process Study models into a common format and ensure they are available for the
communities use. The US-JGOFS database is being updated to allow data extraction and plotting of
variables. The Arabian Sea Process Study was the first data set to be chosen for this since it is the most
complete, high quality data set in the US JGOFS database.
Karl Banse reports on important developments on bringing Russian literature to our attention, including
that of the R/V Professor Vodyanitsky, 30th cruise, February/March 1990. Banse and S. A. Piontkovski
are finishing the editing of a book about the last comprehensive expedition of the Institute of Biology of
Southern Seas (IBSS), Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, in Sevastopol, Ukraine. In contrast to
work by the other nations who sampled along sections in the Arabian Sea, the Soviet and later
Ukrainian colleagues worked on polygons or station grids that permit three-dimensional interpretations
of physical, chemical and biological parameters measured simultaneously. The present cruise covered
77 principal stations, 55 km apart, in a 275-375-km wide strip between 15o and 21.5oN outside the
Omani EEZ. With emphasis on the processes in the upper 200 m, 15 chapters describe the observations
extending from hydrography and nutrients through concentration and production of heterotrophic
bacteria and phytoplankton, to distributions of micro-, meso-, and macro- zooplankton, to mesopelagic
fishes and squids. A few earlier cruises are also treated. Besides discussing the results, the book
- 40 -
provides an entry into the Russian-language literature, which is largely unknown to the English-writing
scientific world. The tentative title of the book is The Structure of the Epipelagic Ecosystem of the
Arabian Sea on the Synoptic Scale (with 184 figures and 29 tables). Universities Press (India) in
Hyderabad (Deccan) wishes to print the work.
Banse expects to complete a paper on the renewal of the well-ventilated salinity maximum in the top of
the pycnocline in the northern Arabian Sea, which is distinct from the common salinity maximum of the
central and southern Arabian Sea and, together with colleagues in Goa, India to complete the study of
the short-term variability (days) and long-term stability (4 decades) of the oxygen minimum along
65oE.
Translations of two small monographs were edited by Banse and submitted to Universities Press
(India): L. I. Sazhina, Breeding, Growth Rates, and Production of Marine Copepods (with 54 figures
and 40 tables), originally published in 1987 and mostly based on observations at warm temperatures,
and E. V. Pavlova, Movement and Energy Metabolism of Marine Planktonic Organisms (with 60
Figures and 41 tables), a somewhat updated version of the 1987 edition, which is also mostly based on
data from warm water.
Banse has begun editing the English translation of a book edited by T. S. Petipa, Mechanisms of
Formation of Aggregation and Functioning of Plankton in Ecosystems of the Indian Ocean (with 134
figures and 53 tables), with an appended Atlas of Bio-Oceanographic Characteristics of the Indian
Ocean at the Boundaries of Water Masses (with 199 charts). The book of 16 chapters focuses on a
comprehensive IBSS expedition to equatorial divergences in the spring of 1980 (similar to the
Ukrainian 1990 cruise), with additional information on three other cruises in the early 1980s. The
Russian text had been typeset by 1993, but the deterioration of the economy in Ukraine prevented
publication.
Finally, a monograph with keys for all six stages of 85 dominant marine pelagic copepods by L. I.
Sazhina (1985), Nauplii of Mass Species of Pelagic Copepods of the World Ocean (Kiev: Nauk.
Dumka), with 2 tables and 100 plates, has been translated. K. Banse will edit it.
Chairmanship
Peter Burkill wishes to step down from the chair of this Group. This is due to too many other
commitments rather than changing interests. A new chair that will bring fresh impetus will be required
to carry forward the Arabian Sea synthesis.
- 41 -
10.12.
APPENDIX 12: Southern Ocean Synthesis Group (Tréguer)
Members
Tréguer, Paul. Chair, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, FRANCE
Bathmann, Uli. Vice Chair, AWI, GERMANY
Hall, Julie. NIWA, NEW ZEALAND
Monfray, Patrick. LSCE, FRANCE
Pollard, Raymond. SOC, UK
Smith, Walker. VIMS, USA (alternate: Robert Anderson, LDEO, USA)
Trull, Tom. University of Tasmania, AUSTRALIA
Synthesis and modelling
The 3rd SO-JGOFS Symposium on Climatic changes and the cycle of carbon held in Brest, France, 812 July 2000. 210 scientists originating from 19 nations attended the Symposium. Hereafter are major
conclusions and questions (detailed report available via Paul Tréguer).
Due to the juxtaposition of the cooling effect on warm subtropical waters and the biological utilization
effect on nutrient-rich sub-Antarctic waters the Southern Ocean (S.O.) acts as a significant net sink (0.6
GTC yr-1 >50°S) for atmospheric CO2. South of 30°S the total annual export of particulate organic
carbon is estimated at 3 Pg C yr-1 (about 1/3 of the world total). There is a big gap between studies,
which consider export fluxes out of photic layer (especially using 234Th techniques), and those
concerned by the measurements of biogenic matter in deep waters and at the water-sediment interface.
To take into account the processes that control the fluxes of remineralisation and recycling in the «
twilight » zone (100-1000 m) should be a high priority for future programmes.
The importance of the physical-biological coupling at mesoscale in the S.O. has been demonstrated
both from SeaWiFS images and from circulation models (e.g., OCCAM).
Since the beginning of the 1990s, numerous sophisticated biogeochemical models have emerged. They
remain preliminary tools to account for the complexity of the Antarctic ecosystems. Attention is to be
put on the role of key species in the key ecosystems, on the community structure and on the dynamics
of the higher trophic levels, if we want to improve the models outputs in terms of carbon retention
and/or export.
The sea ice has definitely to be approached as a unique system. In the Seasonal Ice Zone (SIZ) in
addition to the classical export pathway based on diatoms, the carbon export flux associated with
Phaeocystis antarctica represents another important pathway for carbon sequestration. Because blooms
of P. antarctica cause intense DMS emissions, the role of P. antarctica may be more important than
previously thought with respect to the S.O. biological pump. Large deviations from the classical
Redfield ratios have been reported in the SIZ, which has many implications for modellers. We still have
to fill in the gap of the linkage between the ice and the adjacent water column ecosystem to better
understand the SIZ dynamics.
The biogeochemistry of the S.O. is clearly very sensitive to climate change, but depending on the
proxies the authors referred to, much disagreement is remaining about what happened to the biological
pump of CO2 during the past, and especially during the Last Glacial Maximum. To reconcile
contradictory interpretations, multiproxies studies that take into account the glacial boundary conditions
of wind stress, ocean circulation, sea-ice extension and temperature, are encouraged.
We already have some indications of the biogeochemistry of the modern S.O. is changing. Global
physical-biogeochemical coupled models are now available, indicating the S.O. might become the main
oceanic sink for atmospheric CO2, if atmospheric CO2 concentration continues to increase
exponentially. Nevertheless, this capacity could be counteracted by an induced stratification of S.O. in a
warmer climate. To improve our predictive capacity, however coupling models and observations is yet
a high priority.
- 42 -
Thirty-two peer-reviewed papers issued from this 2000 Symposium are to be published in Deep-Sea
Research II (Guest editors: Paul Tréguer et al.). The review process is being finalized and this special
volume should be published in 2002.
2-Meetings in Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, February 2002: To pursue with synthesis and modelling a
special session dedicated to the cycle of carbon in the S.O. is requested during the Ocean Science
Meeting, 11-15 February 2002 (Co-convenors: Paul Tréguer, Uli Bathmann, Tom Trull, Philip Boyd,
Stéphane Blain). Following the OSM we also plan to organise a SO-JGOFS workshop in Honolulu, 1617 Feb. 2002.
National/international efforts
Australia has been focused on completion of the Sub Antarctic Zone (SAZ) Project organized by the
Antarctic Cooperative Research Centre (www.antcrc.utas.edu.au/). The main fieldwork for the SAZ
Project occurred in the 1997-1998 austral summer. A compilation of 16 papers presenting the main
results from the SAZ Project is currently being finalized for publication as a special section of JGROceans (Tom Trull). Some aspects of the SAZ Project are continuing – in particular, the annual
deployment of sediment trap moorings in the SAZ and Polar Front Zone (PFZ) has continued since
1997 and is planned to continue until at least 2003. Future research plans include a major field
programme (Nov.-Dec. 2001) onboard the R/V Aurora Australis, involving the participation of ~80
marine scientists (Australia, New Zealand, Europe, North America, and Japan) for studying the carbon
cycle in the Sub-Antarctic Front, in the PFZ and near and in melting sea-ice. This cruise includes
process studies aboard the ship and deployment of moorings fitted with sediments traps. This work is
being coordinated with Japan, which will undertake a series of voyages later in the 2001-2002 austral
summers in the same region.
France is assessing what has been done during the last 10 years under the umbrella of PROOF (the
French contribution to JGOFS). A specific report about the major issues of the ANTARES/KERFIX
programme (French contribution to SO-JGOFS) is available via Jacques Lefèvre. In relation with
SOLAS/IGBP process studies in the Indian sector of the S. O. are envisaged for the next years using the
R/V Marion-Dufresne as an international scientific platform (Stéphane Blain).
In December 2000, in the frontal systems of the Atlantic sector of the S.O., along the 20°E meridian,
Germany (U. Bathmann, V. Smetacek) has organised the EISENEX cruise (October-November 2000)
aboard the R/V Polarstern. This cruise included scientists from 15 countries (including UK and NL).
Using iron sulphate, they seeded a water body extending over 100 km2. EISENEX did show that
addition of Fe led to quadrupling the phytoplankton biomass within a period of 3 weeks, despite heavy
grazing and poor light conditions in spring. Results should be presented soon, especially during the
2002 OSM.
Italy has three on-going programmes that are related to SO-JGOFS. The two first programmes focuses
on the Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea); the first (Letterio Gugliemo) deals with the pack-ice ecosystems
dynamics (algal communities and nitrogen cycling), and the second (Riccardo Cattaneo-Vietti) with the
short and long term variability of the benthic communities. The third (Mariangela Ravaioli) also
involves access to US facilities for studying subsystems located between New Zealand and the Ross
Sea; it deals with biogenic sedimentation and its relation with biogeochemical processes, the CO2 cycle
and climate changes, also using remote sensing and modelling (1999-2001). References of relevant
papers are available via Giulio Catalano.
The US efforts (usjgofs.whoi.edu/mzweb/syn-mod.htm) are along two lines: synthesis and modelling of
Southern Ocean processes and the upcoming SOFeX cruise. AESOPS (W. O. Smith, Robert Anderson)
is planning 3 DSR II volumes (the first was published in Dec. 2000; the second is now being processed
at the publishers). SOFeX is a new iron-fertilization experiment. The two study areas are located (1)
north of the polar front around 170°W for low Si, low Fe waters, and (2) south to ca. 65°S, 170°W for
high Si, low Fe concentrations. SOFeX plans to involve three ships and enough time to know about the
export production aspects that both SOIREE and EISENEX have missed.
- 43 -
10.13.
APPENDIX 13: North Pacific Synthesis Group (Bychkov)
Bychkov, Alexander. Chair, IOS, CANADA
Chen, Arthur. NSYSU, CHINA-TAIPEI
Denman, Ken. DFO-MPO, CANADA
Harrison, Paul. University of British Columbia, CANADA
Jiao, Nianzhi. NIES, JAPAN
Kim, Kyung-Ryul. Seoul National University, KOREA
Kishi, Mishio. Hokkaido University, JAPAN
Riser, Stephen. University of Washington, USA
Saino, Toshiro. Vice Chair, Nagoya University, JAPAN
IPO Note: Waiting for Bychkov’s report!
- 44 -
10.14.
APPENDIX 14: Paleo-JGOFS Task Team (Lochte)
Lochte, Karin. Co-Chair from JGOFS, IfM-Kiel, GERMANY
François, Roger. Co-Chair from IMAGES, WHOI, USA
Holbourn, Ann. Christian Albrechts Universität, GERMANY
Jahnke, Rick. Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, USA
Labeyrie, Laurent. LSCE, FRANCE
Shimmield, Graham. DML, UK
Stocker, David. UNIBe, SWITZERLAND
Tréguer, Paul. Université de Bretagne Occidentale, FRANCE
Vernal, Anne de. UQàM, CANADA
The Paleo JGOFS Task Team met for the first time on 13-14 June 2000 in Hamburg, Germany at the
Institut für Meereskunde. Participants of the first meeting were: Roger François, Rick Jahnke, Ann
Holbourn, Laurent Labeyrie, Karin Lochte, Graham Shimmield and Paul Tréguer. During this meeting,
Terms of Reference, membership and future tasks were discussed. Two main topics to be considered by
this group were identified:
Refining and developing new paleo-oceanographic proxies by studying their systematics within
integrated multidisciplinary process studies in the modern ocean;
Test the hypotheses of the role of the ocean in controlling atmospheric pCO2 on time scales of decades
to millennia, and under recent anthropogenic impact.
The SSCs of JGOFS and PAGES subsequently endorsed the PJTT. The membership was generally
accepted, but an open question is still the participation of an Asian member, as suitable candidates were
suggested.
At a follow up of this meeting, a small ad-hoc German group met on 5 April 2001 in Hamburg to
discuss how the tasks of PJTT could be promoted. Topic 1, concerning the further development of
proxies, requires multidisciplinary fieldwork and relies on future international projects. Topic 2,
analysing the role of the oceans in controlling atmospheric CO2 fluxes on different time scales, is less
bound to new data but rather requires synthesis of existing data and concepts. This may be achieved in
form of a SCOR working group. Plans for this are underway but need to be worked out in more details.
There will be an informal meeting of members of PJTT during the Global Change Open Science
Conference in Amsterdam (if an appropriate time can be found). A workshop open to all interested
scientists is planned for late Fall 2001.
- 45 -
10.15.
APPENDIX 15: Continental Margins Task Team (Quiñones)
Quiñones, Renato. Co-Chair from JGOFS, Universidad de Concepción, CHILE
Atkinson, Larry. Old Dominion University, USA
Gao, Shu. Co-Chair from LOICZ, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CHINA – P.R.C.
Liu, K.-K. National Taiwan University, TAIWAN - R.o.C.
Macdonald, Robie. Institute of Ocean Sciences, CANADA
Talaue-McManus, Liana. RSMAS, USA
Overall goal of the CMTT
Assess the contribution of continental margins and seas to CO2 sequestration and horizontal flux of
carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus across ocean-continental margin boundaries.
Main activities of the CMTT for the 2000/01 period
During this period, the CMTT has allocated most of its efforts in producing an overall synthesis and
assessment of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes on and across continental margins to feed into
IGBP. This synthesis will be given to the international community as a comprehensive book, which is
expected to be published in 2003.
In order to write this book, five working groups were created (lead scientists in brackets): Tropical
Margins (Liana McManus), Marginal Seas (KK Liu and Shu Gao), Eastern Boundary Currents (Renato
Quiñones), Western Boundary Currents (Larry Atkinson), and Polar Margins (Robie MacDonald).
Two meetings were already conducted to plan the outline of the sections of the book as well as to
organize a common structure for constructing the biogeochemical budgets. A final meeting will take
place in September 2001. In what follows, a brief description of each of the meetings is given:
A) Workshop on Eastern and Western Boundary Current Systems
The joint meeting of the EBC/WBC System Groups was held at the Center for Coastal Physical
Oceanography (Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia), 27-29 November 2001. Both JGOFS and
LOICZ sponsored the workshop. Larry Atkinson (U.S.A.) and Renato Quiñones (Chile) hosted the
meeting. The attendees were: Francisco Chávez (USA), Lei Chou (Belgium), Lou Codispoti (USA),
George Cresswell (Australia), Rick Jahnke (USA), K.-K. Liu (Taiwan), John Moisan (USA), Pedro
Monteiro (South Africa), Wajih Naqvi (India).
The main objective of the workshop was to produce a general outline of the CMTT Synthesis Book,
especially in relation to the EBC/WBC sections. The proposed outline for the EBC/WBC Section of the
book can be found in Appendix 1. In addition, an extensive analysis was conducted on: definition of the
geographic limits of EBC/WBC systems, relevant spatial and temporal scales of variability, main fluxes
and processes to be considered in the synthesis, identification of major gaps and uncertainties in the
current understanding of continental margin biogeochemistry.
The EBC/WBC System Group strongly suggests to the JGOFS and LOICZ SSCs the creation of a new
group for Sub-Polar Ecosystems. The EBC/WBC group has opted to define its subject of study as those
currents lying equatorward of the westerlies and poleward of the tropics. This operational definition is
proposed, taking into account the stated goal of the CMTT synthesis. However, this definition may
cause significant parts of the oceans to be missed. The areas that may not be considered include the
following:
North Pacific: Oyashio, Kamchatka, Alaska Coastal Current, Kuroshio Extension
North Atlantic: Labrador Current, Grand Banks, European margin, Norwegian Coastal Current and
Gulf Stream Extension.
South Atlantic: Malvinas Current
South Pacific: Cape Horn Current, Chilean fjords
- 46 -
B) Workshop on Arctic Margins
The meeting was held at Sidney, BC, Canada, 7-11 May 2001. It was convened by Robie Macdonald
and attended by Leif Anderson, Ruediger Stein, John Christensen, Igor Semiletov and Lisa Miller. The
objectives of the meeting were to organize a common structure for constructing Arctic shelf budgets for
freshwater, particulates, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, and for combining these into a complete
Arctic Ocean budget. Each participant accepted a particular shelf or shelves as their special assignment.
The first task identified was to produce up-to-date areas and hypsometry for the shelves using common,
well-defined boundaries. Electronic charts have only recently become available to allow an accurate –
and consistent – assignment of these fundamental properties. Sources of data were discussed for inputs
of P, N, C (dissolved and particulate) from rivers and coastal erosion. Other components for the
development of a comprehensive budget were discussed, including: ocean inflows and outflows;
atmospheric exchange; ice transport; and transformations within system components (boxes). A great
deal of the discussion centred on the uncertainties in the properties, the sources of data, and how to
approach the construction of budgets using LOICZ and other models. The structure of (an) ensuing
paper(s), amassing this information and producing the individual shelf budgets together with the whole
Arctic Budget, was determined. Although the group felt that a preliminary draft could be produced by
early next year, it was noted that a comprehensive book on the organic carbon cycle in the Arctic Ocean
is already planned under the guidance of Ruediger Stein and that our approach in this budget would be
to use the material in that book as a source of information and to avoid duplication of effort. Logically,
therefore, the budgets produced by this group will follow the completion of the preliminary draft of the
organic carbon book.
C) International Symposium and Workshop on Carbon and Nutrient Fluxes in Marginal Seas and
Tropical Coastal Zones
The Symposium/Workshop will be held in Taipei from 27 to 29 September 2001 in conjunction with
the 2001 Joint Geoscience Assembly sponsored by the Chinese Geoscience Union, Taipei, R.o.C. The
purpose is to facilitate information exchange, and to promote synthesis and modelling for the marginal
seas and tropical coasts as a part of the CMTT global synthesis. The potential areas to be covered and
attendees to the meeting are:
1. Overview (CTA Chen)
2. Australia’s Shelf Seas (Gregg J. Brunskill)
3. Baltic Sea
4. Black Sea (T. Oguz)
5. Caspian Sea
6. Coral Reefs (Brad Opdyke)
7. Great Lakes (Val Klump)
8. Japan/East Sea (Kyung-Ryul Kim)
9. Mediterranean, Coastal and Shelf Areas of the (André Monaco)
10. Bay of Bengal (M.M. Sarin)
11. North Seas (Helmuth Thomas)
12. Sea of Okhotsk (Shizuo Tsunogai)
13. SE Asian Archipelagos (Robert Aller)
14. South China Sea (K.K. Liu)
15. Tropical coasts of the Americas (Frank Muller-Karger)
16. Sediment transports (Shu Gao)
CMTT Schedule for accomplishing the synthesis
A working session of the CMTT will be conducted during the IGBP Global Change Open Science
Conference (Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 10-13 July 2001) to analyse: (i) the final outline of the book,
(ii) the progress achieved to date, and (iii) to make adjustments to the schedule, if needed. Until now the
official schedule is:
September 2001: all CMTT Subgroups meetings finished
December 2001: final drafts of individual and collective papers.
- 47 -
February 2002-April 2002: peer review process
June 2002: Synthesis meeting
Book published by January 2003
News on recent CMTT publications
The following article, written by current and past CMTT members was published in the 26 December
2000 issue of EOS: K.-K. Liu, L. Atkinson, C.T.A. Chen, S. Gao, J. Hall, R.W. Macdonald, L.T.
McManus, and R.A. Quiñones. 2000. Exploring continental margin carbon fluxes on a global scale.
EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 81(52): 641-644.
APPENDIX A
BOOK OUTLINE
EBC/WBC Section
1) Introduction
It will describe the general approach taken including the main definitions used, the scope and the
limitations of the EBC/WBC Section of the book.
In addition, it will present a review of fluxes of carbon and other elements in the eastern and western
boundary currents of the ocean margins. The emphasis is on the sequestration of carbon with reference
to N and P as needed for clarity. Sequestration refers here to burial in sediments that are not eroded on
century time-scales or export into the deep waters below the main thermocline.
2) Comparative Chapter on EBC/WBCs (Atkinson et al.)
This chapter sets the stage. A short exposition on physical and biogeochemical processes in eastern and
western boundary currents relevant to understanding carbon fluxes and sequestration. Schematic
diagrams imperative.
3) Regional Analysis - Description of the system, important processes and flux estimates with
documentation
The carbon and other fluxes are presented for each EBC and WBC region. All values will be
documented. Flux values should be referenced or the method(s) used to derive the flux documented.
Each section should use the same basic format:
air-sea flux
Rivers
denitrification
Primary Production
Export
C,N,P per m2 per year
per region per year
New Production
Export
Burial
Nutrient Supply
(C, N)
Sequestration
Each region will be described in a short paper focused on the specific fluxes and processes needed to
generate the carbon synthesis. It is important to note that each paper will not be a complete review of
each of the described systems but a directed analysis of the main carbon fluxes with reference to
nitrogen and phosphorous fluxes in the system. The horizontal extent of the boundary system will be
defined by considering processes such as upwelling and other mesoscale physical processes, primary
productivity, grazing, deposition and sinking fluxes.
(*The named scientist has the responsibility to find the specialist who will write the chapter on the
region)
- 48 -
3.1 Eastern Boundary Currents
California (Chávez)
Humboldt (Quiñones)
Benguela (Monteiro)
Iberian (Chou)
Northwest Africa (Quiñones*/Bremen)
3.2 Western Boundary Currents
Kuroshio (KK Liu)
Gulf Stream (Jahnke)
East Australia Current (Cresswell)
Brazil Current (Eduardo Marone, Bastiaan Knoppers)
3.3 Indian Ocean Region
Monsoon region (Naqvi and Lou Codispoti)
Western Australia (Cresswell*)
Agulhas (Monteiro)
4) Synthesis (Shu Gao, Quiñones, KK Liu, Atkinson etc.)
A summary of all the fluxes in EBC/WBC systems that is suitable for further global synthesis.
5) Coupled Circulation/Biogeochemical Models to Estimate Carbon Flux (Moisan).
6) Outlook (Climate change, denitrification, suboxic, etc.) (Codispoti/Chairs)
This chapter will be focused on concepts and/or processes that need to be revisited as well as the main
future perspectives of continental margin biogeochemical research. It will also incorporate a discussion
on what aspects of climate change may affect the eastern and western boundary currents. For example:
increased buoyancy and nutrient fluxes as runoff increases or changes in wind stress (speed and
direction).
- 49 -
10.16.
APPENDIX 16: Data Management Task Team (Conkright)
Conkright Gregg, Margarita. Chair, NOAA/National Oceanographic Data Center, USA
Glenn, Graham. Marine Environmental Data Service, CANADA
Griffiths, Brian. CSIRO Marine Research, AUSTRALIA
Hammond, Christine. U.S. JGOFS Data Management Office, USA
Herrmann, Joachim. German JGOFS Data Management, GERMANY
Labaied, Marie-Paule. Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche, FRANCE
Lowry, Roy. British Oceanographic Data Centre, UNITED KINGDOM
Miyake, Takeharu. Japan Oceanographic Data Centre, JAPAN
Sarupria, Jaswant. Indian NODC, INDIA
STATUS
The German JGOFS Data Manager has received support for the next two years. Thanks to Hugh
Ducklow for writing a letter to the Director of Institut für Meereskunde in support of maintaining the
Data Management Office at Kiel.
Next DMTT meeting should be held 2-3 October 2001 in Washington, D.C., USA. The US JGOFS
DMO will provide some support ($5,000) for this meeting. Topics of discussion will be the long-term
archive of JGOFS data and exploring the preparation of an International JGOFS Data Product.
JGOFS Canada Data Sets 1989-1998 CD-ROM Version 1.0, Dec. 2000 was published and is currently
being distributed.
Australian OZGOFS CD-ROM is under preparation.
FUTURE PLANS
The focus of the DMTT in the next years will be (1) preservation of JGOFS data for future generation
of scientists by archiving in the ICSU World Data Centres System; (2) documentation of JGOFS data in
NASA Global Change Master Directory which will increase its future use; (3) attempt to consolidate all
available JGOFS data into one common data format. Currently exploring available resources that will
facilitate and make this a doable task; and (4) distribution of data to national data centres.
PUBLICATIONS AND PUBLIC RELATIONS
Conkright, M. E., 2000, DMTT Focuses on Availability and Preservation of JGOFS Data, U.S. JGOFS
News 10(4), 14-15.
Conkright, M. E., Beatriz Baliño, Roy Lowry, Graham Glenn, Brian Griffiths, Christine L. Hammond,
Marie-Paule Labaied, Takeharu Miyake, Jaswant S. Sarupria, Thomas Mitzka, 2000, JGOFS Data
Management Task Team. Poster presented at JGOFS Open Science Conference, Bergen, Norway, April
2000.
REPORT FROM DMTT MEETING IN KIEL, GERMANY, JUNE 2000
Items of discussion
National reports were presented from members representing JGOFS activities in Australia, Canada,
Germany, India, Japan, Norway, United Kingdom and the United States. Emphasis was placed on data
availability from these countries.
Recommendations
The DMTT should identify the cruises and other data activities that form the JGOFS legacy. Criteria
used for selection should be:
Activities from a clearly identified national JGOFS programme;
- 50 -
Activities with JGOFS "credentials" that have measured Level 1 (=Core) parameters other than T, S, O2
and nutrients;
The JGOFS Executive SSC should ratify the resulting list of activities. This will become the official
JGOFS cruises list.
All JGOFS level 1 data to be stored at the World Data Centres System for long-term stewardship.
Support from DMTT members and the IPO for synthesis activities: DMTT members are encouraged to
participate in Synthesis Groups (SG) meetings, e.g., Labaied (France) to the EPSG, Griffiths (Australia)
to the SOSG, Lowry (UK) to NASG, and Miyake to NPSG. Participation at the IOSG will depend on
the venue.
JGOFS data legacy and long-term stewardship: This will be the focus of the DMTT for the next few
years. Data from JGOFS cruises in the countries represented by the DMTT will be archived at the
World Center A for Oceanography and described in NASA's Global Change Master Directory. The
JGOFS IPO Assistant will help the DMTT in the collection of the data from countries not represented
in the DMTT. Funding will be sought in the U.S. or elsewhere to compile a JGOFS Master Data Set
that will seek the data not covered by the DMTT as well as data of interest to the JGOFS project.
Action Items
The DMTT will identify JGOFS Level 1 (core) cruises based on the definition to be ratified by the SSC
Executive.
Each DMTT member will gather core data from their national programmes.
DMTT members to deliver Level 1 cruise data to the WDC System for long-term stewardship as CSV
files when possible.
IPO will mirror the CMTT website, as a way of supporting the synthesis activities of the Continental
Margins Task Team (CMTT).
- 51 -
10.17.
APPENDIX 17: PMTT Activity Report (Laws)
The PMTT disbanded in 1999, and the final product, The Photosynthesis Measurement Manual, will be
available later this year. The outline is as follows:
I. Photosynthesis - irradiance curves
A. Sources of variability in photosynthetic parameters
B. Estimation of photosynthesis
C. Recommendations
II. From P vs. E curves to productivity vs. depth profiles
A. Differences between P vs. E and productivity-depth profiles (theory)
B. Practical problems in deriving P vs. Z profiles from P vs. E curves
C. Sensitivity analysis of photosynthetic parameters
D. Relation of P vs. E curves to JGOFS core measurements of P vs. Z profiles
E. Relation of both core profiles and P vs. E curves to satellite maps of ocean colour
Sections I.A, most of I.B and II.C are now complete.
- 52 -
10.18.
APPENDIX 18: JGOFS-GAIM Task Team (Monfray)
Monfray, Patrick. Co-Chair from JGOFS, LSCE, FRANCE
England, Mathew. WCRP/CLIVAR, University of New South Wales, AUSTRALIA
Gruber, Nikki. JGOFS, UCLA, USA
Orr, James. Co-Chair from GAIM-TF, LSCE, FRANCE
Sabine, Chris. JGOFS & WOCE, PMEL/NOAA, USA
Sarmiento, Jorge. JGOFS-SMP, Princeton University, USA
Totterdell, Ian. JGOFS, Southampton Oceanography Centre, UK
Yamanaka, Yashuhiro. Hokkaido University, JAPAN
Terms of Reference
Objective
The objective of this joint task team is to bring together the expertises of JGOFS on ocean
biogeochemical processes and of GAIM on global carbon budget changes. The aim is to apply new
insights into biogeochemical processes, as co-limitations, that we have gained through the JGOFS
programme to improve our representation of global carbon dynamics by models, and to evaluate them
with new data synthesis. In a broader way, this Task Team will set up bridges between ocean physics
and ocean biology to better our knowledge on ocean geochemistry variability and changes induced by
human activities. Particularly, focus will be on:
Oceanic CO2 uptake during the industrial era (past and future)
Climate change impact on marine productivity and carbon cycle.
Goals
Building up the connection between JGOFS and GAIM;
Identifying key issues to be addressed by this group;
Organizing larger joint GAIM / JGOFS workshops dedicated to these specific foci;
Producing reports or publications on the major findings of these workshops.
Tasks
Foster interactions between JGOFS and GAIM activities for a global integration of regional aspects;
Create synergy with WCRP/CLIVAR and others IGBP related projects (GLOBEC, LOICZ, Carbon
Synthesis, SOLAS);
Stimulate improvement of global ocean carbon cycle models (OCCMs), by integrating JGOFS
biogeochemical processes in 3-D ocean general circulation models;
Evaluate OCCMs with available JGOFS-WOCE synthesis datasets, including seasonal to interdecennial variability;
Inter-compare available OCCMs both for natural cycle and anthropogenic perturbation, using
experiments with common boundary conditions and protocols.
Hold regular meetings, improve the exchange of information and data between the scientific
communities of ocean biogeochemistry, and publish the results of the joint workshops.
- 53 -
10.19.
APPENDIX 19: Global Synthesis and Modelling Working Group (Schlitzer)
Schlitzer, Reiner. Chair, Alfred-Wegener Institute, GERMANY
Behrenfeld, Michael. NASA / GSFC, USA
Fischer, Gerhard. University of Bremen, GERMANY
Gruber, Nicolas. UCLA, USA
Jahnke, Richard. Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, USA
Laws, Edward. University of Hawaii, USA
Matear, Richard. CSIRO Division of Marine Research, AUSTRALIA
Monfray, Patrick. LSCE, FRANCE
Oschlies, Andreas. IfM-Kiel, GERMANY
Yamanaka, Yasuhiro. Hokkaido University, JAPAN
Yool, Andrew. Southampton Oceanography Centre, UK
The JGOFS Global Synthesis Working Group (GSWG) was established and currently consists of 11
members representing different fields of marine biogeochemical research. The list of group members
(above) and a draft version of the Terms of Reference are included below and submitted for JGOFS
SSC review, comment and approval. The first meeting of the GSWG was held on 6 July 2001 at the
Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (Library), Kloveniersburgwal 29, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands. The agenda for the GSWG meeting is also included below.
Bremerhaven, June 26, 2001
Reiner Schlitzer
Terms of Reference
(approved October 2001)
The objective of the GSWG is to review our current knowledge on the fluxes of dissolved and
particulate material in the global ocean and the biogeochemical processes that affect these fluxes. Of
particular importance are the comparisons of the different observational and modelling approaches and
the identification of controversies, methodological weaknesses and knowledge-gaps. This should
influence the planning of future marine research programmes and should lead to the development of
new, improved biogeochemical models that make use of the emerging biogeochemical data.
Specific goals of the GSWG are:
To compare and evaluate estimates for marine productivity, downward particle fluxes and respiration
rates in the water column and the sediment from different observational techniques as well as from
modelling.
To foster interactions between observationalists and modellers and to stimulate joint research projects.
To liaise and link GSWS activities with the JGOFS-GAIM and Data Management Task Teams and the
regional synthesis groups under JGOFS.
To promote the development of new, improved biogeochemical models that utilize the emerging and
diversity of marine biogeochemical data.
To identify potential biogeochemical and physical changes under global warming conditions.
To organize a workshop on the measurement and modelling of global ocean productivity and
biogeochemical fluxes.
To promote a joint publication of synthesis papers on marine biogeochemical fluxes.
Draft Meeting Agenda
09.00 Welcome, Introduction
09:15 Rationale for GSTT, Terms of Reference
09:45 Overview Presentations: Marine Production and Downward Material Fluxes
Satellite-based estimation of marine primary production: current status and future directions (J.
Campbell)
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Model estimates of new and primary production: influence of model physics and numerics (A.
Oschlies)
Export production in the Southern Ocean derived from dissolved nutrient distributions: comparison
with satellite based estimates (R. Schlitzer)
11:00 Coffee break
The relationship between primary and export production in the open ocean -Theory and observations
(E. Laws)
Particle fluxes to the deep ocean: recent findings, problems and Strategies (G. Fischer)
The Distribution of Deep Biogenic Fluxes and Their Relation to Surface Processes as Estimated from
Benthic Studies (R. Jahnke)
Summary
12:30 Lunch break
13:30 Overview Presentations: Process Studies and C, N, Si Cycles
“The dynamics of the marine nitrogen cycle” and “Redfield ratios: The holy grail of ocean
biogeochemistry” (N. Gruber)
Modelling focused on Chemical Components: A Biogeochemical Cycle Model Coupled with
Ecosystem (Y. Yamanaka)
Ecological Control of Marine Biogeochemical Cycles: Carbon vs. Silicate (A. Yool)
Summary
15:00 Overview Presentations: Anthropogenic Influence and Future Change
The role of the ocean as a sink for anthropogenic CO2 (N. Gruber)
Modelling Marine Biogeochemical Cycles: Present Status and Future Plans (P. Monfray)
Future Changes in Marine Biogeochemical Cycles: Modelling and Observational Evidence (R. Matear)
Summary
16:30 Status and Future Plans (Meetings, Workshops, Publications; Links with other TT)
18:00 End of meeting
- 55 -
10.20.
APPENDIX 20: The Amsterdam Declaration on Global Change
Challenges of a Changing Earth: Global Change Open Science Conference
Amsterdam, the Netherlands 13 July 2001
The scientific communities of four international global change research programmes - the International
Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global
Environmental Change (IHDP), the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and the international
biodiversity programme DIVERSITAS - recognise that, in addition to the threat of significant climate
change, there is growing concern over the ever-increasing human modification of other aspects of the
global environment and the consequent implications for human well-being. Basic goods and services
supplied by the planetary life support system, such as food, water, clean air and an environment
conducive to human health, are being affected increasingly by global change.
Research carried out over the past decade under the auspices of the four programmes to address these
concerns has shown that:
The Earth System behaves as a single, self-regulating system comprised of physical, chemical,
biological and human components. The interactions and feedbacks between the component parts are
complex and exhibit multi-scale temporal and spatial variability. The understanding of the natural
dynamics of the Earth System has advanced greatly in recent years and provides a sound basis for
evaluating the effects and consequences of human-driven change.
Human activities are significantly influencing Earth's environment in many ways in addition to
greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Anthropogenic changes to Earth's land surface, oceans,
coasts and atmosphere and to biological diversity, the water cycle and biogeochemical cycles are
clearly identifiable beyond natural variability. They are equal to some of the great forces of nature in
their extent and impact. Many are accelerating. Global change is real and is happening now.
Global change cannot be understood in terms of a simple cause-effect paradigm. Human-driven changes
cause multiple effects that cascade through the Earth System in complex ways. These effects interact
with each other and with local- and regional-scale changes in multidimensional patterns that are
difficult to understand and even more difficult to predict. Surprises abound.
Earth System dynamics are characterised by critical thresholds and abrupt changes. Human activities
could inadvertently trigger such changes with severe consequences for Earth's environment and
inhabitants. The Earth System has operated in different states over the last half million years, with
abrupt transitions (a decade or less) sometimes occurring between them. Human activities have the
potential to switch the Earth System to alternative modes of operation that may prove irreversible and
less hospitable to humans and other life. The probability of a human-driven abrupt change in Earth's
environment has yet to be quantified but is not negligible.
In terms of some key environmental parameters, the Earth System has moved well outside the range of
the natural variability exhibited over the last half million years at least. The nature of changes now
occurring simultaneously in the Earth System, their magnitudes and rates of change are unprecedented.
The Earth is currently operating in a no-analogue state.
On this basis the international global change programmes urge governments, public and private
institutions and people of the world to agree that:
An ethical framework for global stewardship and strategies for Earth System management are urgently
needed. The accelerating human transformation of the Earth's environment is not sustainable.
Therefore, the business-as-usual way of dealing with the Earth System is not an option. It has to be
replaced – as soon as possible – by deliberate strategies of good management that sustain the Earth's
environment while meeting social and economic development objectives.
A new system of global environmental science is required. This is beginning to evolve from
complementary approaches of the international global change research programmes and needs
strengthening and further development. It will draw strongly on the existing and expanding disciplinary
- 56 -
base of global change science; integrate across disciplines, environment and development issues and the
natural and social sciences; collaborate across national boundaries on the basis of shared and secure
infrastructure; intensify efforts to enable the full involvement of developing country scientists; and
employ the complementary strengths of nations and regions to build an efficient international system of
global environmental science.
The global change programmes are committed to working closely with other sectors of society and
across all nations and cultures to meet the challenge of a changing Earth. New partnerships are forming
among university, industrial and governmental research institutions. Dialogues are increasing between
the scientific community and policymakers at a number of levels. Action is required to formalise,
consolidate and strengthen the initiatives being developed. The common goal must be to develop the
essential knowledge base needed to respond effectively and quickly to the great challenge of global
change.
Berrien Moore III
Chair IGBP
Arild Underdal
Chair IHDP
Peter Lemke
Chair WCRP
- 57 -
Michel Loreau
Co-Chair DIVERSITAS
10.21.
APPENDIX 21: SCOR-IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2 (Wallace)
Douglas Wallace (Chair), Institut für Meereskunde der Universität Kiel, GERMANY
Anderson, Leif. University of Göteborg and Chalmers University of Technology, SWEDEN
Boutin, Jacqueline. Université Pierre et Marie Curie, FRANCE
Caldeira, Kenneth. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA
Dickson, Andrew. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, USA
Francey, Roger. CSIRO Atmospheric Research, AUSTRALIA
Frankignoulle, Michel. Université de Liège, BELGIUM
Haugan, Peter. University of Bergen, Norway
Kumar, Dileep. National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India
Le Quéré, Corinne. Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie, Germany
Nojiri, Yukihiro. National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, JAPAN
Watson, Andrew. University of East Anglia, UNITED KINGDOM
- 58 -
10.22.
APPENDIX 22: IOCCG Activity Report (Stuart)
The International Ocean-Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG) was established in 1996 to help promote
international cooperation and coordination in the acquisition, distribution, calibration, validation and
utilization of ocean-colour data from satellites launched by various nations. Part of the IOCCG mandate
includes capacity building. Over the past few years, the IOCCG has successfully conducted six
advanced training courses on applications of ocean-colour data, providing comprehensive training to
over 180 students from over 50 different nations. Plans are underway to conduct another training course
in Cape Town, South Africa at the end of this year.
A major focus of the IOCCG has been the formation of specialized working groups that investigate
various aspects of ocean-colour technology and its applications. The end-product of these working
groups is usually the publication of a scientific report. To date, three such reports have been published
by the IOCCG, covering topics such as the minimum number of bands required by an operational
ocean-colour sensor (Report No. 1), complementarity of ocean colour sensors (Report No. 2) and
remote sensing in coastal waters (Report No. 3).
Current IOCCG working groups are investigating topics such as the calibration of ocean-colour sensors
to common standards; the comparison of atmospheric correction algorithms used by various oceancolour sensors; the development of a common Level-3 product to facilitate merging of Level-3 oceancolour data from different sensors and; various aspects of operational ocean-colour. These working
groups are all expected to produce reports within the next few years.
Lastly, the IOCCG collaborates with a number of other scientific programmes including JGOFS,
SIMBIOS, POGO and IGOS, to provide expert advice on matters pertaining to remote sensing of ocean
colour.
- 59 -
10.23.
APPENDIX 23: Global Hydrography (Gould)
Status
To those who attended the Global Hydrography meeting at Southampton: Following the Tuesday night
meeting at the WOCE/JGOFS Ocean Transports workshop and subsequent discussion in the plenary
sessions, the following is my summary and list of actions. Please let me know of there are other issues I
have missed. Thank you for your interest. John
High quality, full depth global hydrography is seen as a necessary observational activity to provide the
following:
* Defining the physical and biogeochemical "climate of the ocean" and its changes on decadal
timescales. It acts as a complement to Argo (top 2000-m T and S only at present), observations from
VOS (surface and upper ocean) and from satellites.
* Estimates of ocean property transports where in addition to the complementary observations above,
measurements of the interior and boundary current flows are required.
There are "commitments" to approx 70% of sections that made up the WOCE/JGOFS (WHP) One Time
Survey between 1990 and 1998. Commitments include sections already planned and funded and
scheduled, sections that are integral parts of national and laboratory programmes and sections that have
been identified as important in national and international observing strategies. (See attached map)
The scientific rationales for occupying any section vary widely and the planned suite of measurements
may differ.
The consensus was that as complete a set as possible of physics, biogeochemical, transient tracer and
velocity (LADCP, SADCP) measurements should be made on all sections.
Data from these sections should be collected to uniform, high standard (WHP one time plus any recent
amendments) and should be rapidly processed, submitted to the appropriate data centre and made
publicly available.
At present, there is no single means of co-ordinating these measurements.
Actions
CLIVAR IPO to establish a web site with information on planned sections containing – Section
location, planned time of occupation, planned measurements to be made, responsible PI, number of free
berths (if any), funding status.
John Gould (CLIVAR), Maria Hood (IOC), Hugh Ducklow (JGOFS), J. Swift (WHPO) and others as
appropriate to explore possible co-ordination and data management mechanisms.
- 60 -
10.24.
APPENDIX 24: POGO Activity Report (Sathyendranath)
S. Sathyendranath, POGO Executive Director, provided an announcement on the Biology Workshop.
Biology Workshop
Sponsored by POGO (Shubha Sathyendranath, Executive Director, POGO, c/o Bedford Institute of
Oceanography, 1 Challenger Drive, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, CANADA. Tel: 902-426-8044
Fax: 902-426-9388.
Venue: Dartington, UK
Dates: 28-30 June 2001
Invited Participants
John Field (Chair, S. Africa)
Peter Burkill (UK)
Elgar Desa (India)
Fred Grassle (USA)
Julie Hall (New Zealand)
Tony Knap (Bermuda)
Richard Lampitt (UK)
Julie Laroche (Germany)
John Marra (IOCCG)
Gregg Mitchell (USA)
Satsuki Matsumura (Japan)
Ron O’Dor (USA/Canada)
Howard Roe (UK)
Mike Sinclair (Canada)
Shubha Sathyendranath (POGO)
Background
With the emergence of major programmes such as GOOS, operational oceanography and global oceanic
observations are becoming a reality. The physical-oceanographic side of the observational schemes has
made great strides, with GODAE and the Argos programme taking the lead in their implementation.
The next task is to develop the biological observations: typically, these are more complex, and more
difficult to automate, than physical measurements.
Issues
Several issues must be addressed before designing a scheme for biological measurements:
Can the observational plans build on lessons learned from major international research programmes
with a global perspective such as JGOFS and GLOBEC, and serve the needs of emerging programmes
such as SOLAS and Census of Marine Life?
From the plethora of measurements that are of interest to biological oceanographers, what elements can
be selected reasonably to form the basis of a biological observational scheme implemented at the global
scale?
How can we reconcile the sometimes conflicting demands of programmes interested in climate change
and carbon cycle, with those that are interested in issues related to biodiversity?
Any scheme for global observations must, of necessity, rely to some extent on remote and autonomous
platforms. Yet, calibration of biological sensors is notoriously difficult. How can we ensure that
biological and chemical sensors on remote platforms are calibrated to rigorous standards?
How can we take advantage of new and emerging technologies for biological observations in the
oceans? (See SCOR Working Group 118 on New Technologies for Observing Marine Life
pulson.seos.uvic.ca/meeting/scor2000/scor2000.html)
How can we ensure that in situ observations are tied in with remote observations of ocean colour in a
way that enhances and complements interpretations of the data and their applications?
- 61 -
Interpretations of biological observations often require background information on the physical
environment, and yet the time and space scales of interest to physical and biological oceanographers are
not necessarily always the same. How can we reconcile these conflicts?
What are the implications of the UN Convention on Biodiversity, for observations and study of marine
life?
How can we build the elements of a biological observation scheme on the recommendations of GOOS
panels that have studied these issues?
Terms of Reference for the Biology Workshop
Provide POGO with an overview of emerging global issues in deep-ocean (and coastal) biological
oceanography;
Review observational requirements that have been identified for addressing these issues;
Identify the biological measurements that could be implemented by POGO members in the near future,
based on available technology and ease of implementation;
Review new opportunities for technological development that would enhance monitoring of the relevant
biological parameters; and
Recommend the actions that POGO could take.
- 62 -
10.25.
APPENDIX 25: List of SSC Members (as of June 2001)
Name
Country
Function
Executive
Ducklow, Hugh
USA
At-large, North Atlantic SG
Chair
Saino, Toshiro
Japan
At-large 2nd, North Pacific SG Executive
Anderson, Robert
USA
At-large SSC (ends 1st term) Executive
Tilbrook, Bronte
Australia
At-large 2nd (ends 2nd term) Executive
Garçon, Véronique
France
North Atlantic SG
Executive
Haugan, Peter
Norway
At-large, CAP, OOPC
Falkowski, Paul
USA
At-large (ends 1st term)
Hong, Huasheng
China-Beijing At-large (2nd 1-year appt.)
Wallace, Douglas
Germany
At-large, CAP
Lochte, Karin
Germany
Paleo JGOFS TT
Monfray, Patrick
France
JGOFS-GAIM TT
Quiñones, Renato
Chile
Continental Margins TT
Tréguer, Paul
France
Southern Ocean SG
Schlitzer, Reiner
Germany
Global Synthesis TT
Conkright, Margarita USA
Data Management TT
Burkill, Peter
UK
Indian Ocean SG
Bychkov, Alex
Canada
North Pacific SG
Platt, Trevor
Canada
Int’l Oc. Colour C Group
Le Borgne, Robert
France
Equatorial Pacific SG
- 63 -
2001
SSC
SSC
SSC
SSC
Chair
SSC
SSC
SSC
SSC
Chair
Chair
Chair
Chair
Chair
Chair
Chair
Chair
Chair
Chair
2002
SSC
SSC
2003
SSC
Chair
Chair
Chair
Chair
Chair
Chair
Chair
Chair
Chair
Chair
Chair
SOURCES
Funds/year
Purpose
Research Council of Norway (NRC) $
177,619 Administration, travel, JGOFS Report Series
SCOR Secretariat (NSF & ICSU)
$
100,000 SSC meeting and Committee activities
University of Bergen (UiB)
$
31,191 Office, equipment, supplies, HiB overhead (offices)
IGBP Secretariat
$
20,145 SSC meeting
Subtotal
$
328,955
APPENDIX 26: Year 2000 Budget Table (Final)
- 64 -
STATUS ACTIVITIES
Expenses
Comments
Dates
Obligated International Project Office
$
208,810 SSC support: Staff, offices, travel, reports, etc.
Obligated SSC Meeting (22)
$
25,000 Bergen Meeting/Norway (IGBP Cost Share)
11-12 April
Committed Executive Meeting (5)
$
2,666 New Hampshire Meeting (IGBP Cost Share)
21-22 October
Synthesis Groups and Task Teams
Committed SOSG (10)
$
5,218 Brest Meeting/France
7-8 July
Committed DMTT (8)
$
6,290 Kiel Meeting (Germany Cost Share: Hotel & 1 Dinner)
5-6 June
Committed PJTT (4)
$
2,865 Hamburg Meeting/Germany (PAGES Cost Share)
13-14 June
Committed NPTT (2)
$
750 One Day Session at PICES Meeting/Japan
22-25 October
Proposed EPSG (3)
$
6,663 Hobart Meeting/Australia, DSR volume and New Scientist article
4-8 December
Committed JGTT
$
1,630 OCMIP-2 Princeton Meeting/USA
5-6 July
Committed CMTT
$
- Workshop Easter Boundary Systems (LOICZ Funds in 2000, $20,000) September
Other meetings and expenses
Obligated PICES
$
3,729 JGOFS support on a topic session
Open acct. Expenses at SCOR Secretariat
$
19,833 Miscellaneous programme expenses (Gross)
Obligated Open Science Conference (12)
$
12,186 Conference Speakers/Norway
13-17 April
Obligated Conference (Speakers and SSC)
$
5,806 Board
13-17 April
Committed JGOFS Science Brochure editing
$
4,375 Mardi Bowles (Science Editor)
July
Committed Non-linear Planning Meeting
$
1,000 Edward Laws-JGOFS representative
December
Committed JGOFS Report Series
$
1,645 Printing
October
Obligated 1999 Budget Deficit
$
288 Carried over from 1999
January
Subtotal
$
308,754
Year 2000 Balance
$
20,201
Status
Confirmed
Expected
Confirmed
Confirmed
10.26.
40,000 $
$
$
$
10,000
20,000
10,000
10,000
20,000
10,000
10,000
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
183,000 $
10,000 $
7,000 $
$
10,000 $
$
183,000
85,000
40,000
27,000
20,145
2,000
20,000
20,000
20,201
417,346
- 65 -
Amsterdam Meeting/Netherlands (IGBP Cost Share)
IGBP OSC Speaker
SSC/OSC mtgs (cost shared with IGBP funds from Session)
SSC/Reg. Fees
Tentatively cancelled as of 8 July 01
Comments
Administration (Salaries, fringe benefits, insurance, overhead)
Office Supplies, gen. postal expenses, and overhead
Hanson, Avril and Gjerde
AMBIO/IGBP Science Series
AMBIO and JGOFS Report Series Expenses
Purpose
SSC Administration, travel, misc. Reports, etc.
JGOFS SSC meeting and Committee activities
Springer-Verlag/Synthesis Book
IPO supplies, printing, HiB overhead (offices)
JGOFS SSC - minus lunches/coffee breaks @KNAS
Springer-Verlag Layout/Synthesis Book
CO2 Transport Workshop/Southampton
CMTT Synthesis Workshops/Taipei/British Columbia
University and SCOR funds carried over from 2000
20,000 Workshop II (IOC-$20K, NCOR Cost Share, Taipei)
5,711 Workshop Polar Margins (IOC-$5K joint c/ LOICZ-$5K, Sydney, CA)
Sub-polar workshop pending (IOC-$5K,Joint c/ LOICZ-$5K)
5,000 Changed request: now 2 small Amsterdam Meetings (2 scientists)
4,773 Arcachon, France, Meeting (PROOF Cost Share)
10,000 Washington DC, USA, Meeting, US JGOFS DM with $2000
23,556
2,500
1,400
4,000
183,000
10,000
7,000
600
10,000
Approved Expenses
Received
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
Requested Budgets
ACTIVITIES
International Project Office (staff)
IPO Operations
IPO Travel
IPO Mailing
IPO Publications/Printing
SSC Business
Committed SSC Meeting (19)
Committed David Karl--repr. JGOFS @ OSC
Committed Larry Atkinson--repr. JGOFS @ OSC
Planned IGBP OSC fees for SSC members
Committed Executive Meeting (5)
Synthesis Groups and Task Teams
Committed CMTT (10) 2nd
Committed CMTT (5) 3rd
Pending CMTT (5) 4th
Planned JGTT (50, workshop)
Committed NASG (10)
Committed DMTT (10)
Status
Obligated
Obligated
Obligated
Obligated
Obligated
183,000
100,000
40,000
27,000
20,145
2,000
20,000
20,000
20,201
432,346
Budget
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
APPENDIX 27: Year 2001 Budget Table (as of August 2001)
Status
SOURCES
Confirmed Research Council of Norway (NRC)
Expected SCOR funds
Committed ICSU funds
Confirmed University of Bergen (UiB)
Confirmed IGBP funds
Confirmed IGBP funds
Confirmed IOC funds
Confirmed IOC funds
Confirmed 2000 Carry over
Subtotal
10.27.
Planned JGOFS-WOCE-IOC CO2 Transport (13)
Committed AMBIO editing
Committed Edward Laws (repr. JGOFS)
Planned JGOFS Springer-Verlag, Synthesis Book
Planned JGOFS Reports Series
Planned IAPSO-IABO Assembly
Subtotal
Balance
Planned PJTT (9)
Committed IOSG (3)
SOSG
EPSG
Committed NPSG (2)
Committed GSWG (10)
Other meetings and expenses
Committed AMBIO Special Report
Open acct. SCOR Secretariat
$
$
$
$
$
30,000 $
$
$
40,000 $
$
12,000 $
459,000 $
(26,654) $
$
2,000 $
$
$
$
$
10,000 $
5,000 $
$
5,000 $
5,000 $
10,000 $
$
$
- 66 -
TT WKS-Meeting, 2-days; +Shimmield-2000 Meeting Expense
Miami, USA, Meeting/Edit Synthesis Report
Planning a workshop-meeting at Ocean Sciences Meeting (2002)
Hobart Meeting/Australia, DSR volume and New Scientist article
Sydney, BC, Canada, in conj. w/ PICES Annual Meeting
Amsterdam, NL (est.)
25,000 Southampton (IOC-$20K, JGOFS-$10K)
600 Mardi Bowles (Science Editor)
1,037 Ocean Sciences Meeting S.F. (GCTE Non-linear Workshop)
40,000 Managing Editor & SOC expenses
5,000 Paris Report, IOSG Report ...
2,500 IAPSO-IABO Ocean Odyssey (Karin Lochte)
419,308
(1,962) As of 31 August 01
7,772 SCOR funds
2,000 Conkright travel (USA), DMTT est., etc.
6,449
2,047
20,000
5,813
5,000
8,550
$
$
$
2001 funds?
$
20,000
$
15,000
$
20,000
10,000
10,000
2,000
374,415
(52,817)
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
10,000
5,000
$
$
As of 31 August 01
Chile (Quinones) cost sharing to be determined
2002 IOC funds (possibly in 2003)
Possible Feb Meeting-. -Honolulu/ASLO OSM
Estimated miscellaneous programme expenses (USA)
IGBP-$2K, Technical layout @ Springer-Verlag
IPO and SCOR costs
Joint c/ IOC & LOCIZ@$10K, Grand Synthesis workshops in 2002
Joint with GSWG and GAIN ($10k)
3 meetings (Feb@OSM, Apr@EGS, NA and GS Chairs mtg.)
General Business Mtg plans
Joint c/ PAGES
No information (chair change as of 8/7-01)
Mtg & Synthesis Workshop, Honolulu, Hawaii
Modeller workshop & business mtg, misc (budget $34K)
Meeting and Session @ PICES
Joint c/ JGTT workshop ($10K GAIM & $30K JGOFS)
Comments
Administration (IPO, printing, overhead, etc.)
Chile (Quinones) along side of the Training Course
Normally in the Fall/SSC meeting now planned
Administration, travel, JGOFS Report Series
SSC meeting and Committee activities
Office, supplies, printing, HiB overhead (offices)
SSC meeting
CMTT workshop/book publication
As of 31 August 01
- 67 -
315,415
6,183
2,000
10,000
10,000
20,000
10,000
10,000
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
171,415
85,000
27,000
20,145
20,000
(1,962)
321,598
Expenses
$
198,415
$
40,000
Funds
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
10,000
10,000
14,000
10,000
5,000
198,415
40,000
10,000
Budget
$
$
$
ACTIVITIES
International Project Office
SSC Meeting (19)
Executive Meeting (5)
Synthesis Groups and Task Teams
CMTT (10-12)
JGTT (10+20)
NASG (10)
DMTT (10)
PJTT (9)
IOSG (3)
SOSG
EPSG
NPSG (9)
GSWG (10+20)
Other meetings and expenses
CapacityBuilding/Training Course
CMTT Book Publication
3rd OSC Planning Committee
SCOR Secretariat
JGOFS Synthesis Book
JGOFS Reports Series
Subtotal
Balance
171,415
85,000
27,000
20,145
20,000
(1,962)
321,598
APPENDIX 28: Working Budget and Requests for Year 2002 Allocations
Sources
Budget
Resource Council of Norway (NRC) $
SCOR Secretariat
$
University of Bergen (UiB)
$
IGBP Secretariat
$
IOC funds
$
2001 Carry over
$
Subtotal
$
10.28.
10.29.
APPENDIX 29: The relationships among the JGOFS regional synthesis groups,
task teams, program-wide synthesis and global synthesis (updated and redrawn,
July 2001).
JGOFS Synthesis Plan
Phase 1 (1998-2001)
Phase 2 (1998-2003)
Phase 3 (2001-2003)
Regional/Disciplinary
Synthesis
ProgrammeWide
Global
Synthesis
NASG
Southampton
Workshop
(DSR II Volume)
EPSG
DMTT
IOCCG
SECOND JGOFS
CONFERENCE
(DSR II Volumes)
AMBIO Article
SOSG
(DSR II & Book)
IGBP Science
Series #2
NPSG
(DSR II Volume)
Springer-Verlag
Book
GSWG
CO2 Panel
CMTT
(Book)
PJTT
Contributions to
IGBP Synthesis
THIRD JGOFS
CONFERENCE
Final Book?
- 68 -
JGTT
OCMIP
Minutes of the 17th Meeting of the JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee
El Araucano Hotel, Concepción, Chile, 23-25 September 2002
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1
1.1.
Opening Remarks and Administrative Arrangements ............................................1
1.2.
Report of the JGOFS Chair ..................................................................................... 1
1.3.
Approval of the Agenda ..........................................................................................2
OLD BUSINESS................................................................................................................ 2
2.1.
Minutes of the 16th Meeting of Scientific Steering Committee .............................. 2
2.2.
IGBP/Springer Verlag Book ................................................................................... 2
JGOFS OPEN SCIENCE CONFERENCE .................................................................... 2
3.1.
Open Science Conference Programme: Discussion ................................................ 2
3.2.
Report on Raising Conference and Travel Funds ...................................................4
3.3.
Conference Programme Report and Issues .............................................................5
SYNTHESIS AND WORKING GROUPS, AND TASK TEAM REPORTS .............. 7
4.1.
Global Synthesis Working Group ........................................................................... 7
4.2.
North Atlantic Synthesis Group ..............................................................................8
4.3.
Southern Ocean Synthesis Group............................................................................8
4.4.
North Pacific Synthesis Group................................................................................8
4.5.
Continental Margins Task Team .............................................................................9
4.6.
JGOFS-GAIM Task Team ......................................................................................9
4.7.
Data Management Task Team.................................................................................9
4.8.
Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group.........................................................................9
4.9.
Indian Ocean Synthesis Group..............................................................................10
4.10.
PAGES-JGOFS Task Team ..............................................................................10
4.11.
Recap of financial requests ...............................................................................10
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMMES.......................................................................... 11
5.1.
IGBP and SCOR.................................................................................................... 11
5.2.
GOOS and SCOR-IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2: Activities ...................... 13
6.
INTERNATIONAL PROJECT OFFICE..................................................................... 14
7.
MEETING ADJOURNED ............................................................................................. 15
8.
ANNEXES........................................................................................................................16
8.1.
List of Participants ................................................................................................ 16
8.2.
Draft Agenda .........................................................................................................19
8.3.
Agenda Timeline ................................................................................................... 20
8.4.
Draft Asian Pacific Network Proposal ..................................................................21
8.5.
Financial Arrangements for the JGOFS OSC .......................................................29
8.6.
Report on the Open Science Conference by Debbie Steinberg.............................30
8.7.
Global Synthesis Working Group (GSWG) Report by Reiner Schlitzer ..............31
8.8.
North Atlantic Synthesis Group (NASG) Report by Véronique Garçon ..............33
8.9.
Southern Ocean Synthesis Group (SOSG) Report by Paul Tréguer .....................34
8.10.
North Pacific Synthesis Group (NPSG) Report by Alex Bychkov...................45
8.11.
Data Management Task Team (DMTT) Report by M. Conkright .................... 47
8.12.
Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group (EPSG) Report by R. LeBorgne...............49
8.13.
Indian Ocean Synthesis Group (IOSG) by Sharon Smith ................................. 50
8.14.
PAGES JGOFS Task Team (PJTT) Report by Karin Lochte ...........................53
8.15.
IGBP and SCOR Reports by Wendy Broadgate (and Ed Urban) .....................54
8.16.
“Ocean Vision”: Future Research of Global Change in the Ocean...................58
8.17.
Global Ocean Observing System and OOPC by Peter Haugan ........................68
8.18.
SCOR IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2 by Peter Haugan ...........................69
8.19.
International Project Office by Roger Hanson..................................................70
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1.
Opening Remarks and Administrative Arrangements
At 09:10 on Monday, 23 September 2002, the JGOFS Chair, Hugh Ducklow, welcomed the
attending members of the Scientific Steering Committee, IPO staff, project sponsors and local
guests to the 17th meeting of the JGOFS SSC at the El Araucano Hotel in Concepción, Chile. He
asked each participant to introduce him or herself and to offer a recent personal note about him
or herself to the group. Hanson also introduced Mr. Sturle Litland, the IPO new financial
assistant, to the members. Thirteen members from eight countries attended while six members
abstained because of other professional commitments. A list of participants is given in Annex
8.1.
Quiñones (host) provided practical details on the local arrangements at the meeting including
computers, Internet access and schedules, with the help of Klaudia (Department Secretary) and
Elisabeth (Ph.D. Candidate in Oceanography). Sturle and Stokke also offered help to any one
that needed travel assistance and/or reimbursement forms.
1.2.
Report of the JGOFS Chair
Ducklow briefly reviewed and highlighted the general merits of the JGOFS groups since the 16th
SSC Meeting in Amsterdam, July 2001:
• He applauded Michael Fasham (not in attendance) on the completion of the “Bergen
Open Science Conference” book, which will be sent to the publisher, Springer Verlag.
What remains are some issues concerning chapter illustrations and publishers’
permissions. Springer Verlag expects to receive the book manuscript next month
(October).
• A successful Modelling Workshop was held in Ispra last June. He congratulated Schlitzer
of the Global Synthesis Working Group (GSWG) and Monfray of the JGOFS-GAIM
Task Team for the organisation and leadership during the proceedings. He also
recognized the strong host support from the European Union Joint Research Centre in
this effort.
• The Continental Margin Task Team (CMTT) continues a very active phase in its
synthesis on carbon and nutrient fluxes over continental margins, which Quiñones will
report later. Other Synthesis Groups and Task Teams have also worked hard towards
completing their Terms of Reference and contributing their synthesis to the Final Open
Science Conference (OSC) in Washington, D.C.
• The Data Management Task Team (DMTT) continues its crucial role in collecting a
single, uniform international dataset, which will reside in the World Data Centre system.
• The International JGOFS website has been updated and revised and is now online.
• The Final OSC has taken shape. The programme is determined and speakers confirmed.
Yet, the invitations are a little behind schedule (release date is now October). More will
be discussed on the OSC later (see Annex 8.6).
• As JGOFS approaches the final OSC in May 2003, Ducklow encouraged the group chairs
to continue working hard and finish their activities in the best manner possible.
• In January 2003, IGBP, SCOR and IOC will host the OCEANS Opens Science
Conference in Paris, which will shape the future of international ocean biogeochemistry
and ecosystems analysis. An implementation plan will be released, presented and
discussed further at the Final JGOFS OSC.
-1-
1.3.
Approval of the Agenda
The draft agenda and agenda timeline were reviewed (Annex 8.2 and Annex 8.3).
ACTION #1: The SSC accepted the Agenda and Timeline without changes.
2. OLD BUSINESS
2.1.
Minutes of the 16th Meeting of Scientific Steering Committee
Ducklow asked Hanson to review the minutes, actions and decisions of the previous meeting. A
few comments were contributed during the process, regarding:
• NASG: Garçon indicated that no proposal was submitted.
• SOSG: Hanson indicated that the revised, new Terms of Reference were received from
the former chair (U. Bathmann).
• NPSG: Hanson indicated that the long overdue reports of previous meetings remain
overdue.
• PMTT: Hanson reported that the final report from the Svalbard meeting was delivered by
Ed Laws and printed as JGOFS Report 36.
• National reports: numbers have declined over the past few years.
ACTION #2: The SSC approved the minutes of the 16th SSC meeting with minor
corrections.
2.2.
IGBP/Springer Verlag Book
Hanson mentioned that Fasham requested a bonus for the technical editor, Angela Bayfield.
Bayfield has worked more hours than anticipated, mainly tracking down illustrations, requesting
permissions, and confirming citations for chapter authors. Fasham recommended an extra 500
sterling pounds for Bayfield efforts and excellent support.
Decision: The SSC approved the bonus for Angela Bayfield.
Hanson suggested that the SSC send more than a letter of thanks and appreciations to Fasham
for his arduous and laborious efforts as Editor-in-chief of the Springer Verlag publication.
3. JGOFS OPEN SCIENCE CONFERENCE
3.1.
Open Science Conference Programme: Discussion
Before discussing the science programme, Ducklow complimented Debbie Steinberg in absentia
on her excellent job as chair of the conference programme and arranging a nationally known
public speaker. Through her efforts, she contacted and confirmed Dr. Carol Browner (former
EPA administrator in the Clinton administration) for the public talk at the Smithsonian Museum
of Natural History on Wednesday evening. Ducklow also complimented the work of the US
JGOFS Planning Office, in particular Ken Buesseler and Mary Zawoysky with organising the
programme announcement, invitations and web site.
Ducklow presented an OSC programme based on an earlier pdf version, dated mid-July, and
reviewed in details the list of sessions, keynote speakers and commentators. Several members
noted that speaker’s affiliations have changed.
-2-
ACTION #3: Hanson and Avril will transmit new information on speakers’ affiliations
to Zawoysky.
Ducklow also mentioned that the daily programme schedule recognizes each of the previous five
JGOFS Chairs by having them lead a morning plenary session. In the afternoons, Synthesis
Groups and Task Teams Chairs will lead the plenary sessions on the theme or regional poster
sessions.
The Programme Committee anticipates strong “regional synthesis” from the groups, teams and
national programs, and strong “theme posters” from the scientific community. For example,
Ducklow mentioned that regional synthesis posters might include the main regional highlights
(such as, a regional carbon budget) and/or future ocean biogeochemical research or questions. In
response, the Synthesis Group Chairs concurred that they needed more guidance and additional
information on poster content and format. In addition, the Chairs requested early information on
the number (and contents) of the posters that will be included in their sessions. Ducklow
reminded synthesis session chairs that they should be as creative as possible for the regional
synthesis posters. The poster format remains under discussion.
ACTION #4: Ducklow will discuss SSC concerns with Steinberg, especially the need for
more guidance from the conference committee on posters.
Quiñones pointed out that there is also an overlap between regional studies and process studies
regarding the general set up of the synthesis poster. Other Chairs agreed. It was suggested that
the ad hoc posters be distributed among the various sessions to minimize the overlaps, according
to the organising committee’s recommendations. It was also suggested that a short description of
each session be prepared (written) and then checked by the organising committee and the session
chairs. This description should be included at least in the online version of the programme.
Ducklow indicated that the evening Opening Ceremony on Monday has been changed because of
a schedule conflict at the National Academy of Sciences. It is now moved up to Sunday evening
at the National Academy and is noted on the “new” Programme Invitation.
The reason was due to a conflict with the annual National Academy dinner (overlooked earlier
by the NAS). Information on the time and location of the Monday afternoon poster sessions,
which must also be moved, will be announced later. Suggestions were requested. Broadgate
suggested that this poster session could be held under a tent in a garden adjacent to the NAS.
Tréguer indicated that the Southern Ocean session will be open and that the SOSG synthesis
poster will present achievements and future science based on the six research questions from the
3rd SO Symposium, please visit the Symposium web site,
http://www.uib.no/jgofs/Publications/other_pub/SOSG_Brest_synthesis.pdf. This should
minimize the overlap with other regional synthesis groups and help identify possible contributors
to the sessions.
Saino remarked that the North Pacific Synthesis Group Chair or Vice Chair should lead the
session on the North Pacific synthesis in place of Yukihiro Nojiri. Ducklow acknowledged the
oversight and expressed regrets. However, SSC made no decision, as it would be difficult to
retract an invitation at this time.
-3-
Anderson suggested that the poster-session chairs provide a short overview or description of the
posters in the plenary session each day. Hanson supported Anderson suggestion as the ad hoc
committee in Hawaii discussed the importance of a short overview by the synthesis chairs. It
does not appear in the current programme version. However, Ducklow felt that the poster session
overview would be included in the conference proceedings, even though it does not appear in
programme shown.
Hanson added that all speakers, commentators and moderators talks, poster abstracts, and an
international master dataset would be made available to all participants at the Conference on the
Conference CD-ROM and/or DVD. Quiñones suggested that a conference book should be
considered, as was the case for the previous two JGOFS Conferences. Ducklow agreed but
people are moving on to new programmes as JGOFS finishes next year. From experience, it
takes 2-5 years to publish a JGOFS book. Smith agreed as most potential authors have moved on
to other research topics or programmes, and suggested that the SSC should not be “pushing” for
this plan. Quiñones suggested that if we drop the book idea, we should discuss a special issue in
a relevant Journal, which should be faster to publish.
Schlitzer strongly supported DMTT production and distribution of an official International
JGOFS Master Dataset, as a CD-ROM or DVD, during the final OSC. In this effort, Hanson
reminded the SSC members that there is still time and that the DMTT would appreciate their
help in assisting your colleagues in developing countries to submit individual JGOFS data sets to
the IPO and the DMTT.
3.2.
Report on Raising Conference and Travel Funds
Hanson reviewed the support status of the conference and travel proposals for the final OSC.
In the USA, Kenneth Buesseler sought conference support from the US NSF within the
framework of the US PO budget for 2003. The US NSF confirmed that the PO grant would
include conference support ($75,000) and travel support ($25,000) for American and some
international scientists (total $100,000). Buesseler also sought conference support from other US
Agencies and received confirmation from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA, $50,000) and the Office of Naval Research (ONR, $25,000). Additional conference
support is being sought through the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA,
$25,000) and the Department of Energy (DOE, in preparation).
Internationally, the IPO sought financial support from JGOFS parent bodies and partners at the
regional, international and intergovernmental organisations in oceanography, marine science and
global change research. Specifically, they are:
• Asia-Pacific Network for Asia Pacific scientists (APN, $30,000, pre-proposal submitted),
• Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research for developing countries scientists (SCOR,
$10,000, proposal submitted),
• Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission for Eastern Europe scientists (IOC,
$20,000, proposal submitted),
• Inter-Americas Institute for Global Change Research for South American scientists (IAI,
$20,000, phone call, proposal pending)
• European Union for Western Europe scientists (EU, $20,000, November FP6, proposal
pending),
• SysTem for Analysis, Research, and Training for young and mid-career African scientists
(START, $20,000, proposal pending via SCOR), and
• Research Council of Norway for Norwegian scientists (NRC, $10,000, proposal
submitted).
-4-
Regarding the NRC proposal for Norwegians scientists (above), Hanson suggested that a similar
effort be made by SSC members at home. Garçon and Tréguer both suggested that indeed a
similar proposal would be presented to the PROOF programme for French scientists. To assist
their efforts, a draft proposal to APN was provided for generic information on the project and
conference (Annex 8.4).
As of September 2002, we have not received any confirmation of co-sponsorships from the
above international organisations. Proposals remain under full consideration. With the current
efforts of the IPO and the US-JGOFS PO, a total budget of US $400,000 is anticipated (Annex
8. 5) or more than double of the Bergen OSC budget.
3.3.
Conference Programme Report and Issues
Hanson introduced Steinberg’s Report on the Conference Programme and remaining issues
(Annex 8.6):
•
Introduction of Public Speaker--Carol Browner. All speaker invitations have been
extended and confirmed, except one, who will introduce Dr. Carol Browner and moderate
the evening Lecture on Wednesday? The Committee is presently considering Rita
Colwell (Director of the US National Science Foundation). Ducklow mentioned that the
Wednesday-evening moderator must be a very high level individual with strong
international impact. The SSC discussed a few possibilities and suggested names of
Nobel Prize recipients and Chairs of intergovernmental organisations.
ACTION #5: Ducklow will convey the names to Steinberg and the OSC organising
committee.
•
Education and Outreach Programmes.
o Under education issues, Hanson reported that Steinberg is working on a couple of
educational possibilities. One option has now secure funds. Dr. Ashanti Pyrtle,
School of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Georgia, secured NASA
funds for 20-25 minority undergraduates to attend the OSC. Members felt that this
will be a nice addition to the overall science programme. Steinberg requested a need
for "meeting mentors" (volunteers) for the undergraduates. However, the exact time
schedule remains undefined.
ACTION #6: Garçon volunteered to participate and Ducklow indicated that every
member should be willing to help on this matter.
o Under media attention, press release and outreach, Anderson suggested that the
outreach actions should also extend to policy-makers that will attend and/or be
invited to the final OSC. Ducklow indicated that in this matter the AGU and the
USGS (Sandström at WHOI) could possibly help and that the public talk would be
widely advertised for a maximal participation. Broadgate mentioned that the press
and media (e.g., Washington Post, New York Times, etc.) should be involved early
and invited to the OSC and the special evening Lecture.
ACTION #7: Broadgate and Hanson agreed to contact the IGBP media coordinator,
Susanna Elliott, for advice and possible media contacts.
-5-
Smith and Ducklow suggested that NSF, NAS, NASA publicity managers could
provide some help with the media and outreach actions around the OSC.
Quiñones felt that if a high-quality product is to be provided to the media (and policymakers), a professional, full-time, specialized consultant must be onboard early to
handle the press and media.
Avril and Broadgate suggested that if a daily newsletter is to be prepared, it could be
done as during the IGBP conference in 2001, by student journalists, and if there
should be some press releases to the general media, it has to be “hot” news. Smith
emphasised that it should not be “hot” news but “crucial” news. For example, the
times-series studies have provided specific information on the long-term variability
and ecosystem shifts.
Tilbrook mentioned that during the Bergen 2000 OSC, the journal Nature sent a fulltime science writer and will need to be notified as soon as possible. Hanson
suggested that the committee invite AAAS, Nature and New Scientist writers.
ACTION #8: Ducklow will convey these thoughts to the organising committee, i.e.,
media specialists and publicising the public talk of Carol Browner as a major event.
Internationally, Tréguer added that each national contribution to JGOFS should be
specifically emphasised in order to get specific organisations (e.g., CNRS in France;
MPI in Germany) and national press involved in the OSC programme in a “network of
media” with international distribution in national press releases and prepared in the
appropriate language. Quiñones emphasised the need for a common effort with a clear
strategy and established well in advance of the event. Garçon recommended that each
national representative on the SSC and National Committee Person contact their press
agencies and main media directly. Ducklow suggested that the international actions
would need some coordination with the OSC organising committee, possibly through
Mary Zawoysky.
•
Recognition of JGOFS “Unsung Heroes”. Hanson reminded everyone that there is still a
need to identify key international people who helped JGOFS along the way over the
years and who should be invited to join the final OSC. In France, Tréguer named Guy
Jacques, Roger Chesselet (deceased) and J.C. Duplessy, and in Oman, Smith
recommended Thabit Zahran Al Abdessalaam.
ACTION #9: The lists of those names should be selected nationally and sent to the US
PO and IPO in order to arrange an official invitation and travel-accommodation details
(pending funds).
•
National Academy of Sciences Web Casting the Conference. Hanson mentioned that
there is a possibility of web casting at the conference via the National Academy of
Sciences. All members agreed that it would be a very valuable tool to all scientists who
could not attend, for later use as a Conference record and as a valuable accompaniment to
press releases.
ACTION #10: The OSC organising committee should accept the offer immediately, if
the web casting is available at some reasonable cost to the JGOFS community.
-6-
4. SYNTHESIS AND WORKING GROUPS, AND TASK TEAM REPORTS
4.1.
Global Synthesis Working Group
Schlitzer reported on the Modelling Workshop in Ispra, June 2002, which was organised to bring
observationalists and modellers together (Annex 8.7). The workshop gathered about 70 scientists
and emphasised current measurements and future perspectives. The key questions were
presented and also discussed, including:
• Explain/constrain/reduce the great variability in primary productivity estimates from the
satellites, mostly due to the chlorophyll assessment and the transformation of
Chlorophyll stocks into primary productivity (PP) fluxes, especially in the Southern
Ocean, where a poor, weak calibration for the satellite estimates and some sampling
biases exists. It was agreed that in a highly noisy signal (environment) it is yet easier to
measure variations in the real signal rather than the absolute value of it.
• Conversion methods from static (stocks) to dynamics (fluxes) are thus still controversial,
especially since it is not only temperature-driven.
• Roles of the margins in the global fluxes.
• Extrapolation of Chl. a and PP to greater depths (50-150 meters) is still quite uncertain.
• Need for more emphasis on the twilight zone (community dynamics, carbon storage,
etc.).
• Flux is not clearly coupled between the various mass fluxes and the usable carbon for
benthic activities or burial.
Schlitzer and Monfray also emphasised:
• The importance of shift in species distribution according to external forcing.
• The non-linear relationship between biological and physical couplings of the oceanic
processes.
• The complementary need for large and small scales approaches.
• The need for new tools such as autonomous recorders and efficient databases.
Finally, Schlitzer strongly supported the need for reliable and quantifying procedures for model
evaluation and use expectations. For example, a model assessment should be organized in the
future in order to qualify models and determine how to better use them for regional studies,
process-oriented approaches, etc. by using objectives criteria for evaluation. He suggested that
GSWG could launch a model assessment in the time remaining.
In 2003, GSWG plans include: (1) a meeting for model evaluation and (2) an effort to liaise
GSWG with the new OCEANS programme after JGOFS. The model evaluation meeting will be
held after the OCEANS conference, e.g., around March 2003, and $10,000 is requested for the
meeting. Schlitzer also reminded every one that it would be a disappointment to disband the
GSWG at the end of JGOFS. He recommended that the GSWG should liaise with the future
OCEANS programme and continue this effort on model evaluation.
Ducklow thanked Schlitzer and agreed that indeed new views and procedures are needed in the
future OCEANS programme. Monfray, co-Chair of the OCEANS Conference, indicated that
there would be opportunities to extend this discussion during OCEANS in January 2003. Smith
mentioned that in the US, Marjy Fredericks within the US JGOFS Synthesis and Modelling
Project
(SMP)
recently
organised
a
similar
effort
of
model
(www.usjgofs.whoi.edu/research/synmod.html).
-7-
4.2.
North Atlantic Synthesis Group
Garçon announced that NERC finally released funds for the Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT)
programme for the period 2001-2005. This was good news to all concerned in maintaining the
longevity of this meridional record in the Atlantic Ocean.
In February 2002, the NASG organised an informal discussion during the AGU/ASLO Ocean
Science Meeting (OSM) in Hawaii, and in April 2002, a session related to NASG activities
during the EGS Conference, Nice (Annex 8.8). Early next month, Garçon noted a meeting on the
Dynamic Green Ocean Model (with definitions of plant functional types) is planned for 2-5
October 2002 (LeQuéré, www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/bgc_prentice/projects/green_ocean/index.html).
There are other initiatives and projects underway, including the Upstream Operational
Oceanography: e.g., MERCATOR (www.mercator.com.fr), the GODAE project
(www.bom.gov.au/bmrc/ocean/GODAE/) and a US Synthesis and Modelling Project (SMP)
(www.usjgofs.whoi.edu/research/synmod.html).
In case of the latter, she noted that Scott Doney (from US-JGOFS SMP) requested information
from the Working Groups and Task Teams on what still needs to be answered as a piece of the
JGOFS legacy.
NASG future plans include a business meeting during the POMME meeting in Toulouse or the
OCEANS Conference in Paris in January and a host a session during the EGU Conference in
April. Funds requested for support of these activities and a meeting in AWI totalled $13,000.
4.3.
Southern Ocean Synthesis Group
Tréguer reported on the SOSG synthesis and modelling papers in Deep-Sea Research Part II
(2002) that followed on the SO-JGOFS Symposium held in Brest in July 2000. He also
mentioned that SOSG held a general session at the AGU/ASLO Oceans Science Meeting (OSM)
and a synthesis workshop in Hawaii in February 2002. He also presented a brief overview of
main national contributions to SOSG. In France, the person in charge is Philippe Pondaven and
the related database will be completed soon. In addition, a KEOPS (Kerguelen: Etude comparée
de
l'Océan
et
du
Plateau
en
Surface
et
Subsurface,
http://www.univbrest.fr/IUEM/projects/keops/keops.htm) project was launched recently, which will be linked to
SOLAS; in Germany, there will be two publications on EISENEX I; and in the USA, a large iron
fertilisation experiment, North and South of the Antarctic Polar Front was completed. Results
indicated that the export was not observed during or after an increase in Chlorophyll in the
fertilised region. A full report is given in Annex 8.9.
4.4.
North Pacific Synthesis Group
Saino presented a brief NPSG report prepared by Bychkov (Annex 8.10) and emphasised
activities including the publication of a DSR II issue (in press), datasets from PAPA, KNOT and
A-line (fisheries), plans for a special issue of the Journal of Oceanography and a CD-ROM data
set during the JGOFS North Pacific Process Study (NPPS). NPSG request financial support
($10,000) for a meeting to organise the special issue, produce a CD-ROM and discuss follow up
programs in the North Pacific after JGOFS. Ducklow asked about the iron fertilisation
experiment planned by Canada and Japan at station P. The experiment was successful, the
longest continuous monitoring of an iron enriched patch to date, 26 days. Sediment traps showed
no increase in export during the early observational period, but towards the end, traps showed a
doubling of material settling from all depths, indicating a flux of particulate matter out of the
surface layer.
-8-
4.5.
Continental Margins Task Team
Quiñones reported that the CMTT is in its last phase of synthesis, but the book publication is
delayed. A meeting in Washington D.C. will take place on 4-6 December 2002 for the editors
and lead authors. He suggested that this meeting might be too early because the deadline for
chapter drafts is forthcoming and only few chapters have been submitted to the web site.
Ducklow asked if there is an alternate plan since the group is late in its own schedule, such as
postponing the publications or cancelling the late contribution. Quiñones indicated that he
needed to check with Larry Atkinson, and agreed on an alternate plan. Ducklow also asked about
the overlap with the recent book published in “The Sea” series. Quiñones indicated that it is
different in its purpose and content, even though there are some overlap and common authors.
Ducklow asked about the status of the LOICZ synthesis volume and the conflict in the
conclusions between LOICZ and CMTT scientists regarding the sink or source status of the
ocean margins, as emphasised by Arthur Chen. At first I thought we might be comparing apples
and oranges. CMTT views that although the estuaries and proximal coastal seas are sources of
carbon the total sea-to-air flux is smaller than the total air-to-sea flux in the much larger shelves.
This view was expressed by K.-K. Liu, Robie MacDonald and Arthur Chen in the Fasham’s
Springer Verlag book and will be confirmed in our synthesis book on continental margins by K.K. Liu, Larry Atkinson, Renato Quiñones and Liana McManus (expected date 2004).
4.6.
JGOFS-GAIM Task Team
Monfray indicated that the main activity of the JGTT was the joint modelling workshop, as
described in the GSWG report (Annex 8.7).
4.7.
Data Management Task Team
Avril presented the DMTT report prepared by Conkright (Annex 8.11). The SSC was pleased
with the amount of work that has been completed by the DMTT with help from Avril and
supportive of the work load that lay ahead, for example, the JGOFS Master Dataset and
distribution of the CD ROM at the Final Open Science Conference. Avril requested financial
support for two important meetings early next year in UK (DMTT annual meeting, $10,000) and
in Germany (PANGAEA-JGOFS meeting, $8,000).
4.8.
Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group
LeBorgne reported on the EPSG publication of a DSR II volume last June 2002; a copy was sent
to the IPO. Regarding the activities of the recent workshop on 17-18 September and the EPSMG
meeting on 19 September 2002 in Maine, USA (Annex 8.12), the following issues were
discussed:
• Large scale description, including of the PDO (Pacific Decadal Oscillation), the shut-down of
SeaWiFS at the end of 2002, the HNLC conditions, the latitudinal and meridional variations
(e.g., warm pool and HNLC regions).
• The function of the biological pump, from PP to EP (export production), grazing, Fe
fertilisation, etc.
• Ecosystem modelling for HNLC and iron fertilisation and with a test-bed project focusing on
data assimilation.
• CO2 flux and biological pump.
• Temporal variations, on seasonal, ENSO, and decadal time-scale; not predictive tools yet.
• JGOFS and GLOBEC have some common products, down to fisheries.
• Comparison between Equatorial Pacific and Equatorial Atlantic.
• JGOFS benefited from the previous TAO works, of the availability of new methods, and of
different climatic events, and provided new findings.
-9-
• JGOFS main fieldwork finished in 1996, except for JAMSTEC, but new fieldwork is
underway along with ships of opportunity and TAO mooring servicing ship.
• Need of new training courses on Equatorial Pacific now that new and coherent knowledge
has accumulated.
• The CD-ROM on EqPac is abandoned, as the datasets are on line, nationally.
• To unravel the role of TIW (tropical instability wave) in carbon cycling and large scale
processes, 2 ships are required simultaneously.
• Study of Si and Fe co-limitations, Fe speciation and distribution, and Fe sources.
4.9.
Indian Ocean Synthesis Group
Smith reported that the IOSG hosted a session at the Ocean Science Meeting in Hawaii last
February 2002 and published JGOFS Report #35 (Annex 8.13). IOSG expects a follow-up book
on Report #35 and a draft is expected by May 2003. The publication will synthesise the eleven
international and interdisciplinary DSR II volumes and other relevant publications on the
Arabian Sea since 1995. India and UK continue to conduct research cruises and Oman operates a
satellite receiving station (NASA remote sensing data) in the region. Winter and SW monsoon
situations were extensively studied during JGOFS and results indicate that export of primary
production is sea-surface temperature (SST) and grazer controlled. Grazers are forced out of the
euphotic zone, when SST exceeds 26-27°C, and seek refuge and hibernate at depth, during
September – April. It is possible to reasonably predict the ecosystem according to the monsoon
cycle. However, there remains a need for more accurate algorithms to understand better the
natural iron fertilisation from dust storms as well as for clean iron measurement techniques.
4.10. PAGES-JGOFS Task Team
Hanson presented the PGTT report prepared by Lochte (Annex 8.14). Lochte requested SSC
advice on how this team should continue, what achievements are expected, and should PJTT
consider new members? She indicated that if the group continues, it needs some changes in
membership because several members are currently too busy, including her. The SSC did not
have enough information to offer sound advice or course of action.
ACTION #11: Ducklow decided to contact Lochte personally and discuss her concerns.
4.11. Recap of financial requests
Hanson reviewed the financial status for the present (2002) and final year (2003). The unofficial
balance for 2002 is about $16,000 due to the cancellation of the training course, postponing the
DMTT technical meeting to 2003, etc. In calendar 2003, we expect $85,000 from SCOR plus the
residual funds from 2000, 2001, and 2002. The 2003 requests for SCOR funds are as follows:
SSC Meeting/OSC (committed)
$20,000
DMTT Meeting (committed)
$10,000
PANGAEA DMTT (committed)
$ 8,000
GSWG Meeting (committed)
$10,000
IOSG book funds from IGBP (committed)
JGOFS Executive Meeting (undecided)
SOSG (no meeting requested)
NASG Meetings
$13,000
EPSG Meeting
$11,000
NPSG Meeting
$10,000
OSC Speakers (committed)
$20,000
CMTT book funds from IOC (committed)
PJTT (no meeting requested)
JGTT (no meeting requested)
Chairs confirmed their requests, and Hanson notified the Chairs that the Executives would
consider all requests carefully at years end. Ducklow would announce financial arrangement
early next January 2003. Three events in 2003 were not included in the above budget: OCEANS
- 10 -
Conference in Paris, IGBP Congress in Banff and the final Executive Meeting in Bergen.
Attendance and representation at these meetings would be discussed later.
5. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMMES
5.1.
IGBP and SCOR
Because the SCOR Executive Director, Ed Urban, was unable to attend due to commitments in
China, the IGBP Deputy Director, Wendy Broadgate, agreed to cover joint SCOR-IGBP
activities under IGBP activities. For specific information on SCOR programmes, you are
directed to the web site, http://www.jhu.edu/~scor/.
Broadgate reported on the latest developments under IGPB Phase II with a focus on ocean
science (Annex 8.15). The development of the new programme is well underway with various
synthesis books, including the first JGOFS book in Cambridge University Press (IGBP book
series), the IGBP science brochure (#2) contributing to the developments which were described
in IGBP NewsLetter #50 Special Issue. In IGBP Phase II, there is a new structure with three
main compartments: ATMOSPHERE, OCEAN (GLOBEC + OCEANS), and LAND
(LUCC+GCTE), three corresponding interfaces projects: ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN (SOLAS),
OCEAN-LAND (LOICZ), and LAND-ATMOSPHERE (ILEAPS) and 2 integration projects
(GAIM and PAGES).
In the OCEAN compartment, jointly with SCOR, several projects are included: JGOFS (need for
continuation-legacy for the new project), GLOBEC (continuing to 2009) and a new developing
project, currently called OCEANS (Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Analysis). To ensure
a consistent vision in the marine projects, a draft “Ocean Vision” statement was handed out at
the meeting (Annex 8.16) that laid out common goals for the OCEAN projects plus relevant
parts of the interface projects, SOLAS and LOICZ. The “Ocean Vision” includes, see Figure 1 in
Ocean Vision document, drivers, processes, responses, social impacts, and feedbacks. The figure
cast oceans (biogeochemistry and ecosystems) into the broader context of Earth Systems that
include human dimensions, biodiversity, and climate. The study on Ocean Biogeochemistry and
Ecosystem Analysis is related to GLOBEC foci and SOLAS foci (see Annex 8.15 for more
information on SOLAS). The boundary between and within OCEAN and the interfacing activity
of SOLAS remains unclear, but SOLAS involves the domains where there is a direct interaction
with the other phase. For LOICZ, a synthesis book is almost finished and a LOICZ II should be
launched soon with new themes related to IHDP.
For Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Analysis, IGBP and SCOR expect a 10-year Science
Plan and Implementation Strategy for peer review by the end of 2003. In 2001, the participants at
the Futures Workshop in Barcelona, led by Peter Burkill, drafted a framework report for “Ocean
Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems”. Thanks to their efforts, the OCEANS Transition Team,
which
formed
in
early
2002,
and
several
background
documents,
see
http://www.igbp.kva.se/obe/background.html, the OCEANS Open Science Conference (see,
www.igbp.kva.se/obe/) was organised in Paris in January 2003. Conference organisers and
sponsors now seek the widest participation possible at the Conference for maximum contribution
to the Science Plan. In May 2003, the draft Implementation Plan will be presented and discussed
at the JGOFS Open Science Conference, and in 2004, IGBP and SCOR expect to review and
consider the Plan for approval.
Monfray added that the Transition Team, chaired by Julie Hall, has involved researchers from
JGOFS, GLOBEC, SOLAS, LOICZ and CLIVAR, especially during the meeting in March 2002.
- 11 -
The body of the text deals with the three “big” topics: biogeochemical cycle and marine
ecosystem (with physical and biological interactions, in order to describe the complete foodweb),
global change in the marine environment and feedback to the Earth ecosystem.
The OSC in Paris is very ambitious (visit programme at www.igbp.kva.se/obe/obeprog.html) and
includes plans to draft an OCEANS science plan in time for the JGOFS Opens Science
Conference. The science plan would be worked out in close cooperation with other projects until
there is a complete merge or convergence of ideas. Monfray then described extensively the
various parts and status of the programme (see OCEANS Open Science Conference under
Annex 8.15). He drew special attention to items 5. Integration of foodweb dynamics at all levels
including functional biodiversity; 6. Oceanic margins and the need of a keynote speaker; need of
a larger effort including additional inputs from the “COOP” community; need to set-up limits to
the estuaries and continental shelves; and need to emphasise the importance of social science
aspects in natural sciences; 7. Mesopelagic layer and this is mostly a starting point, sometimes
with provocative statements, to initiate reflection and discussions; 8. Hot spots, which include
processes and areas that are sensitive to thresholds, switches and perturbations, cascading effects
from thermohaline circulation, etc; 9. Human dimension and feedback to society, which include
discussion, prediction and sustainable management for a changing world; and 10. Modelization
for more detailed biological compartments and functioning, plus a human compartment and
forcing with different models and approaches.
Quiñones pointed out the need to avoid description of bottlenecked ecosystem and structure with
top-down and bottom-up views, or “waste-warp” and remain open to alternative views. He also
reminded everyone that the task of merging JGOFS models and GLOBEC models is not trivial.
Monfray mentioned that an OCEANS poster might be prepared for the final JGOFS OSC and a
strong need for exchanges with the JGOFS community.
Schlitzer remarked that the main OCEANS questions are related to the study of a changing
ecosystem, while there is yet no full or clear understanding of the present-day ecosystem.
Hansell indicated that further observations and study of the ecosystem are included under
“processes” of the three questions. Broadgate added that the system is not at a steady state, so it
is impossible to separate natural variability and the anthropogenic global change for a definitive
view of the present ecosystem. Therefore, observations must continue. Anderson commented
that yet there are too many unanswered questions and processes to explain all the variability.
Ducklow added that this is a recurrent problem when addressing funding agencies. Therefore, it
is necessary and critical in the presentation of the strategy to address these issues upfront and
openly. Hansell responded that the current science is fairly advanced in the resolution of the
three main questions.
Ducklow asked for a show of hands of SSC members who plan to attend the OCEANS OSC in
Paris. The following groups indicated affirmative Indian Ocean, North Pacific, North Atlantic,
Equatorial Pacific (probably Dick Barber), Continental Margins (Quiñones, Chen, or K.K Liu),
Global Synthesis Working Group, JGOFS-GAIM TT, Southern Ocean, Data Management TT,
and the IPO.
ACTION #12: Broadgate kindly asked the SSC members to review, comment, and
contribute to the document on the “Ocean Vision” before November. The document
should also be shortened and be used as a background “white paper” for all oceanic
components in IGBP II, and it should be finalized after the OSM in Paris.
- 12 -
Third IGBP Congress. Broadgate reminded everyone of the IGBP Congress in Banff, Canada,
19-24 June 2003, with the IGBP Steering Committee and Core Project SSCs, Joint Projects
SSCs, and IGBP National Committee Chairs. The Congress encompasses plenary talks, parallel
Working Sessions and SSC meetings. The list of Working Groups and Working Sessions is
unfinished and will remain open until after the Paris meeting. Therefore, SSC suggestions are
welcomed. Ducklow offered JGOFS participation in Banff with a focus on the transfer of the
JGOFS legacy to the next Ocean programme.
Avril asked what are the expected outcome and set-up of the IGBP Congress. Broadgate
answered that it is mostly about IGBP II integration and collaboration with IHDP, WCRP and
DIVERSITAS. Ducklow felt that JGOFS science is aligned mostly with an interdisciplinary
approach, and in IGBP II, the approach is similar but at a higher level. If the “process study
approach” is involved in a larger context than the oceanic environment, then the congress is
useful; if not, JGOFS full participation could not be certain. None of the SSC members
expressed availability after the SSC and OSC in Washington DC, however the SSC Chair and
Executive Officer are expected to join, and provide a talk on oceans.
Broadgate added that within the Earth System Science Partnership (ESSP) with IGBP, IHDP,
WCRP and DIVERSITAS, and with 3 joint projects on carbon, water, and food systems, the
Global Carbon Project (GCP) is more advanced than the other two, and focuses on patterns and
variability of processes, controls and interactions. It is linked to the IGBP II Core Projects. In
IGBP II and OCEANS, the definition of sustainability is a key issue to be clarified.
5.2.
GOOS and SCOR-IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2: Activities
Global Ocean Observing System activities. Haugan reported on GOOS/OOPC and CO2 Panel
activities related to JGOFS (Annex 8.17). Joint IOC-WMO Commission on Oceanography and
Marine Meteorology (JCOMM) oversees GOOS, which relies on OOPC and the recently
established COOP for advice concerning design and development of a permanent ocean
observing system. In this regard, he mentioned a very useful GOOS publication on a global
ocean carbon observing serving system (GOOS Report #118, April 2002), which is a collection
of results and ideas from several workshops and meetings over the past two years. It is believed
that as COOP matures and aligns its elements with GOOS, a global carbon observing system will
be truly global in coverage.
Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2 activities. The CO2 Panel (SCOR-IOC Advisory Panel on
Ocean Carbon Dioxide, SICAP) met early this year in Hawaii (Annex 8.18). Haugan reported on
the Panel’s ongoing and new activities: ocean carbon dioxide sequestration mandate and
workshop, time series observatory pilot project, CLIVAR repeat hydrography sections, and the
new SICAP web site, http://www.ioc.unesco.org/iocweb/co2panel.
Ducklow asked about the interactions and coordination between the Panel and the new
programmes of CLIVAR, SOLAS, and Joint Global Carbon Project (GCP). Haugan felt that the
links between the Panel and the new programmes have not developed fully, compared to
previous efforts. It is expected that the organisational links will mature to account for the
changing set of interacting and intersecting research programmes.
Regarding carbon transport and inventory questions of the Panel, Tilbrook reminded everyone
that these are important issues for OCEANS and of national activities underway. Monfray added
that Working Group 4 in OCEANS covers this aspect and Wallace, the Panel Chair, will speak at
the conference. Another important issue for the intended OCEANS Science Plan is carbon
storage, in particular, in the mesopelagic layer, which will require greater discussion in Paris.
- 13 -
Tilbrook added that the GCP framework is still quite confusing in this aspect, especially with
regards to OCEANS. Broadgate answered that IGBP want this aspect in the new OCEANS
project, and this will be coordinated with the Panel. The GCP is expected to integrate and
synthesize the different existing efforts in oceans, land and atmosphere. In addition, the CO2
Panel and GCP will hold a meeting on ocean carbon observation and coordination in Paris on 1315 January 2003. The Panel is only concentrating on the inorganic carbon cycle. Therefore, there
is a need to coordinate its study with that of the organic carbon cycle, which already exists in
IGBP. Ducklow requested that this issue be closely followed.
Regarding questions on ocean time series and pilot projects under GOOS, Haugan reported that
GOOS has a long history on ocean observation and time-series stations. However, much of the
effort is still “work in progress”. Tilbrook indicated that CLIVAR and POGO are working
closely together and have set-up a permanent time-series station net for location and description
of stations, both existing and expected, see the SICAP website. Physical time-series are already
established with possible linkage to OCEANS.
6. INTERNATIONAL PROJECT OFFICE
Hanson reported on the administration and operations of the International Project Office (IPO)
(Annex 8.19). He welcomed a new IPO staff member, Mr. Sturle Litland, to his first SSC
meeting. Litland replaced Ms. Gjerde in the office as the financial assistant. He also mentioned
that the IPO moved over the summer to another building on the “main University Campus” in
Bergen. He then summarised other office activities, which consumed staff time, which included
raising international funding for the final OSC and participants, managing the budget and travel
for the SSC and groups, redesigning and releasing a new website on Internet, and continuing to
print and distribute the JGOFS Reports and other information.
Regards to publications, he asked Stokke to provide a brief report on the costs and distribution
procedures of hard copies. Stokke informed the SSC that the distribution costs (printing and
mailing) of the JGOFS Reports have increased and raised financial concerns. Presently, reports
are sent to SSC members, Group and Task Team members, scientists, libraries and institutions.
Since 1996, most reports are now available on the web site and downloadable as pdf files.
However, Norwegian mailing costs have increased and now limit a worldwide distribution. She
asked the SSC for advice on handling the future distribution of JGOFS Reports.
The SSC agreed that the availability of online versions of the Reports would minimize
distribution costs. However, Smith and Garçon cautioned that there is still a need to mail reports
to institutions with limited or no Internet access. Stokke mentioned that the reports continue to
be sent to libraries/some institutions but no longer to a general mailing list of individual
researchers, except when specifically requested. Smith pointed out that many of the JGOFS
Reports are still valuable and even classics, for example the JGOFS Protocols. These reports
should be distributed and archived before the end of the project. For the community working on
the Arabian Sea, Smith offered to send the extra copies. Quiñones indicated that a similar
situation exists in South America. Stokke assured everyone that extra copies of the reports would
not be thrown away at the end of the project.
ACTION #13: The IPO will contact the SSC to estimate an adequate number of printed
copies for distribution.
- 14 -
Broadgate asked about the future of the published reports (archive). Hanson and Stokke
mentioned that the University of Bergen Library and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute
(WHOI) have offered to archive a complete set of all JGOFS Reports. Moreover WHOI has
offered to archive historical documents, agreements and letters. Regarding the JGOFS web site
and early discussions with Will Steffen, Hanson felt that the JGOFS website would be handed
over to IGBP, perhaps on a CD ROM, and eventually passed on to next ocean project. Broadgate
cautioned the SSC that the web site transfer to IGBP Secretariat need further discussion, as it is
not a straightforward process.
Finances. Hanson presented the finances for 2001 (final), 2002 (current) and 2003 (pending
requests). Broadgate reminded that the IGBP funding has been “normalized” to $20,000, which
is a minor change for JGOFS. Garçon asked about the present status of raising funds for the final
OSC. Hanson indicated that as of today, only the APN provided a positive feedback on the preproposal and requested a full proposal. USPO will handle this request through WHOI, as a
member of the APN. We also have requests out to the EU, IOC, SCOR, and IAI. Garçon felt that
the timeline for EU funds is not adequate for the FP6 since the announcement will be let too late
for the final decision before the OSC. Hanson acknowledged the time factor, but the IPO will
continue to seek EU support for Western Europe JGOFS scientists.
Anderson asked whether the chairs of each SG, WG and TT would be subsidized to go to Paris
for the OCEANS Open Science Conference. Hanson replied that funds do not exist to support
chairs at OCEANS under the 2003 budget. Ducklow asked specifically who needs support for
the OCEANS Conference. LeBorgne, Garçon, Tréguer, Quiñones requested financial support for
the OCEANS Conference. It was suggested that LeBorgne be replaced by any of the EPSG
members from Europe at the Conference in order to reduce the cost. The SSC also suggested that
chairs coordinate their meetings alongside the Conference; if possible, to optimise funds already
budgeted.
ACTION #14: The chairs agreed to check with their groups and ascertain whether a
member plans to attend and would represent the group at OCEANS; and if any one group
needs to send a representative, the IPO would support such a request, pending availability
of funds.
7. MEETING ADJOURNED
Ducklow thanked everyone for participation and before adjourning, he requested advice on
setting the date for the last SSC meeting during the final OSC. He recommended a one day
meeting and Garçon suggested the day before the OSC.
ACTION #15: SSC agreed to Sunday 4 May 2003 for the final JGOFS SSC meeting.
Meeting adjourned before noon on Wednesday 25 September 2002.
- 15 -
8. ANNEXES
8.1.
List of Participants
Chair
Ducklow, Hugh - JGOFS NASG, IGBP-SC
Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Route 1208-Greate Road, Box 1346,
Gloucester Point, VA 23062-1346, USA Tel. +1 804 684 7180, Fax. +1 804 684 7293, [email protected]
Vice Chair
Garçon, Véronique - JGOFS NASG (Chair)
Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales, CNRS, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, F31055 Toulouse Cedex, FRANCE Tel. +33 5 6133 2957, Fax. +33 5 6125 3205,
[email protected]
Executive Officer
Hanson, Roger B. - JGOFS IPO
JGOFS International Project Office, Centre for Studies of Environment and Resources, University of
Bergen, Post Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY Tel. +47 5558 4244, Fax. +47 5558 9687,
[email protected]
At-large Members
Anderson, Robert (Bob)
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, P.O. Box 1000, Palisades, New
York 10964-1000, USA Tel. +1 845 365 8508, Fax. +1 845 365 8155, [email protected]
Hansell, Dennis
Division of Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science,
University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA Tel. +1 305 361 4078, Fax.
+1 305 361 4689, [email protected]
Haugan, Peter - JGOFS ISCAP
Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Allégaten 70, N-5007 Bergen, NORWAY Tel. +47 5558 26
78, Fax. +47 5559 9883, [email protected]
Hong, Huasheng (regrets received)
College of Oceanography and Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005,
CHINA, P.R.C. Tel. +86 592 218 2216, Fax. +86 592 209 5242, [email protected]
Tilbrook, Bronte - JGOFS NCP (AU)
Division of Marine Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIRO),
GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, AUSTRALIA. Tel. +61 3 6232 5273, Fax. +61 3 6232 5000,
[email protected] or [email protected]
Saino, Toshiro - JGOFS NPTT (Vice-Chair)
Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Science (IHAS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chigusa-Ku,
Nagoya 464-8601, JAPAN. Tel. +81 52 789 3487, Fax. +81 52 789 3436, [email protected]
SSC Members
Bychkov, Aleksandr (Alex) - JGOFS NPTT (Chair)
North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES), c/o Institute of Ocean Sciences, 9860 West Saanich
Road, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney V8L 4B2, B.C., CANADA Tel. +1-250 363 6364, Fax. +1-250 363 6827,
[email protected] or [email protected]
- 16 -
Conkright, Margarita (regrets received) - JGOFS DMTT (Chair)
Ocean Climate Laboratory, NODC/NOAA, OC/5, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910,
USA Tel. +1 301 713 3290, ext. 193, Fax. +1 301 713 3303, [email protected]
Le Borgne, Robert - JGOFS EPSG (Chair)
Centre de Nouméa, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 101 Promenade Roger Laroque,
B.P. A5, F-98848 Nouméa Cedex, Nouvelle Calédonie, FRANCE
Tel. +33 4 9104 1657, Fax. +33 4 9104 1635, [email protected]
Lochte, Karin (regrets received) - PJTT (Chair), JGOFS NCP (GE)
FB Marine Biogeochemie, Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D24105 Kiel, GERMANY Tel. +49 431 600 4250, Fax. +49 431 565 876, [email protected]
Monfray, Patrick - GSWG, JGOFS/GAIM TT (Co-Chair), SOSG,
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CNRS / CEA / IPSL, CE Saclay,
l'Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FRANCE. Tel. +33 1 6908 7724, Fax. +33 1 6908 7716,
[email protected]
Platt, Trevor - (regrets received) IOCCG (Chair)
Biological Oceanography Division, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, Nova
Scotia B2Y 4A2, CANADA. Tel. +1 902 426 3793, Fax. +1 902 426 9388, [email protected]
Quiñones, Renato - JGOFS/LOICZ CMTT (Co-Chair), JGOFS NCP (CL)
Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, CHILE. Tel.
+56 41 203 861, Fax. +56 41 256 571, [email protected]
Schlitzer, Reiner - JGOFS GSWG (Chair)
Department of GeoSystem, Alfred-Wegener Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI),
Columbusstraße, P.O. Box 120161, D-27515 Bremerhaven, GERMANY. Tel. +49 471 4831 1559, Fax.
+49 471 4831 1149, [email protected]
Smith, Sharon - JGOFS SSC, JGOFS IOSG (Chair)
Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami, 4600
Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL- 33149-1098, USA. Tel. +1 305 361 4819, Fax. +1 305 361 4600,
[email protected]
Tréguer, Paul - JGOFS/PAGES PJTT, JGOFS SOSG (Chair)
Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (IUEM / UBO),
Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Place Nicolas Copernic, F-29280 Plouzané, FRANCE. Tel. +33 2 9849 8664,
Fax. +33 2 9849 8645, [email protected]
Wallace, Douglas (Doug) - (regrets received) JGOFS ISCAP (Chair), JGOFS NASG
FB Marine Biogeochemie, Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel (IfM-Kiel), Düsternbrooker
Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, GERMANY. Tel. +49 431 600 4200, Fax. +49 431 600 174201,
[email protected]
IGBP Secretariat
Broadgate, Wendy - IGBP Deputy Director, Natural Sciences
IGBP Secretariat, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, S-104 05 Stockholm, SWEDEN.
Tel. +46 8 6739 559, Fax: +46 8 166 405, [email protected]
SCOR Secretariat
Urban, Edward (Ed) (regrets received) - SCOR Executive Director
SCOR Secretariat, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Olin
Hall, San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
Tel. +1 410 516 4070, Fax. +1 410 516 4019, [email protected]
- 17 -
International Project Office
Avril, Bernard - JGOFS IPO (Assistant Executive Officer)
JGOFS International Project Office, Centre for Studies of Environment and Resources, University of
Bergen, Post Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY. Tel. +47 5558 4249, Fax. +47 5558 9687,
[email protected]
Litland, Sturle - JGOFS IPO (Financial Assistant)
JGOFS International Project Office, Centre for Studies of Environment and Resources, University of
Bergen, Post Box 7800, N-5020, Bergen, NORWAY. Tel. +47 5558 4246, Fax. +47 5558 9687,
[email protected]
Stokke, Judith - JGOFS IPO (Administrative Assistant)
JGOFS International Project Office, Centre for Studies of Environment and Resources, University of
Bergen, Post Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY. Tel. +47 5558 4246, Fax. +47 5558 9687,
[email protected]
- 18 -
8.2.
Draft Agenda
Opening (0900, Monday, 23 September 2002)
Welcome and Opening Address
Introductions/Science Talks (3)
Announcements and Local arrangements
Adoption of Agenda
Old Business
Minutes of the 16th Meeting (Actions)
IGBP/Springer-Verlag Book: Status
Synthesis Groups & Task Teams Business
Brief Activity Reports
Terms of References and Members: New and Revised
Requests for Year 2003 Activities
International Programmes
IGBP and SCOR Activities
IOCCG Activities*
OPCC (GOOS, etc.)
Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2
Other Related Meetings
Brief Activity Reports
Scientific Steering Committee Business
Scientific Steering Committee
Executive Committee Meeting
Third Open Science Conference (Washington Dc, May 2003)
Conference Programme and Support
International Travel Support
National JGOFS Programme Reports (written reports only)
Australia
France
German
Japan
International Project Office
Director Report
Data Management
Calendar
Publications
Finances
Other Business
Next SSC Meeting (Washington DC (dates?)
Adjourn (1200, Wednesday, 25 September 2002)
* Not present
- 19 -
Hugh Ducklow
Hugh Ducklow
Judy Stokke
Hugh Ducklow
Roger Hanson
Hugh Ducklow
All Chairs
Wendy Broadgate
(Trevor Platt)
Peter Haugan
Peter Haugan
To be determined
Hugh Ducklow
Hugh Ducklow
Hugh Ducklow
Roger Hanson
Bronte Tilbrook
Véronique Garçon
Karin Lochte
Toshiro Saino
Roger Hanson
Bernard Avril
Roger Hanson
Bernard Avril
Roger Hanson
Hugh Ducklow
Monday, 23 September
Agenda Timeline
Break
Break
16:30 Brief Reports (continue)
17:30
Meeting Adjourns for the day
17:30
18:00 Bus University Tour and Reception
16:00
Brief Activity Reports (2001-02)
Terms of References and Membership
Year 2003 Plans
Financial Requests
14:30 Synthesis Groups & Task Teams Reports
Lunch
- 20 -
Wednesday, 25 September
Conference (Quiñones)
Meeting Adjourns
Topic: COPAS - Center initiative
Science Lecture (Dr. Osvaldo Ulloa)
Break
Other Business
Next SSC Meeting
Washington DC (Dates TBD)
IPO Report (Hanson)
Data Management Report (Avril)
Website & Publication Report (Hanson, Avril)
Financial Report
International Project Office Report
National Programme Reports (open)
Meeting Adjourns for the day
Bus Marine Biological Station, University at Dichato
SSC Dinner Cove of Dichato on the shore
Break
Carbon Advisory Panel Activities (Wallace)
IOCCG Activities (Platt, regrets sent, see rpt)
International Advisory Groups
Lunch
Brief Activity Reports (2001-02)
Terms of References and Membership
Year 2003 Plans
Financial Requests
13:00
Ocean’s Open Science Meeting, January 2003
SOLAS Report/Progress
IGBP Congress, June 2003
SCOR (Urban, regrets sent)
12:00 Synthesis Groups & Task Teams Reports
IGBP (Broadgate)
Ocean Component and Vision
Sponsors Reports
Break
Scientific Steering Committee
Memberships
Scientific Steering Committee Business
Financial Recap (2003 Activities) (Hanson)
Brief Activity Reports (continued)
Synthesis Groups & Task Teams Reports
Tuesday, 24 September
Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem
Science Programme (Ducklow)
Fund Raising Report (Hanson)
11:00 JGOFS Open Science Conference Report
10:30
Minutes of the 16th SSC Meeting (Amsterdam)
IGBP/Springer-Verlag Book: Status
National synthesis activities: USA, etc.
09:30 Old Business
Introductions
Adoption of Agenda
Chair's Report
Local arrangements
09:00 Welcome and Opening Address
Time
8.3.
8.4.
Draft Asian Pacific Network Proposal
This example is provided to assist SSC members to seek travel support from their funding
agencies for national scientists.
APN Project Title
Travel support for Asia-Pacific marine scientists to attend the Final JGOFS Open Science
Conference
Detailed Proposal:
Overview
Launched over a decade ago, the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) is the most ambitious
ocean biogeochemistry project ever undertaken. The goal of this project is to understand better
the processes controlling the cycle of carbon and associated elements in the open ocean,
including the ocean margins. This knowledge must now be synthesized and transferred to the
next generation of ocean biogeochemists who will endeavour to predict the ocean’s response to
global climate change and variability, and to deliver this information to policy makers who will
establish better-informed policies that are aimed at protecting our Earth systems.
JGOFS has been a highly successful, large-scale ocean project of SCOR and IGBP. New
paradigms regarding the ocean carbon cycle have been formed, and improved methods for
conducting integrated biological, chemical, physical and sedimentological studies of ocean
processes have been developed. Two recent publications have dedicated an entire issue to the
accomplishments of JGOFS. An AMBIO issue provided a broad overview of the international
accomplishments to the global change research scientists1 and The Oceanography Society (TOS)
Magazine presented a more detailed review of the US JGOFS accomplishments2.
We contend that the Final JGOFS Conference will be a major showcase of JGOFS
accomplishments, synthesis and modelling, and we intend to treat this event as a culmination of
this project, even though the International JGOFS Master Dataset will not be delivered to the
World Data Centre system until late 2003. Thus, its organisation and execution is a top priority
for the International Project Office (IPO) and the United States JGOFS Planning Office (US
JGOFS PO). The IPO is located at the University of Bergen, Norway, under the direction of Dr.
Roger B. Hanson with data management and information responsibilities under Dr. Bernard
Avril. Our counterparts at the US JGOFS PO are Dr. Kenneth O. Buesseler and Dr. David M.
Glover, respectively. The overall goals of the Offices are to support the successful completion of
JGOFS and the promotion of JGOFS science and ocean biogeochemistry.
Justification
This proposal describes our interest to seek travel support for 13 JGOFS and APN scientists from
the Asia Pacific region to the Final JGOFS Open Science Conference “A Sea of Change: JGOFS
accomplishments and the Future of Ocean Biogeochemistry”, scheduled for 5-8 May 2003 at the
US National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA. The venue is historically significant
as it was the birthplace of the project in the mid 80s. From these facilities, the US National
1
Michael J. R. Fasham, Beatriz M. Baliño and Margaret C. Bowles (editors), 2001. A new vision of ocean
biogeochemistry after a decade of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS). AMBIO Special Report No. 10
2
Kenneth O. Buesseler (editor), 2001. U.S. JGOFS, United States Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. Oceanography
Special Issue Vol. 14, No. 4
- 21 -
Research Council spearheaded the workshop that played a major role in the genesis of the
JGOFS program3 and a decade of ocean biogeochemistry.
In April 2000, the international Scientific Steering Committee approved the proposal that US
JGOFS host the final Conference, tentatively scheduled at the National Academy of Sciences,
and in September 2000, the US National Research Council confirmed the availability of the
venue. With the venue and date set, in 2001, the international Scientific Steering Committee
expressed the importance and desire of bringing together all scientists in the project to
Washington. To accomplish this request, they invited the IPO and US JGOFS PO to raise
sufficient external funds for the conference program and to assist scientists from developing
regions to travel to Washington and present their most recent synthesis. Thanks for these efforts,
the co-sponsors will enhance international program cooperation and collaboration, and
possibility the delivery of all national or individual data sets collected under JGOFS to the
Conference and eventually to the International JGOFS Master Dataset. This joint database will
contain a fully integrated, high quality, uniformly formatted ocean dataset from the JGOFS field
studies, which will be deposited for long-term stewardship at the World Data Centre system and
will serve future generations of biogeochemical studies on ocean processes, dynamics and
responses to climate change. We also contend that the Conference will lead the way for the
international community in ocean biogeochemistry to be more proactive in pulling together key
scientific observations and to disseminate this information to the boarder global change
community, including policy makers and scientists charged with preparing policy
recommendations and planning future science programs.
The Open Science Conference
This conference is the third in the series of JGOFS Open Science Conferences. The first was held
in Villefranche-sur-mer, France, at the mid-term review under the auspices of ICSU in 1995, and
the second was held in Bergen, Norway, in 2000 at the culmination of the fieldwork that
formally initiated the synthesis, interpretation and modelling phase. These conferences lead to a
Cambridge University Press4 and a Springer-Verlag5 book on ocean biogeochemistry.
Several goals have been set for the Final Conference. As mentioned previously, the conference
will bring together all marine scientists that have been actively involved in the project since its
inception. Second, it will present the major accomplishments of the national and international
JGOFS process studies, time-series stations, ocean surveys, and ocean modelling. Third, it will
reach out to the broader global change programs in climate, human dimension and biodiversity
research by linking conference themes to emerging issues in the global carbon cycle. Fourth, it
will include science and educational activities for the public. Finally, it will offer the scientific
community and public an opportunity to discuss ocean-related issues and concerns with
renowned JGOFS scientists and notable national officials.
The Conference program is now set. All main speakers have been contacted and confirmed in
August 2002. The general structure and format of the Conference will include broad audience
presentations in the morning plenary sessions, followed in the afternoon by special science
topics, international program lectures, poster sessions with specific themes and regions, and
3
National Academy of Sciences, 1984. Study of ocean fluxes in time and space by bottom-tethered sediment trap
arrays: a recommendation, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
4
Roger B. Hanson, Hugh W. Ducklow and John G. Field (editors), 1999. The Changing Ocean Carbon Cycle, a
midterm synthesis of Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme Book Series
Nr. 5, Cambridge University Press
5
Michael Fasham (editor) with John Field, Trevor Platt, Bernt Zeitzschel (co-editors), 2002. Ocean
Biogeochemistry: A JGOFS Synthesis, Springer-Verlag, expected in December 2002
- 22 -
educational activities aimed at the kindergarten through 12th grade in USA. One evening will be
publicized within the Washington DC area as an ocean policy lecture and will be held at the
Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. The Conference organizers expect between 300 and
500 scientists, students, international program leaders, government and non-government
representatives, and policy makers in attendance. The Scientific and Education Program
Committee6 released the first Conference announcement and program to the JGOFS community
in June, via electronic mail, and enhanced web site presence. The distribution of conference
brochures and posters occurred in June and August.
Relationship to Priority Topics in the APN Research Framework:
Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) is a joint core project of the International GeosphereBiosphere Programme (IGBP) and a large-scale ocean biogeochemistry project of the Scientific
Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR). Much of the fieldwork completed under the project
now concerns the priority activities and special emphasis within APN—particularly “Climate
Change and Variability”. Within the project, there are well-defined elements on coastal zones
and continental margins, biodiversity, and atmosphere.
Regional Collaboration:
JGOFS research included regional process studies and encouraged strong regional collaboration
over the past decade and a half among its partners. With APN co sponsorship, the conference
will further past regional collaborations and facilitate future collaborations among scientists and
institutions in developing countries throughout the Asia Pacific Network and the global change
research communities (IGBP, WCRP, IHDP, and Diversitas).
Capacity Building:
JGOFS devoted resources, time and effort to capacity building and educating the next generation
of ocean biogeochemists and global change scientists. Many conferences, symposia, and
meetings were specifically held in developing regions for this purpose. Our goal today is to
ensure that they are heard from at the Final Conference. It is a challenge, and APN travel support
for scientists to the conference will stimulate quality as well as future collaborative research
proposals, and help build strong regional infrastructure to conduct global change research.
Scientific Contribution of each Participating Country:
Scientists from APN developing regions will contribute to the conference individually and
collaboratively and play an important part in the latest understanding of the ocean carbon cycle
in IGBP I and IGBP II (partnership with WCRP, IHDP and Diversitas) and intergovernmental
agencies (APN, IOC and IAI).
Links to Policy:
Increased public concern over climate change in Asia Pacific region is strong a motivation for
APN scientists participation in the information exchange process at the Conference. The
Scientific Steering Committee recognized early on the importance of transferring information
from developing countries to the international community and has set aside time at the
conferences to enhance links to policy makers, media and educators. The information assembled
under JGOFS is now finding its way into intergovernmental assessments, and ocean and coastal
documents.
6
Program Committee: Deborah Steinberg, Chair, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, USA; Véronique Garçon,
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France, Bronte Tilbrook, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organisation, Australia, Kon-Kee Liu, National Taiwan University, China-Taipei, Peter Haugan,
Universitetet i Bergen, Norway, David Karl, University of Hawaii, USA
- 23 -
Relationship to Global Change Research:
The Open Science Conference is the last major event of JGOFS and marks the conclusion of a
highly successful global ocean carbon program in IGBP and SCOR history. The project provided
new knowledge and understanding on the role of the ocean in global climate change, such as the
exchange of CO2 between the atmosphere and ocean sediments, the carbon and nutrient
dynamics in the ocean interior and along ocean margins, and the biodiversity and variability of
ocean ecosystems.
Related Research Work:
The International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and the Scientific Committee on
Ocean Research (SCOR) have backed a strong bottom up effort by the international scientific
community to the continued development of a new project, Ocean Biogeochemistry and
Ecosystems, as part of the next phase of IGBP. This project will have strong collaborative links
with the ongoing projects, like SOLAS (Surface Ocean Layer and Atmospheric Study) and
GLOBEC, and will build on the results of JGOFS and other global change research.
Appendix 1: Major Contributors (names, organisations, contact details)
SCOR Secretariat. Contact details: Dr. Edward R. Urban, Jr., Executive Director, Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Olin Hall, San Martin Drive, The Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, MD, USA 21218. Tel +1-410-516-4070, Fax +1-410-516-4019, email: [email protected]
IGBP Secretariat. Contact details: Dr. Wendy Broadgate, Deputy Director, Natural Sciences,
IGBP, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, S-104 05 Stockholm, SWEDEN. Tel
+46-8-16-64-48, Fax +46-8-16-64-05, email [email protected]
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC)/UNESCO. Contact details: Dr. Maria
Hood, Program Manager, 1, rue Miollis, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, FRANCE. Tel +33 1 45 68 40
28, Fax +33 1 45 68 58 12, email [email protected]
Research Council of Norway. Contact details: Dr. Terje Mørland, Senior Adviser, Environment
and Development, PB 2700 St. Hanshaugen, 0131 Oslo, NORWAY. Tel +47 22 03 70 00, Fax
+47 22 03 70 01, email: [email protected]
US National Science Foundation (NSF). Contact details: Drs. Phillip Taylor and Donald Rice,
Program Directors, Biological Oceanography and Chemistry Programs, Division of Ocean
Sciences, National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Blvd., Suite 725, Arlington, Virginia, USA
22230. Tel +1 703-292-8582, Fax 703-292-9085, email [email protected] and [email protected]
European Union, Framework 6. Contact details: Dr Nicholas Deliyanakis, DG RTD D-04,
European Research Area - The Human Factor, European Commission, SDME 4/82, B-1049
Brussels, Tel +32-2-29 95526, fax +32-2-29 63308, e-mail [email protected]
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Contact details: Dr. Charles Trees,
Program Scientist, Oceanography Program, Office of Earth Science/Code YS, NASA
Headquarters, 300 E Street, SW, Room 5S32, Washington, D.C., USA 20546. Tel +1 202 3580310, Fax +1 202 358-2770, email [email protected]
- 24 -
Appendix 2. CV of Proponent:
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, USA submits this proposal and agrees to
administer the travel costs via Ms. Mary Zawoysky, Administrative Assistant at the US JGOFS
PO, in full consultation with Dr. Kenneth Buesseler at WHOI and Dr. Roger Hanson at the
University of Bergen. The reason for Ms. Zawoysky taking the lead on this proposal is that Dr.
Buesseler is a soft money scientist and hesitates to add more conference proposals of any kind to
his name and hence his current & pending proposal list. Ms. Zawoysky is a responsible member
of the Local Organising Committee7 and a vital part of the staff at US JGOFS PO for 13 years,
and is therefore well qualified to lead the effort on this proposal and administer the travel funds.
Mary Zawoysky
Administrative Associate
US JGOFS Planning and Data Management Office
P.O. Box 521
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Woods Hole, MA 02543-1057
USA
Telephone: +1-508-289-2834
Fax:
+1-508-457-2161
E-mail:
[email protected], or [email protected]
Website:
http://usjgofs.whoi.edu/
Professional Experience
Administrative Associate I, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Chemistry,
Woods Hole, MA 02543, Planned and organized scientific workshops and assisted in editing
book, technical reports which arose from those workshops, organized lab and graphics for
technical reports, June 1989-present
Archaeological technician, John Milner and Associates, West Chester, Pennsylvania, Dug out
artefacts, mapped archaeological sites, 1989
Assistant Director and Sales Associate, International Images, Ltd., 514 Beaver Street, Sewickley,
PA 15143, Assisted in managing gallery of Soviet, East European, and other, international art.
Managed multiple projects including sales, computer, development, research, graphic design,
advertising, public relations, inventory control, organisation and planning, writing articles,
speaking to groups. Solved problems to keep operations running smoothly. Travelled to
represent gallery nationally. Established relationship with Czechoslovakian exporting agency,
1984-1988
Education
B.A. with Honor, Carlow College, 3333 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, Double major: Art
and Business Management. 1981. Have continued to take classes to further education in the arts
and sciences.
Honors
7
Local Organising Committee: Mark Abbott, U.S. JGOFS SSC, Chair, USA, Mardi Bowles, U.S. JGOFS
Planning Office, USA, Kenneth Buesseler, U.S. JGOFS Planning Office, USA, Hugh Ducklow, International
JGOFS SSC, Chair, USA, Elizabeth Gross, Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research, USA, Roger Hanson,
JGOFS International Project Office, Norway, Mary Zawoysky, U.S. JGOFS Planning Office, USA.
- 25 -
Rotary Scholarship to Studia Academica Slovaca, Studied Slovak language and culture at
Komenius University, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, 1990
Ministry of Culture Scholarship to study Slovak language and culture at Komenius University,
Bratislava, Czechoslovakia. 1988
Jednota Scholarship 1977
ROGER B. HANSON
Executive Director
JGOFS International Project Office
Centre for the Studies of Environment & Resources University of Bergen
5020 Bergen, NORWAY
Telephone: +47-55-58-4244
Fax: +47-55-58-8796
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: http://www.uib.no/jgofs/jgofs.html
Research and Administrative Experience
Executive Director, JGOFS International Project Office, Centre for Studies of Environment and
Resources, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, NORWAY. January 1996 to present
Associate Program Director, Office of Polar Programs, Division of Ocean Sciences, and
Division of Environmental Biology, US National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Boulevard,
Arlington, VA 22230, USA. June 1989 to December 1995
Assistant, Associate and Research Professor of Oceanography, Skidaway Institute of
Oceanography, University of Georgia System, 10 Ocean Science Circle, Savannah, GA 31411,
USA. June 1976 to May 1989
Research Scientist, University of Georgia Marine Institute, University of Georgia
Sapelo Island, GA 31327, USA. July 1974 to June 1976
Education
Ph.D. University of Hawaii, Department of Microbiology, Honolulu, HI, USA, Marine
Microbiology and Oceanography, June 1974
M.S. California State University at Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA, Marine
Microbiology, June 1970
B.S. University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Major in Bacteriology
with a Minor in Zoology, June 1967
Appendix 3: Budget for Travel Support
Budget Information
Support for the JGOFS International Project Office comes from grants in place from the
Research Council of Norway (NRC) and the University of Bergen (UiB) and is insufficient for
providing travel support for planned JGOFS activities. Support for the JGOFS Scientific Steering
Committee (SSC) and activities come from JGOFS parent bodies, the International GeosphereBiosphere Programme (IGBP) and the Scientific Committee for Oceanic Research (SCOR).
Support for the US JGOFS Planning Office and US activities, such as the US JGOFS Synthesis
and Modelling Project, comes from the US National Science Foundation (NSF) and National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
- 26 -
In 2000 and 2001, the SSC agreed to hold its 2003 annual meeting alongside of the final
Conference and budgeted $40,000 in support of its 19 members to attend final SSC meeting and
support the final Conference in Washington DC. Many will also contribute knowledge and
expertise in their disciplines as invited speaker, commentator or moderator. The SSC also
earmarked an additional $20,000 directly to the Conference for invited speakers and associated
travel expenses. JGOFS IPO will contribute in kind Conference support through IPO staff time,
publication of conference literature and travel (approximately $10,000). The US JGOFS PO in
kind contributions will be included in its combined PO and Conference budget from the NSF in
2003.
With Asia Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN) support of ocean and marine
scientists from the developing countries in one of the largest geographical regions in JGOFS
science, we can ensure that the interests of APN and JGOFS as well as that of global change
scientists are represented at the conference. Selection of participants (applicants for travel
support) will be made in consultation with the Program Committees. Selection will be based on
the following criteria: past or present involvement in JGOFS research, a marine science theme
related to global climate research in APN and IGBP, the scientific quality of the abstract and
availability of funds.
Using APN per diem guidelines for 2002/2003, we estimated that a travel budget of
approximately US $30,000 would cover the expenses of 13 selected scientists from Asia and
western Pacific developing countries. This estimate is based on economy airfare, 5-nights hotel
and 6-days per diem and Conference Registration. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution will
handle the administration of the travel support, e.g., make travel reimbursements at no cost to
APN, and after the completion of the conference, APN will be provided with a final report with
all names, addresses and travel expenditures.
Estimated Travel Budget for APN Consideration
Names8
Airfare9 Hotel10 Meals11 Conf. Fee12 Totals
1-13
$ 1 264 $ 500 $ 240
$ 250
$ 2 255
Subtotals (1-13) $ 16 432 $ 6 500 $ 3 120 $ 3 250
$ 29 315
Appendix 4. Details of funds from sources
Our goal to ensure full participation of JGOFS and related global change research scientists goes
well beyond the financial capabilities of our immediate parental sponsors. To be successful we
will depends greatly on the financial support of our partners in regional, international and
intergovernmental organisations in oceanography, marine science and global change research.
Therefore, we are seeking additional co-sponsorship from
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC $20,000) for Eastern Europe scientists
8
Individuals will be selected by committees
Airfare based on 80% of lowest listed price on United Airline--Taipei to Washington DC (round trip)
10
Hotel rate based on maximum accommodation (USA) under APN per diem rates 2002/2003 (5 nights)
11
Meals based on maximum daily allowance (USA) under APN per diem rates 2002/2003 (6 days)
12
Conference fee based on early estimate of $250
9
- 27 -
Inter-Americas Institute for Global Change Research (IAI, $20,000) for South American
scientists
SysTem for Analysis, Research, and Training (START, $20,000) for young African scientists
European Union (EU, $20,000) for Western Europe scientists
Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR, $10,000) for developing countries scientists
Research Council of Norway (NRC, $10,000) for Norwegian scientists
In the USA, Kenneth Buesseler, US JGOFS PO Executive Officer, has sought conference
support from the US NSF within the framework of the PO budget. The US NSF confirmed that
they would contribute directly to conference ($100,000) via PO grant in 2003. The funds will
partially cover the travel support for American and international scientists. Financial support has
also been sought from other US Agencies, including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA, $50,000) and the Office of Naval Research (ONR, $25,000). Additional
conference support will be sought through the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA, $25,000) and the Department of Energy (DOE, in preparation).
The combined IPO and PO estimate for the overall conference and travel support budget is
$400,000
- 28 -
Financial Arrangements for the JGOFS OSC
- 29 -
Finance Plan
$US dollars
Focus Area
APN fund (this proposal)
$30,000
Asian Pacific developing countries_ travel support
JGOFS funds
$60 000
Scientific Steering Committee and speakers travel
SCOR fund
$10 000
Developing country scientists travel
International Project Office fund (in kind and travel expense)
$10 000
Administration, conference advertising, staff travel
USA Federal agencies funds
$200 000
Conference support and US scientists travel
International and Intergovernmental funds, excluding APN funds $90 000
Developing country and young scientists travel
TOTAL 400,000
Detailed Finance Plan
$US dollars
Focus Area
International and Inter-governmental Agencies
$130 000
Asia Pacific Network (APN)
$30 000 Asia Pacific scientists
Research Council of Norway (NRC)
$10 000 Norwegian JGOFS scientists
Inter American Institute (IAI)
$20 000 South American scientists
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC)
$20 000 Eastern Europe and Middle East scientists
International START
$20 000 African scientists
International SCOR
$10 000 Asian and African scientists
European Union (Framework Program #6)
$20 000 Western Europe young scientists
Project Offices (conference admin. and staff travel)
$10 000
JGOFS IPO (University of Bergen)
$10 000 Administration, Conference printing, staff travel
JGOFS Core funds
$60 000
SCOR
$40 000 SSC and speakers travel
IGBP
$20 000 SSC travel
US Federal Agencies
$200 000
NSF (includes Project Office support)
$100 000 Administration, staff & US scientists travel and conference support
NOAA
$50 000 US scientists travel and conference support
NASA
$25 000 US & foreign scientists travel
ONR
$25 000 US & foreign scientists travel
TOTAL
$400 000
8.5.
8.6.
Report on the Open Science Conference by Debbie Steinberg
Program invitation and science program
The (snazzy) program invitation is at the printers at time of writing. We are hopeful it will be
back in time for members of the SSC to receive their copies at the meeting, so we won’t go into
detail about the program. The only invitation left to extend is for someone to introduce the public
speaker, Carol Browner, at the National History Museum’s Baird auditorium. One name that has
come up is Rita Colwell. We think it’s a good idea, but would be interested to hear if the SSC
has other suggestions.
Current remaining issues
1. Outreach & education part of program
This is the remaining part of the program still to be decided. I spoke with Blanche Meeson, head
of Earth Science Enterprise Education Implementation Office at the NASA Goddard Space
Flight Center about doing what they call an "Earth Science Update" about our meeting. The
program is modelled after some of the Sunday morning news programs in the US. There are
supposed to be one or more people on each side (or multiple sides) of an issue, with the scientific
topic of the program something compelling to reporters and the public. It is about a half-hour
program filmed at NASA headquarters where they up the forum and invite journalists in. These
updates get a lot of press in the US and it often goes international. They have done one before on
carbon and the global productivity data set. Jorge Sarmiento, Gene Feldman, Mike Behrenfeld,
and Paul Falkowski were on the panel. Blanche thinks some of the topics in our meeting would
make a good science update. The Sac’s ideas on topics and potential speakers are welcome.
Ashanti Pyrtle from the School of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia runs a mentoring
program for minorities in earth/ocean science. She has a proposal into NASA, with our written
support, to fund 20-25 minority undergraduates to come to our meeting. We will need to identify
some mentors for them from amongst the meeting attendees (occasionally take them around, help
explain things, etc.) I think it has an excellent chance of being funded.
2. Recognition of JGOFS “unsung heroes” at the meeting. During the course of the meeting the
service and enthusiasm of the creators and past chairs will be recognized, but it has been
suggested others such as Neil Andersen, Neil Swanberg, Elizabeth Gross, the administrative staff
of the IPO (Stokke) and PO (Zawoysky), and others should be recognized at an appropriate spot,
perhaps, during the cruise luncheon on the Potomac.
3. Do we want to bother with web casting the meeting? The National Academy of Sciences
offered this capability.
4. Bob Anderson brought up the fact that the poster session chairs are not really clear on what a
synthesis poster can or should be. The OSC committee plans to e-mail session chairs and ask for
ideas, or present our own. We may have multiple posters on the CD from any session, if they
wanted to organize more than a single synthesis.
5. There is a conflict with a National Academy dinner in the Great Hall at the National Academy
of Sciences on the May 5, which interferes with our afternoon, 3:30-5:30 poster session and our
first night reception. Ken and Mary are looking into options (having the reception someplace
else, using other rooms for the posters).
- 30 -
8.7.
Global Synthesis Working Group (GSWG) Report by Reiner Schlitzer
Main activity of the JGOFS Global Synthesis Working Group (GSWG) during 2002 was to
organize and hold jointly with the JGOFS/GAIM modelling task team a four day workshop on
Global Ocean Productivity and the Fluxes of Carbon and Nutrients: Combining Observations
and Models at the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission in Ispra, Italy (24-27 June
2002). Goal of the workshop was to assess the present state of research on global ocean
productivity and downward material fluxes from observations and biogeochemical models and to
identify future research needs. Emphasis was on integrated studies and the comparison between
methods. The workshop involved about 70 scientists from around the world representing all
aspects of the marine carbon and nutrient cycles – modeling, process studies and experiments, as
well as in situ and remote sensing observations. Specific scientific questions addressed at the
workshop include:
• How accurate are satellite productivity algorithms?
• Are sediment trap data consistent with satellite productivity maps?
• Are benthic food-supply requirements matched by measured downward fluxes?
• What controls the export and sequestration efficiency?
• How important are ocean margins for global ocean biogeochemical cycles?
• Are modelled productivity rates and fluxes consistent with observations?
• How will marine biogeochemical cycles change in the future?
• The next generation of biogeochemical models: what level of complexity is
required to improve productivity and flux estimates?
• New technologies and observations: which new datasets will be available in 10
years? Are they sufficient to validate future models?
The workshop was structured with half-day sessions on various themes (see Appendix). The
presentations were mostly as posters with only a few oral talks, to allow enough time for
discussion and short contributions of recent work. Each theme was introduced by keynote
presentations followed by a poster session and a plenary discussion. Plenary speakers were asked
to provide overviews over their field, but also include open questions and provocative ideas.
Talks and posters were of high quality and the plenary discussions were lively and stimulating.
A detailed workshop agenda and the abstracts of all keynote presentations and posters, and online version of some keynote presentations and posters can be found at
http://www.uib.no/jgofs/Publications/other_pub/Ispra_Modelling/Ispra_Modelling.html.
A manuscript summarizing the goals and main conclusions of the workshop is in preparation.
Bremerhaven, August 28, 2002
Reiner Schlitzer
Appendix: Workshop Themes and Invited Talks
A: Observing Ocean productivity from space (Chair: Trevor Platt)
• “Seasonal and ENSO Variability in Global Ocean Phytoplankton Chlorophyll” (James A. Yoder and
Maureen A. Kennelly)
• “Marine primary production estimates from ocean colour: A comparative study of algorithms”(MaryElena Carr and Marjorie Friedrichs)
• "A Recipe for Ocean Productivity, and Variations" (John Marra)
B: From primary production to export flux: factors controlling the export efficiency (Chair:
Edward Laws)
- 31 -
• "Incorporating Respiration into the Ocean Carbon Budget: Lifting the Lid off Pandora's Box" (Peter
J. Le B. Williams)
• "Role of Zooplankton in the Transformation, Remineralization, and Export of Particulate Organic
Matter in the Sea" (Deborah K. Steinberg)
• "Magnitude, Variability and Controls on the Ratio of Particle Export to Primary Production in the
Upper Ocean" (Ken O. Buesseler)
C: The flux of particulate matter in the water column: magnitude and depth dependence
(Chair: Gerhard Fischer)
• “Global Export Flux and Regional Functionality of Biological Pump: A Result from JGOFS
Sediment Trap Programs since 1982” (Susumu Honjo, Roger Francois, Richard Krishfield, and Steve
Manganini)
• “Factors controlling the flux of organic carbon to the bathypelagic zone of the ocean” (Roger
Francois, Susumu Honjo, Richard Krishfield and Steve Manganini)
• "How POC Export, Curvature in the Martin Function, Biogenic Si Content and Particle Settling
Velocity are Related" (Will M. Berelson)
• "Global distribution of downward particle flux from models and measurements: Do we believe any of
them?" (Richard S. Lampitt, E.E. Popova, and I.J. Totterdell)
D: Benthic fluxes along ocean margins and in the open ocean (Chair: Richard Lampitt)
• "Global distribution and magnitude of deep particulate organic carbon fluxes estimated by benthic
flux measurements" (Richard A. Jahnke)
• "Cross-boundary exchanges of carbon and nitrogen in the marginal seas" (Chen-Tung Arthur Chen)
• "Decoupling surface production from deep remineralization and benthic deposition: empirical
evidence and modeling challenges" (R. Armstrong)
E: Recent evidence for changes in marine biogeochemical cycles (Chair: John Steele)
• "Responses of marine organisms and ecosystems to hydro-meteorological forcing" (Gregory
Beaugrand, and Philip C. Reid)
• "An ecosystem models response to North Atlantic oscillation like forcing" (Martin Visbeck, Marina
Levy, Naomi Naik, and Jessie Cherry)
• "Increased stratification and decreased primary productivity in the western sub arctic North Pacific - a
30 years retrospective study" (S. Chiba, K. Tadokoro, T. Ono, and T. Saino)
F: Hind- and forecasting biogeochemical fluxes with models (Chair: Steve A. Spall)
• "The impact of climate change on the marine biogeochemical cycling: detecting change with
biogeochemical tracers" (Richard J. Matear)
• “Implications of various depth levels used to compute export production” (Andreas Oschlies)
• “Controls on global particle export and remineralization: model development and calibration” (John
P. Dunne, Robert A. Armstrong, Curtis A. Deutsch, Anand Gnanadesikan, Jorge L. Sarmiento,
Panangady S. Swathi and Nicolas Gruber)
G: The next generation of biogeochemical models: what level of complexity is needed? (Chair:
Marina Levy)
• "What's missing in the ocean that the land already has?"(C. Le Quéré, I.C. Prentice, E.T. Buitenhuis)
• "Ecological rules for managing complexity" (John H. Steele)
• "Modelling the response of the ocean carbon cycle to climate change: is DOM necessary?" (I.J.
Totterdell)
H: Future observations of biogeochemical systems: new technologies and networks (Chair:
Nicolas Gruber)
• "Robotic observations of carbon cycle processes in remote and very stormy oceans" (Jim K. B.
Bishop)
• "Large Scale estimates of primary production and export production: the JGOFS Legacy" (Shubha
Sathyendranath, and Trevor Platt)
• "Current JGOFS DMTT activities, and data management requirements for future marine
biogeochemical projects - insights for modellers" (Margarita Conkright and Bernard Avril)
- 32 -
8.8.
North Atlantic Synthesis Group (NASG) Report by Véronique Garçon
Members
Véronique Garçon, Chair, CNRS, France
Dave Siegel, UCSB, USA
Hugh Ducklow, VIMS, USA
Michael Fasham, SOC, UK
Emilio Fernandez, University of Vigo, Spain
Glenn Harrison, BIO, Canada
Wolfgang Koeve, Bremen Univ., Germany
Roy Lowry, BODC, UK
Laurent Mémery, LODYC/CNRS, France
Activity Report
Achievements in 2001-2002
• Ocean Sciences Meeting, 11-15 February 2002, Hawaii, USA: Informal meeting with
Dave Siegel. Meeting of preparation of the Final JGOFS Open Science Conference
(Scientific Program Steering Committee and Local Organising Committee)
• EGS Spring Meeting, 22-26 April 2002, Nice, France: Informal meeting with Laurent
Mémery and Wolfgang Koeve. Open Session (OA8) on Biogeochemistry of the carbon
cycle of the (North) Atlantic Ocean, W. Koeve: convenor, J. Aiken, V. Garçon: coconvenors. Publication of JGOFS Report 34
Actions for NA synthesis in 2002-2003
• Visit to AWI, Bremerhaven to R. Schlitzer, Global Synthesis Working Group's Chair,
(ACCESS), November 21-23, 2002
• 4th NASG Meeting in Paris, International Open Science conference on OCEANS: Ocean
biogeochemistry and Ecosystems Analysis, 7-10 January 2003 (IGBP and SCOR)
• Joint synthesis work under way and planned publication for 2003 (C:N ratios of new
production in the North Atlantic, Koeve and Garçon)
• Joint sessions AGU/EGS/EUG in April 2003, Nice, France:
• Open Session on the Biogeochemistry of the Oceanic Carbon Cycle, convened by W.
Koeve, M. Follows and K. Caldeira,
• Session on Iron resources and oceanic nutrients: advancement of global environment
simulations, convened by H. de Baar, C. Lancelot and E. Maier-Reimer
• Session on Eddy and frontal scale processes in ocean biogeochemistry, convened by L.
Mémery, D. McGillicuddy and R. Williams
• Final JGOFS Open Science Conference May 2003, Washington, DC: Poster Session on
North Atlantic Synthesis
• Analysis of a coupled physical/biogeochemical model outputs of the North Atlantic
Ocean (1/15°) from the MERCATOR program.
Membership
Doug Wallace and Helge Drange withdrew from the Group.
Terms of Reference
Proposed modification: NASG expected to finish its work in 2003 and therefore to disband.
Budget Report Status
All expenses to the various informal meetings (Ocean Sciences and EGS) in 2002 were taken in
charge by the Group members on their funds. For 2003, the budget requirements are as follows:
Visit to AWI:
1,000 Euros
4th NASG Meeting in Paris: 12,000 Euros
Total requested:
13,000 Euros
- 33 -
8.9.
Southern Ocean Synthesis Group (SOSG) Report by Paul Tréguer
1-Synthesis and modelling. According to the decisions taken during the August 2000 meeting
(cf. Brest Symposium 8 – 12 July 2000) the SO-SG organized two synthesis meeting/workshop
in 2002: http://www.univ-brest.fr/IUEM/sojgofs/sojgofs.htm
A- Special session on « the cycle of carbon in the Southern Ocean » (Co-convenors: Paul
Tréguer, Uli Bathmann, Tom Trull, Philip Boyd, Stéphane Blain) of the Ocean Sciences Meeting
(AGU-ASLO), 11-15 February 2002, Honolulu, Hawaii: 41 communications were presented
including: 5 invited conferences, 19 oral communications, and 17 poster communications
(Appendix 1)
B- Workshop on « the biological pump of CO2 in the Southern Ocean and its responses to
climate change ”: Honolulu, Hawaii (16-17 February 2002) Co-Convenors: Paul Tréguer and
Robert F. Anderson; this workshop was supported by JGOFS funds (also see the article
published by Paul Tréguer and Robert F. Anderson in the April 2002 issue of US-JGOFS News)
Thirty-two scientists from Australia, France, Germany, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and
the USA attended this workshop, held in Honolulu (16-17 February 2002). The major aim of this
workshop was to contribute to the synthesis phase of JGOFS and especially to identify synthesis
contributions to the Final JGOFS Open Science Conference (5-8 May 2003, Washington DC,
USA). The meeting was introduced by Paul Tréguer (IUEM, http://univ-brest.fr/IUEM, Brest,
France), Chair of the SOSG, who: (1) recalled the answers to the 6 major questions SO-JGOFS
addressed since the beginning of the last decade, as given during the SO-JGOFS Symposium
held in Brest in July 2000 (http://www.univ-brest.fr/IUEM/sojgofs/sojgofs.htm), and (2)
identified the synthesis works already published as well as the gaps. Reiner Schlitzer (AWI,
http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de, Bremerhaven, Germany), Chair of the Global Synthesis and
Modelling Working Group (GSWG) appointed by the JGOFS SSC, then introduced the plans for
the next GSWG meeting, to be held in Ispra (Italy), 24-27 June 2002 (see, http://mewww.jrc.it/jgofs/).
Two plenary talks set the stage for later discussions of synthesis topics. Patrick Monfray (LSCE,
http://www.lsce.cnrs-gif.fr/, Gif-sur-Yvette, France) gave a very provocative talk on possible
responses of the Southern Ocean as well as of the world ocean to combined climate and external
forcings. This talk was based on outputs of a 3D coupled ocean – atmosphere complex model
that includes a relatively complex ocean biogeochemistry (PISCES). Increased stratification of
the ocean with global warming is expected to play a major role on biogeochemical fluxes as the
mixed layer decreases and the productive season lengthens. The model predicts a significant
increase both in primary and export production in the high latitudes, but a decrease of biogenic
fluxes in low latitudes. Iron from below also seems to play a role that has been underestimated;
most present studies focus on iron from above. To validate model predictions for the near future,
in addition to microscale and/or mesoscale experiments (e.g., iron fertilisation experiments),
Patrick Monfray suggested we should take into account of the natural variability of
biogeochemical fluxes and ecosystem structures due to the Antarctic Circumpolar Waves
(ACW). Indeed the ACW affects the mean SST by ~ 1°C, and the mixed layer depth by ~ 50 m,
which is comparable to predicted changes of the ocean features as a response of doubling the
present atmospheric CO2 concentration. Of course, initiatives to continue present, or to establish
new time-series are of major interest in this perspective and will receive strong support from the
- 34 -
SOSG. Excerpts of this talk are available on the web site: (http://www.univbrest.fr/IUEM/sojgofs/sojgofs.htm).
Tilla Roy (ACRC, http://www.antcrc.utas.edu.au/antcrc/, Hobart, Australia) presented a talk on
the inconsistencies remaining between the outputs of atmospheric inversion models and the
global synthesis of air-sea delta pCO2 data. Present estimates of the Austral annual sink of
atmospheric CO2 are still poorly constrained, varying between -0.1 (Metzl et al. 2001; Gruber et
al. 2001) to -0.6 GTC yr-1 (Takahashi et al, 2002) for the part of the Southern Ocean south of
50°S. Negative air-sea delta pCO2 fluxes such as these are not reconcilable with outputs of
atmospheric inversion models validated from the few CO2 land stations located in the Southern
Hemisphere. Increasing the number of land stations is requested, especially for South Africa and
South America. New approaches for a better integration of ocean and atmospheric data of CO2
and O2 are also strongly recommended.
Following a discussion on the plenary talks, workshop participants divided into working groups
(WG) to assess and promote synthesis of recent findings concerning three topics of particular
importance to research on the carbon cycle of the Southern Ocean:
- WG1 (Chair: Uli Bathmann, AWI, http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de, Bremerhaven, Germany):
What physical (e.g., light, ice, mixed layer depth, mixing rate) and chemical (e.g., Fe, Si)
conditions regulate phytoplankton growth and species composition?
- WG2 (Chair: Tom Trull, (ACRC, http://www.antcrc.utas.edu.au/antcrc/, Hobart, Australia):
What is the « fate » of biogenic material (e.g., regeneration in situ; sinking without being grazed;
grazing and export as fecal material), and can the « fate » be correlated with environmental
conditions?
- WG3 (Chair: Greg Mitchell, UCSD, http://www.ucsd.edu/, San Diego, USA): Is the satellite
view of phytoplankton biomass in the Southern Ocean consistent with the results from (1) to (2)
above?
In reporting on the deliberations of WG1, Uli Bathmann noted that the huge international effort
undertaken during the last decade has drastically changed our simplistic vision of the Southern
Ocean that prevailed at the beginning of the 1990s. To better account for the complexity of the
Southern Ocean ecosystems and for the impact of climate change on primary production (cf.
Patrick Monfray’s introductive talk), WG1 suggests that, on the one hand, biogeochemical
models should take account of a « polygonal » approach of the primary production limitations,
including the role of light, nitrate, phosphate, silicic acid, iron, and grazing for the major players
(diatoms, Phaeocystis, crytophyceans, and other small phytoplankters). On the second hand,
complementary approaches are also encouraged to include (1) the building up of a hierarchy of
limiting factors and bifurcations models, (2) the design of the appropriate physical background
(e.g., importance of mesoscale features in the frontal zones), (3) the measurements of the initial
(winter) values, (4) and the coupling between atmosphere and sea ice. New experiments in
Lagrangian mode are recommended including mesocosms, in situ and model experiments.
Tom Trull reported on what we learnt from the outputs of the SO-JGOFS field and modelling
work about the « fate » of biogenic material in the Southern Ocean and on the links with
environmental conditions. Among the participants of Working Group 2, there is a consensus that
the export production of organic carbon out of the photic layer is high, however it also seems
that the export flux of carbon deeper than 2000 m is almost comparable to that in the rest of the
world ocean; if this is indeed so, the mineralization of organic carbon in the “twilight zone”
should be high, of which we already have some indications. But WG2 also pointed out the
present gaps: we know neither which pathway (sinking, subduction, bio-entrainment) is the most
effective nor which region/subsystem of the Southern Ocean is the most important for organic
- 35 -
carbon export below the ventilation depth. New areas of research are to be initiated to better
understand and model the aggregation/disaggregation mechanisms at microscales.
Greg Mitchell reported on the accuracy of the satellite view of the Southern Ocean (Working
Group 3). SeaWiFS data now allow realistic estimates of the seasonal and interannual variability
of chlorophyll concentrations in Antarctic surface waters from sea colour, although persistent
cloud coverage makes it difficult to get continuous determinations. Improved algorithms will
soon be available for accurate determinations of chlorophyll in the offshore waters of the
Southern Ocean. The participants also debated on the degree of confidence for primary
production and export production derived from satellite-based estimates of phytoplankton
biomass. WG3 recommended that future campaigns in the Southern Ocean conducts systematic
in situ optics (for a detailed list of parameters and methods available, please contact:
[email protected]) in parallel with classical primary production measurements.
Bob Anderson (LDEO, www.ldeo.columbia.edu, Palisades, USA) gave preliminary information
on the agenda of the Final JGOFS Open Science Conference (5-8 May 2003, Washington DC,
USA). Oral communications will focus on scientific themes and not on regions, although
regional reports are possible by posters. The SOSG meeting has already identified possible
poster communications on synthesis answers to the six SO-JGOFS major questions, as well as
contributions to thematic oral presentations.
References:
Metzl, N., C. Brunet, A. Jabaud-Jan, A. Poisson and B. Schauer (2001). Summer and winter airseas CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean. Extended abstracts of the 6th international Carbon
Dioxide Conference, Sendai, Japan, October 1-5,685-688.
N. Gruber, M. Gloor, R. A. Feely, C. Roedenbeck, C. L. Sabine and J. L. Sarmiento (2001) Airsea fluxes of pre-industrial and anthropogenic CO2 determined by inverse modeling of ocean
carbon data. Extended abstracts of the 6th international Carbon Dioxide Conference, Sendai,
Japan, October 1-5, 1039-1042.
T. Takahashi, S. C. Sutherland, C. Sweeney, A. Poisson, N. Metzl, B. Tilbrook, N. Bates, R.
Wanninkhof, R.A. Feely, C. Sabine, J. Olafsson, and Y. Nojiri (2002) Global sea-air CO2 flux
based on climatological surface ocean pCO2, and seasonal biological and temperature effects.
Deep-Sea research Part II, 49 : 1601-1622.
2-Publications: (1) Peer-reviewed contributions of the 3rd SO-JGOFS Symposium on « Climatic
changes and the cycle of carbon » (Brest, 8-12 July 2000) are now published in 2 volumes of
Deep-Sea Research Part II : see Appendix 2. (2) Publication of JGOFS Report 32
3-SO-SG on-going work: The 3rd International Joint Global Ocean Flux Study Open Science
Conference, entitled « A Sea of Change: JGOFS Accomplishments and the Future of Ocean
Biogeochemistry » will be held at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C., 5-8
May 2003. One poster session (Convenor: Paul Tréguer) is devoted to the Southern Ocean. The
selection of synthesis posters will be organized during fall 2002 (dead line for submission:
December, 31rst). NB: Uli Bathmann was asked by the organizers to give a plenary talk entitled
« Plankton species determine biogeochemical fluxes: from scenarios to a global picture ».
4-National/international contributions related to SO-JGOFS:
- 36 -
Australia: Australian Southern Ocean JGOFS completed its final major field program in
December 2001 with a multi-disciplinary field study carried out during the 7th repeat of the
WOCE/CLIVAR transect from Tasmania to Antarctica along 140°E. This 47 day cruise onboard
Aurora Australis brought together more than 70 scientists from Australia, New Zealand, Europe,
North America and Asia. It was tightly coordinated with 3 additional Japanese Antarctic
Research Expeditions cruises to the seasonal sea-ice zone at the southern end of the transect.
Completing the analyses, synthesis and publication of results from these cruises will be the major
activity of Australian Southern Ocean in 2002 and 2003.
A set of 17 papers from the SAZ Project biogeochemical studies from the Sub-Antarctic and
Polar Frontal Zones was published as a special section of Journal of Geophysical Research –
Oceans in Dec. 2001 (Editors: Trull, T. W., Sedwick, P.N., Griffiths, F.B., Rintoul, S.R):
Appendix 3. The SAZ Project moored sediment trap program is continuing with moorings along
140E at 47, 54 and 61°S, coordinated with an additional Japanese mooring at 64°S, and with the
intention of adding mixed layer instrument moorings in future years.
Other future Australian carbon-cycle programs are being developed under the SOLAS-ANZ
banner (which has preliminary plans on its website: www.antcrc.utas.edu.au, under the Special
Projects menu), the CLIVAR banner, in collaboration with other national programs, and
independently. Many of these programs depend on the successful creation of a new Antarctic
Climate & Ecosystem Cooperative Research Centre to succeed the Antarctic CRC when it
finishes in June 2003. The evaluation of the proposed new ACE CRC is currently underway,
with the final decision due in December 2002. The ACE Business Plan, including tentative field
programs through 2008 is available from ACE bid-team leader Tom Trull (email:
[email protected]).
Tom Trull continues as the Australian member of the International JGOFS Southern Ocean
Synthesis Group. Brian Griffiths continues as the Australian member of the JGOFS data
management task team and is working to assemble results from the 1991-2001 decade of
programs ([email protected]), and Bronte Tilbrook continues as the Australian member
of the JGOFS SSC ([email protected]).
France. Philippe Pondaven (IUEM, Brest) is the coordinator of the ANTARES –France JGOFS
Group during the final phase. The ToRs of the group are (1) to complete the database in
connection with the France-JGOFS database and DMTT, (2) to organise synthetic contributions,
and (3) to exploit up today non-published ANTARES results. A workshop was organized in
Brest in May 2002 under the coordination of Paul Tréguer (IUEM, Brest) to discuss new results
on fluxes of biogenic matter at the ANTARES mooring sites M2 (51°S, 61°32E, 4600m) and M3
(63°S, 70°57E, 4000m). A manuscript coordinated by Jean-Jacques Pichon (EPOC, Bordeaux)
will be submitted soon.
As discussed during the SO-JGOFS 2000 Symposium, new projects in the Indian sector of the
Southern Ocean are organized under umbrella of SOLAS. Stéphane Blain (IUEM, Brest) is
taking the lead of the KEOPS programme (KEOPS = Kerguelen: Etude comparée de l’Océan et
du Plateau en surface et Subsurface, http://www.univ-brest.fr/IUEM/projects/keops/keops.htm)
which major aim is to study the impacts of natural iron fertilisation on Antarctic waters. KEOPS
preliminary science plan, open to international cooperation, has been approved by the Scientific
Committee of PROOF-CNRS. Cruises should be planned in 2004-2005.
Germany. The DSR II issue « Mesoscale Physics, Biogeochemistry and Ecology of the Antarctic
Polar Front, Atlantic Sector ». Edited by VH Strass, UV Bathmann, M Rutgers v. d. Loeff and V
- 37 -
Smetacek is in press, published electronically (DOI), and hopefully will be published on paper in
September this year. A second iron fertilization experiment in under planning with allocated
ship-time of RV Polarstern from 20 January to 25 March 2004 in the Southern Ocean. Requests
for a second ship are out. The German JGOFS database is updated by Hermann in Kiel.
USA. Within the U.S. JGOFS (AESOPS) program, all of our activities during the past year have
involved the preparation of DSR-II volumes. The second volume, published in late 2001,
comprises 20 publications (Table of content in Appendix 5). The manuscripts for the 3rd
AESOPS volume (19 publications, Appendix 5) have now all been delivered to John Milliman
for his final review.
Appendix 1: Special SO session on « the cycle of carbon in the Southern Ocean » (Coconvenors: Paul Tréguer, Uli Bathmann, Tom Trull, Philip Boyd, Stéphane Blain) of the Ocean
Sciences Meeting (AGU-ASLO), 11-15 February 2002, Honolulu, Hawaii
Invited Conference:
• B Quéguiner, R Barber, S Blain, P Boyd, M Brzezinski, H De Baar, V Franck, D Nelson, D
Hutchins, P Sedwick, K Timmermans, P Tréguer: Bottom-up Control of Primary Production in the
Southern Ocean: the Co-limitation Question With Regard to the Availability of Fe, Si, and Light.
• V Strass: EisenEx-1: Test of the Iron Hypothesis in a Southern Ocean Eddy
• M Carr, M Friedrichs, J Moore, R Barber: Satellite-based Primary Production Estimates in the
Southern Ocean: a Comparative Study
• T Trull: Carbon Export South of Australia.
• R Sempéré, C Panagiotopoulos, I Obernosterer, C Dubreuil, D Lefèvre, M Denis, M Goutx, Van
Wambeke, S Becquevort, C Lancelot, M Bianchi: Organic Carbon Cycling In The Southern Ocean.
Case Studies And General Observations
Oral Communications:
• D Hutchins, C Hare, G. DiTullio, A Crossley, P Sedwick: Effects of Iron Limitation on Southern
Ocean Biogeochemistry and Phytoplankton Community Structure Assessed With a Natural
Community Continuous Culture Incubation System
• J Tremblay, N Price: The Effect of Iron on the C/N/P/Si Composition of Phytoplankton: Does Fedeficiency Affect Structural or Labile, Soluble Pools?
• P Sedwick, S Blain: Iron Distribution and Phytoplankton Growth in Subantarctic Waters: A
Synthesis of results from the Australian and Indian Sectors of the Southern Ocean
• R Edwards, P Sedwick: The Iron Content of Seasonal Sea-ice: a Biologically Significant Source of
Iron to the Southern Ocean?
• A Watson, D Bakker, V Smetacek, P Nightingale, U Riebesell, V Strass, M Messias, L Goldson, C
Law: How Rapid Dilution Influences Southern Ocean Iron Fertilization Experiments: Comparison
between EISENEX and SOIREE
• P Boyd, G Jackson, A Waite: Are Mesoscale Perturbation Experiments in Polar Waters Prone to
Physical Artefacts? Evidence from Algal Aggregation Modelling Studies.
• R Bellerby, D Bakker, A Watson, I Skjelvan, Y Bozec, H de Baar: Seawater pH in the Southern
Ocean: Interannual Variability and Response to an Iron Enrichment Experiment
• Z Chase, R Anderson, M Fleisher, P Kubik : Accumulation of Biogenic and Lithogenic Material in
the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean During the Past 30,000 Years.
• K Fennel, M Abbott, Y Spitz, J Richman, D Nelson: Modeling Controls of Phytoplankton
Production in the Southern Ocean--Modern and Glacial Scenarios
• SE Green, RN Sambrotto: Phytoplankton Community Composition and Nitrogen Uptake Rates off
Georges V Coastland, Antarctica:
• RN Sambrotto, RD Vaillancourt, C. Langdon, SE Green, A. Matsuda, SS Jacobs, CI Measures:
Summer Plankton Production and Nutrient Consumption Patterns in the Metz Glacier Region of
East Antarctica:
- 38 -
• J Llido, E Machu, I Dadou, V Garçon: Chlorophyll Variability in the Agulhas Current System: a
Wavelet Analysis on Modelled and SeaWiFS Chlorophyll Fields
• B Mitchell, M Kahru, R Reynolds, J Wieland, D Stramski, C Hewes, O Holm-Hansen: Chlorophylla Ocean Color Algorithms for the Southern Ocean and their Influence on Satellite Estimates of
Primary Production
• J Boutin, Y Rangama, J Etcheto, L Merlivat, T Takahashi, D Delille, M Frankignoulle: Air-Sea CO2
Fluxes Inferred From in Situ and Remotely Sensed Parameters in the Southern Ocean
• M Hendricks, B Barnett, M Bender, P. Falkowski: Using Ocean Oxygen Measurements to Constrain
Carbon Fluxes in the Southern Ocean
• X Wang, R Matear, T Trull: Non-Redfield N/P Nutrient Utilization Ratios in the Polar Frontal Zone
of the Southern Ocean, a Model and Data Synthesis Study
• M Lutz, R Dunbar: Elemental composition (C, N, and P) of particulate material exported in the Ross
Sea, Antarctica.
• M Lourey, T Trull, D Sigman: delta 15N of Surface and Deep Organic Matter in the Subantarctic
and Polar Frontal Zones of the Southern Ocean South of Australia.
• B Schneider, R Schlitzer, G Fischer, E Noethig: Depth Dependent Elemental Compositions of
Particulate Organic Matter in the Ocean
Poster Communications:
• T Trull, M Lourey, S Bray: delta 13C of Surface and Deep Organic Matter in the Subantarctic and
Polar Frontal Zones of the Southern Ocean South of Australia.
• D Bakker, A Watson, P Nightingale, C Law, Y Bozec, L Goldson, M Messias, H Baar, M Liddicoat,
I Skjelvan: Inorganic Carbon Changes in two Southern Ocean Iron Release Experiments: Effects of
Iron, Hydrography and Meteorology
• G Jackson, A Waite, P Boyd: Role of Algal Coagulation in Carbon Export During Iron Fertilization
Experiments.
• M Fleisher, R Anderson: Assessing the Collection Efficiency of Ross Sea Sediment Traps Using
230Th and 231Pa
• A Tagliabue, K Arrigo, D Worthen: Anomalously low Zooplankton Abundance in the Ross Sea: An
Alternative Explanation
• G Fischer, R Gersonde, G Wefer: Organic Carbon, Biogenic Silica and Diatom Fluxes in the
Marginal Winter sea ice Zone and in the Polar Front Region: Interannual Variations and Differences
in Composition
• K Arrigo, D Robinson, R Dunbar, A Leventer, M Lizotte: Physical control of chlorophyll a, POC,
and TPN distributions in the pack ice of the Ross Sea, Antarctica
• A. Ingalls, C Lee, J Hedges, S Wakeham, Organic Matter Fluxes and Preservation in the Southern
Ocean: Role of Diatoms
• L Rogers, R Dunbar, D Mucciarone, M Hopkins, T Erohina, M Lizotte, A Leventer: Estimates of
Net Community Production Using Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Deficits and delta13C Enrichments
in the Upper Water Column of Prydz Bay, Antarctica
• I Peeken: Changes in Phytoplankton Community During the Southern Ocean Iron Fertilisation
Experiment "EisenEx 1" Based on Marker Pigments
• A Belem, R Timmermann, G Dieckmann, D Wolf-Gladrow: Effects of Ice Drift on the Productivity
of Sea Ice Microbial Communities in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica
• C Pilskaln, S Manganini, V Asper, T Trull, W Howard, L Armand: Seasonal Particulate Export
Below the Polar Front in the Southern Indian Ocean Sector of Prydz Bay, East Antarctica
• R Matear, B McNeil: A Southern Ocean Comparison of CFC 11-Age Derived Estimates of
Anthropogenic CO2 to Multi-Parametric Linear Regression
• C Howard, T Cowles, J Barth: Spatial Structure of Physical and Bio-Optical Distributions Across
the Antarctic Polar Front
• M Mongin, P Rivière, P Pondaven: Modelling Mesoscale Processes and Nutrient Limitation Impact
on the Biological Pump in the Frontal Zone of the Austral Ocean
• P Yager: An Arctic Ocean Time Series of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon.
• M. Boye, J. Nishioka, P Croot, P Laan, KR Timmermans, S Takeda, HJ de Baar: Colloidal Fe
accounts for a significant part of dissolved organic Fe-complexes in the Southern Ocean.
- 39 -
Appendix 2: Proceedings of the 3rd SO-JGOFS Symposium on « Climatic changes and the cycle
of carbon » (Brest, 8-12 July 2000) Contents of the first volume: Deep Sea Research Part II:
Topical Studies in Oceanography: 2002, 49(9-10), 1597 –1962:
• Climatic changes and the carbon cycle in the Southern Ocean: a step forward, 1597-1600. P.
Tréguer and P. Pondaven
• Global sea-air CO2 flux based on climatological surface ocean pCO2, and seasonal biological and
temperature effects, 1601-1622. Taro Takahashi, Stewart C. Sutherland, Colm Sweeney, Alain
Poisson, Nicolas Metzl, Bronte Tilbrook, Nicolas Bates, Rik Wanninkhof, Richard A. Feely,
Christopher Sabine et al.
• Carbon export fluxes in the Southern Ocean: results from inverse modeling and comparison with
satellite-based estimates, 1623-1644. Reiner Schlitzer
• Vertical budgets for organic carbon and biogenic silica in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean,
1996¯1998, 1645-1674. David M. Nelson, Robert F. Anderson, Richard T. Barber, Mark A.
Brzezinski, Ken O. Buesseler, Zanna, Chase, Robert W. Collier, Mary-Lynn Dickson, Roger
François, Michael R. Hiscock et al.
• Annual export production in the interior Weddell Gyre estimated from a chemical mass balance of
nutrients, 1675-1689. Mario Hoppema, Hein J. W. de Baar, Richard G. J. Bellerby, Eberhard
Fahrbach and Karel Bakker
• Net community production in the marginal ice zone and its importance for the variability of the
oceanic pCO2 in the Southern Ocean south of Australia, 1691-1706. Masao Ishii, Hisayuki Y. Inoue
and Hidekazu Matsueda
• Water-column remineralization in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean during early spring,
1707-1720. Javier Arístegui, Michel Denis, Javier Almunia and María F. Montero
• Organic carbon, biogenic silica and diatom fluxes in the marginal winter sea-ice zone and in the
Polar Front Region: interannual variations and differences in composition, 1721-1745. G. Fischer,
R. Gersonde and G. Wefer
• The Si cycle in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean: seasonal diatom production in the surface
layer and export to the deep sea, 1747-1763. Daniel E. Sigmon, David M. Nelson and Mark A.
Brzezinski
• Biogenic silica production rates and particulate organic matter distribution in the Atlantic sector of
the Southern Ocean during austral spring 1992, 1765-1786. B. Quéguiner and M. A. Brzezinski
• Primary production processes in ice-free waters of the Ross Sea (Antarctica) during the austral
summer 1996, 1787-1801. Vincenzo Saggiomo, Giulio Catalano, Olga Mangoni, Giorgio Budillon
and Gian Carlo Carrada
• The role of iron in the biogeochemistry of the Southern Ocean and equatorial Pacific: a comparison
of in situ iron enrichments, 1803-1821. Philip W. Boyd
• A quasi-synoptic view of the frontal circulation in the Crozet Basin during the Antares-4 cruise,
1823-1842. Young-Hyang Park, Raymond T. Pollard, Jane F. Read and Viviane Leboucher
• Seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton in the Antarctic Polar Front region at 170°W, 1843-1865.
Michael R. Landry, Karen E. Selph, Susan L. Brown, Mark R. Abbott, Christopher I. Measures,
Suzanna Vink, Colleen B. Allen, Albert Calbet, Stephanie Christensen and Hector Nolla
• Phytoplankton distribution in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean during spring, 1867-1880. M.
Fiala, M. -C. Machado and L. Oriol
• Salp/krill interactions in the Southern Ocean: spatial segregation and implications for the carbon
flux, 1881-1907. E. A. Pakhomov, P. W. Froneman and R. Perissinotto
• The Southern Ocean's biological pump during the Last Glacial Maximum, 1909-1938. Robert F.
Anderson, Zanna Chase, Martin Q. Fleisher and Julian Sachs
• Late quaternary variations of elemental ratios (C/Si and N/Si) in diatom-bound organic matter from
the Southern Ocean, 1939-1952. Xavier Crosta, Aldo Shemesh, Marie-Eve Salvignac, Hezi Gildor
and Ruth Yam
• 14C of the organic matter in sediments from the Antarctic Polar Front: origin and dynamics of
sedimentary organic carbon, 1953-1961. C. Rabouille, N. Tisnérat and D. Blamart
- 40 -
Contents of the second volume: Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography,
2002, Volume 49, Issue 16, 3103-3407 (2002)
• Climatic changes and the cycles of carbon in the Southern Ocean: a step forward (II), 3103-3104. P.
Tréguer and P. Pondaven
• Assessing the importance of the Southern Ocean for natural atmospheric pCO2 variations with a
global biogeochemical general circulation model, 3105-3125. Christoph Heinze
• Si/C decoupling in the world ocean: is the Southern Ocean different? Pp. 3127-3154. Olivier
Ragueneau, Nicolas Dittert, Philippe Pondaven, Paul Tréguer and Lydie Corrin
• The accumulation and cycling of biogenic silica in the Southern Ocean: revisiting the marine silica
budget, 3155-3167. David J. DeMaster
• Carbon intake by zooplankton. Importance and role of zooplankton grazing in the Indian sector of
the Southern Ocean, 3169-3187. P. Mayzaud, V. Tirelli, A. Errhif, J. P. Labat, S. Razouls and R.
Perissinotto
• Particulate biogenic silica and carbon production rates and particulate matter distribution in the
Indian sector of the Subantarctic Ocean, 3189-3206. K. Leblanc, B. Quéguiner, M. Fiala, S. Blain, J.
Morvan and R. Corvaisier
• Diel feeding patterns and daily ration estimates of three subantarctic euphausiids in the vicinity of
the Prince Edward Islands (Southern Ocean), 3207-3227. L. J. Gurney, P. W. Froneman, E. A.
Pakhomov and C. D. McQuaid
• The occurrence of faecal material in relation to different pelagic systems in the Southern Ocean and
its importance for vertical flux, 3229-3242. Corinna D. Dubischar and Ulrich V. Bathmann
• Predation impact of carnivorous macrozooplankton in the vicinity of the Prince Edward Island
archipelago (Southern Ocean) in austral autumn 1998, 3243-3254. P. W. Froneman, E. A.
Pakhomov, L. J. Gurney and B. P. V. Hunt
• Quantification of algal iron requirements in the Subantarctic Southern Ocean (Indian sector), 32553273. S. Blain, P. N. Sedwick, F. B. Griffiths, B. Quéguiner, E. Bucciarelli, M. Fiala, P. Pondaven
and P. Tréguer
• Sediment accumulation rates and carbon burial in the bottom sediment in a high-productivity area:
Gerlache Strait (Antarctica), 3275-3287. E. Isla, P. Masqué, A. Palanques, J. A. Sanchez-Cabeza, J.
M. Bruach, J. Guillén and P. Puig
• Physical controls on biogeochemical zonation in the Southern Ocean, 3289-3305. R. T. Pollard, M.
I. Lucas and J. F. Read
• Community structure of mesozooplankton in the Antarctic polar frontal zone in the vicinity of the
Prince Edward Islands (Southern Ocean): small-scale distribution patterns in relation to physical
parameters, 3307-3325. B. P. V. Hunt, E. A. Pakhomov and C. D. McQuaid
• Resource limitation of phytoplankton growth in the Crozet Basin, Subantarctic Southern Ocean,
3327-3349. P. N. Sedwick, S. Blain, B. Quéguiner, F. B. Griffiths, M. Fiala, E. Bucciarelli and M.
Denis
• Molecular and pigment studies of the picophytoplankton in a region of the Southern Ocean (4254°S, 141-144°E) in March 1998, 3351-3363. A. Wilmotte, C. Demonceau, A. Goffart, J.-H. Hecq,
V. Demoulin and A. C. Crossley
• Trace metals and nitrogenous nutrition of Antarctic phytoplankton: experimental observations in the
Ross Sea, 3365-3390. William P. Cochlan, Deborah A. Bronk and Kenneth H. Coale
• Southern Ocean laminated diatom ooze: mat deposits and potential for palaeo-flux studies, ODP leg
177, Site 1093, 3391-3407. Ivo Grigorov, Richard B. Pearce and Alan E. S. Kemp
Appendix 3: Australian JGOFS special section of JGR-Oceans vol 106, issue 12, Dec. 2001,
Edited by: Trull, T. W., Sedwick, P.N., Griffiths, F.B., Rintoul, S.R.
Table of Contents:
• Biogeochemistry of the Australian Sub-Antarctic region: An Introduction to the SAZ Project
• Boyd, P.W., A.C. Crossley, G.R. DiTullio, F.B. Griffiths, D.A. Hutchins, B. Quéguiner, P.N.
Sedwick, and T.W. Trull, Control of phytoplankton growth by iron supply and irradiance in the
Subantarctic Southern Ocean: Experimental results from the SAZ Project
- 41 -
• Cardinal, D., F. Dehairs, T. Cattaldo, and L. André, Geochemistry of suspended particles in the
Subantarctic and Polar Frontal Zones south of Australia: Constraints on export and advection
processes,
• Lesley A. Clementson, John S. Parslow, Alison R. Turnbull, Donald C. McKenzie, and Christopher
E. Rathbone. The Optical Properties of Waters In The Australasian Sector Of The Southern Ocean
• DiTullio, G.R., P.N. Sedwick, D.R. Jones, P.C. Boyd, C. Crossley, and D.A. Hutchins Effects of
iron, silicate and light on particulate dimethylsulfoniopropionate production in the Australian
Subantarctic zone
• Featherstone, A.M., E.C.V. Butler, and B.V. O'Grady, Meridional distribution of arsenic species in
the Subantarctic Zone of the Southern Ocean, south of Australia
• Hutchins, D.A., P.N. Sedwick, G.R. DiTullio, P.W. Boyd, F.B. Griffiths, B. Quéguiner, and A.C.
Crossley, Control of phytoplankton growth by iron and silicic acid availability in the Subantarctic
Southern Ocean: experimental results from the SAZ project
• Kopczynska, E.E., F. Dehairs, M. Elskens, and S. Wright, Phytoplankton and microzooplankton
variability between the Subtropical and Polar Fronts south of Australia: thriving under regenerative
and new production in late summer
• Lourey, M., and T.W. Trull, Seasonal Nutrient Depletion and Carbon Export in the Subantarctic and
Polar Frontal Zones of the Southern Ocean, South of Australia
• 10-McNeil, B.I., B. Tilbrook, and R.J. Matear, The accumulation and uptake of anthropogenic CO2
in the Southern Ocean south of Australia between 1968 and 1996
• O'Leary, T., T. Trull, F.B. Griffiths, B. Tilbrook, and A. Revill, Vertical Variations in Bulk and
Compound-Specific d13C of Suspended Organic Matter in the Sub-Antarctic Zone, South of
Australia
• Parslow, J., P. Boyd, S.R. Rintoul, and F.B. Griffiths, A persistent sub-surface chlorophyll
maximum in the Inter-Polar Frontal Zone south of Australia: seasonal progression and implications
for phytoplankton-light-nutrient interactions
• Queguiner, B., Biogenic silica production in the Australian sector of the Sub-Antarctic Zone of the
Southern Ocean at the end of summer (March 1998)
• Rintoul, S.R., and T.W. Trull, Seasonal evolution of the mixed layer in the Subantarctic Zone south
of Australia
• Trull, T.W., S.G. Bray, S. Manganini, S. Honjo, and R. Francois, Moored sediment trap
measurements of carbon export in the Sub-Antarctic and Polar Frontal Zones of the Southern Ocean,
south of Australia
• Wang, X., and R.J. Matear, Modeling the upper ocean dynamics in the Subantarctic and Polar
Frontal Zones in the Australian sector of the Southern Ocean
• Wang, X., R.J. Matear, and T.W. Trull, Modeling the seasonal phosphate export and resupply in the
Subantarctic and Polar Frontal Zones in the Australian sector of the Southern Ocean
Appendix 4 : The DSR Part II issue « Mesoscale Physics, Biogeochemistry and Ecology of the
Antarctic Polar Front, Atlantic Sector », edited by VH Strass, UV Bathmann, M Rutgers v. d.
Loeff and V Smetacek is in press.
• Strass, Bathmann, Rutgers v. d. Loeff and Smetacek: Introduction
• Read, Pollard and Bathmann: Physical and biological patchiness of an upper ocean transect from
South Africa to the ice edge near the Greenwich Meridian
• Strass, Naveira Garabato, Pollard, Fischer, Hense, Allen, Read, Leach and Smetacek: Mesoscale
frontal dynamics: shaping the environment of primary production in the Antarctic Circumpolar
Current
• Naveira Garabato, Strass and Kattner: Fluxes of nutrients in a three-dimensional meander structure
of the APF
• Tremblay, Lucas, Kattner, Pollard, Bathmann, and Strass: Significance of the Antarctic Polar Front
for the production of biogenic carbon and silicon during early summer in the Southern Ocean
• Strass, Naveira Garabato, Bracher Pollard and Lucas: A 3-D mesoscale map of primary production
at the Antarctic Polar Front: results of a diagnostic model
- 42 -
• Smetacek, Klaas, Menden-Deuer and Rynearson: Mesoscale distribution of dominant diatom species
relative to the hydrographical field along the Antarctic Polar Front
• Rutgers van der Loeff, Buesseler, Bathmannn, Hense and Andrews: Steady summer production and
a sudden spring bloom make a comparable contribution to Carbon and Opal export near the
Antarctic Polar Front, SE Atlantic
• Dubischar, Lopes and Bathmann: High summer abundances of small pelagic copepods at the
Antarctic Polar Front – implications for ecosystem dynamics
• Pollard, Bathmann, Dubischar, Read, and Lucas: Zooplankton distribution and behaviour in the
Southern Ocean from surveys with a towed Optical Plankton counter
• Velez-Belchi, Allen and Strass: A new way to look at mesoscale zooplankton distributions: an
application at the Antarctic Polar Front
• Van Franeker, van den Brink, Bathmann, Pollard, de Baar, Wolff: Responses of seabirds, in
particular prions (Pachyptila sp.), to small scale processes in the Antarctic Polar Front
Appendix 5: U.S. JGOFS (AESOPS) Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in
Oceanography, Volume 48, Issue 19-20, 2001: US Southern Ocean JGOFS Program (AESOPS)
- Part II Edited by R.F. Anderson and W.O. Smith Jr.
• Robert F. Anderson and Walker O. Smith Jr. The US Southern Ocean Joint Global Ocean Flux
Study: Volume Two. Pp., 3883-3889.
• Mark R. Abbott, James G. Richman, Jasmine S. Nahorniak and Brett S. Barksdale. Meanders in the
Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone and their impact on phytoplankton. Pp., 3891-3912.
• C.I. Measures and S. Vink. Dissolved Fe in the upper waters of the Pacific sector of the Southern
Ocean. Pp. 3913-3941.
• J.M. Morrison et al., Seasonal evolution of hydrographic properties in the Antarctic circumpolar
current at 170°W during 1997-1998. Pp 3943-3972.
• David M. Nelson, Mark A. Brzezinski, Daniel E. Sigmon and Valerie M. Franck. A seasonal
progression of Si limitation in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean. Pp 3973-3995.
• Mark A. Brzezinski, David M. Nelson, Valerie M. Franck and Daniel E. Sigmon. Silicon dynamics
within an intense open-ocean diatom bloom in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean. Pp, 39974018.
• Mark R. Dennett, Sylvie Mathot, David A. Caron, Walker O. Smith Jr. and Darcy J. Lonsdale.
Abundance and distribution of phototrophic and heterotrophic nano- and microplankton in the
southern Ross Sea. Pp, 4019-4037.
• Susan L. Brown and Michael R. Landry. Microbial community structure and biomass in surface
waters during a Polar Front summer bloom along 170°W. pp, 4039-4058.
• Karen E. Selph et al. Microbial community composition and growth dynamics in the Antarctic Polar
Front and seasonal ice zone during late spring 1997. Pp, 4059-4080.
A. Mengelt et al. Phytoplankton pigment distribution in relation to silicic acid, iron and the physical
structure across the Antarctic Polar Front, 170°W, during austral summer. Pp, 4081-4100.
• Mary-Lynn Dickson and Joseph Orchardo. Oxygen production and respiration in the Antarctic Polar
Front region during the austral spring and summer. Pp, 4101-4126.
• William P. Cochlan and Deborah A. Bronk. Nitrogen uptake kinetics in the Ross Sea, Antarctica.
Pp, 4127-4153.
• S. Becquevort and W.O. Smith Jr. Aggregation, sedimentation and biodegradability of
phytoplankton-derived material during spring in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Pp, 4155-4178.
• David L. Kirchman et al. Glucose fluxes and concentrations of dissolved combined neutral sugars
(polysaccharides) in the Ross Sea and Polar Front Zone, Antarctica. Pp, 4179-4197.
• Hugh Ducklow et al. The seasonal development of the bacterioplankton bloom in the Ross Sea,
Antarctica, 1994-1997. Pp, 4199-4221.
• Juanita Urban-Rich, Michael Dagg and Jay Peterson. Copepod grazing on phytoplankton in the
Pacific sector of the Antarctic Polar Front. Pp, 4223-4246.
• Mark A. Altabet and Roger Francois. Nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry of the Antarctic Polar
Frontal Zone at 170°W. pp. 4247-4273.
- 43 -
• K.O. Buesseler et al. Upper ocean export of particulate organic carbon and biogenic silica in the
Southern Ocean along 170°W. pp. 4275-4297.
• Parker MacCready and Paul Quay. Biological export flux in the Southern Ocean estimated from a
climatological nitrate budget. Pp. 4299-4322.
• F.L. Sayles, W.R. Martin, Zanna Chase and R.F. Anderson. Benthic remineralization and burial of
biogenic SiO2, CaCO3, organic carbon, and detrital material in the Southern Ocean along a transect
at 170° West. Pp. 4323-4383.
AESOPS DSR-II vol. 3
• Smith, W. O. and R. F. Anderson. Preface.
• 2-Hiscock M. R., J. Marra, W. O. Smith, R. Goericke, C. Measures, S. Vink, R. J. Olson, H. M.
Sosik and R. T. Barber. Primary Productivity and its Regulation along 170°W in the Pacific Sector
of the Southern Ocean.
• Vaillancourt, R. D., J. Marra, R. T. Barber and W.O. Smith. Primary productivity and
photosynthetic quantum yields in the Southern Ocean.
• Buesseler, Barber, Dickson, Hiscock, Moore, Sambrotto. The effect of marginal ice-edge dynamics
on production and export in the Southern Ocean along 170°W
• Smith W. O., M.R. Dennett, S. Mathot, and D. Caron. The Temporal Dynamics of the Flagellated
and Colonial Stages of Phaeocystis antarctica in the Ross Sea.
• Brzezinski, M., M.L. Dickson, D.M. Nelson, R. Sambrotto. Ratios of Si, C and N Uptake by
Microplankton in the Southern Ocean.
• Coale, K., X. Wang, S. Tanner, K. Johnson. Phytoplankton growth and biological response to iron
and zinc addition in the Ross Sea and Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone along 170°W.
• W. D. Gardner, M. J. Richardson, C. A. Carlson, D. Hansell. Determining POC from
transmissometers: bottle versus pump POC.
• Dagg, M. J., J. Urban-Rich and J. O. Peterson. Large copepods and the flux of biogenic silica and
particulate organic carbon in the Antarctic Polar Front.
• Fleisher, M. Q. and R. F. Anderson. Assessing collection efficiency of Ross Sea sediment traps
using 230Th and 231Pa.
• Ingalls A., C. Lee, S. Wakeham and J. Hedges. Southern Ocean trap amino acid/pigment fluxes.
• Chase, Z., R. F. Anderson, M. Q. Fleisher and P. Kubik. Scavenging of 230Th, 231Pa and 10Be in
the Southern Ocean (SW Pacific sector): The importance of particle flux and advection.
• K. Fennel, M. R. Abbott, Y. H. Spitz, J. J Richman and D. M. Nelson. Modeling controls of
phytoplankton production in the southwest Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean.
• Chase, Z., R. F. Anderson, M. Q. Fleisher and P. Kubik. Accumulation of biogenic and lithogenic
material in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean during the past 30,000 years
- 44 -
8.10. North Pacific Synthesis Group (NPSG) Report by Alex Bychkov
The NPSG met in Victoria, BC, Canada, in October 2001, in conjunction with the PICES Tenth
Annual Meeting. It was decided that the NPSG produce a special issue of the Journal of
Oceanography (JO) on JGOFS North Pacific Synthesis in February 2004, and a CD-ROM data
sets obtained during the North Pacific Process Studies. It was also agreed to convene the JGOFS
North Pacific Synthesis meeting, in Nagoya, in December 2002. The meeting was expected to be
hosted by HyARC, Nagoya University, and co-sponsored by PICES.
A collection of contributed papers from JGOFS-related field programs in the North Pacific will
be published as a special issue of Deep-Sea Research II (Topical Studies in Oceanography) on
North Pacific Biogeochemical Processes (Guest editors: Alexander S. Bychkov, Chen-Tang A.
Chen, Paul J. Harrison and Toshiro Saino). The editorial meeting for this DSR II special issue
was held following the NPSG meeting in 2001. The issue includes 27 contributed papers plus
one overview and now in press.
The NPSG participated in the planning and JGOFS co-sponsored a topic session on Plankton
size classes, functional groups and ecosystem dynamics: Causes and consequences at the PICES
Tenth Annual Meeting, in October 2001, in Victoria, Canada. The session was convened by Drs.
Angelica Pena (Canada), Toshiro Saino (Japan) and Patricia Wheller (U.S.A.) and well attended
(~60 scientists). Selected papers from this session comprise a special issue of Progress in
Oceanography (Guest editors: Alexander S. Bychkov and Angelica Peña) that is at the review
stage now and will be published in spring 2003. The issue will include 10-12 papers. The session
and publication are dedicated to the memory of the late Prof. Michael M. Mullin.
Although the JGOFS North Pacific Synthesis meeting in Nagoya was not approved, the Japan
Oceanography Society (JOS) offered an opportunity to convene a session on Synthesis of JGOFS
North Pacific Process Study as a part of the SCOR/JOS International Symposium to be held in
conjunction with the 26th SCOR General Meeting and the JOS annual meeting in Sapporo, Japan.
The session will be held on October 1-2, 2002, and the NPSG meeting will be organized in the
afternoon of October 2. Travel of NPSG members will be supported by JOS, PICES and Nagoya
University (information is available at http://co2.ihas.nagoya-u.ac.jp/jgofs/index.html.).
Discussion items at the NPSG meeting include:
• Presentation (s) at the 3rd JGOFS Open Science Conference
• JO special issue on JGOFS North Pacific Synthesis
• CD-ROM data from the North Pacific Process Studies
• JGOFS follow-up programs in the North Pacific
In 1999-2001, the NPSG in cooperation with the PICES WG 13 on CO2 in the North Pacific has
supported a series of international inter-comparison studies of measurement techniques for
carbonate parameters (dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity and inorganic 13C/12C ratio) in
seawater. In total, 15 laboratories from 7 countries were involved in the inter-comparisons.
Results from these exercises are included in the PICES Scientific Report No. 24 to be published
by the end of this year. Through a series of workshops on CO2 Data Integration, convened in
2001, NPSG and WG 13 identified available and suitable data sets on the oceanic CO2 system in
the North Pacific and developed strategies (including formats and technologies) for the exchange
of CO2 and related data at the international level. These issues are highlighted as the key
activities for a new PICES WG 17 on Biogeochemical data integration and synthesis.
- 45 -
Report from Saino (Vice Chair): The NPSG met in Victoria, BC, Canada in October 2001 on
occasion of the PICES X meeting. It was decided that the NPSG produce a special issue of the
Journal of Oceanography in February 2004, and a CD-ROM data sets obtained during the NPPS.
Also agreed was that a Synthesis meeting to be held in Nagoya, December 2002. The meeting
was hosted by HyARC, Nagoya University and PICES.
The editorial meeting for the DSR II special issue on the NPPS was also held following the
NPSG meeting. DSR II special issue contains 27 original papers plus 1 overview and is now in
press.
During the PICES X, there was a joint session between JGOFS and PICES on “Plankton size
classes, functional groups and ecosystem dynamics: Causes and Consequences.” It was convened
by A. Pena, P. Wheeler, and T. Saino. Approximately 50 people attended, and a Special issue in
Progress in Oceanography for the session is being edited.
Although the JGOFS North Pacific Synthesis meeting was not approved, the Japan
Oceanography Society offered an opportunity to have the meeting as a part of the SCOR/JOS
International Symposium to be held in conjunction with SCOR general assembly and the JOS
annual meeting in Sapporo, Japan. The workshop will be held on 1st and 2nd October, and the
NPSG meeting will be held in the afternoon of 2nd October. Travel of NPSG members will be
supported by JOS, PICES and Nagoya University. (Information available at
http://co2.ihas.nagoya-u.ac.jp/jgofs/index.html.).
- 46 -
8.11. Data Management Task Team (DMTT) Report by M. Conkright
Membership: Margarita Conkright Gregg (chair) - NOAA/National Oceanographic Data
Center, US; Donald Spear- Marine Environmental Data Service, CANADA;
Brian
Griffiths - CSIRO Marine Research - AUSTRALIA; Cynthia Chandler - U.S. JGOFS Data
Management Office - US; Joachim Herrmann - German JGOFS Data Management GERMANY; Marie-Paule Labaied - Observatoire Océanologique - FRANCE; Roy Lowry British Oceanographic Data Centre - UNITED KINGDOM; Takeharu Miyake - Japan
Oceanographic Data Center - JAPAN; Jaswant S. Sarupria - Indian NODC - INDIA.
Main Activities
• New members: Cynthia Chandler (US DMO) replaces Christine Hammond as the US
JGOFS representative, and Donald Spear (MEDS, Canada) replaces Graham Glenn as the
Canada JGOFS representative;
• The DMTT met in Washington, D.C. January 2002. This meeting was originally
scheduled for October 2001. The main topics of discussion were national reports,
technical details for the preparation of the International JGOFS Data CDs, long-term
archival of JGOFS data, and acquisition of data from countries not represented in the
DMTT. Two outputs from the meeting were the preparation of a list of JGOFS core
variables (as defined in the JGOFS Report #19 Core Measurement Protocols), and a draft
of the letter to funding managers initiated during the last SSC meeting. Meeting was
organized by Bernard Avril (IPO Assistant). The JGOFS Report #37, summarizing the
DMTT meetings in Kiel (June 2000) and Washington is finalized;
• Draft of letter to funding managers is completed and who it should initially be submitted
to will be further discussed at the upcoming SSC meeting in Chile;
• Definition of a DMTT list of JGOFS core parameters (with all DMTT members) and of a
Execs’ recommendation list for core parameters for future research programs in marine
biogeochemistry (with IPO Assistant and all SSC Execs);
• Held a “Data Rescue” meeting with representatives of countries non-represented in the
DMTT (Belgium [OSTC], Italy, Netherlands [NIOZ], Norway [IMR], and Spain) and
invited experts. Meeting was organized by Bernard Avril and the report is under review;
• Assistance (with IPO Officer and Assistant) to the WDC-MARE / PANGAEA team in
the preparation of a German proposal for funding of JGOFS data collection, organisation
and edition;
• Australian OZGOFS CD-ROM was completed.
Future Plans
The focus of the DMTT in the next year will be: (1) preservation of JGOFS data for future
generation of scientists by archiving at the World Data Center for Oceanography; (2)
documentation of JGOFS data in NASA’s Global Change Master Directory, which will increase
its future use; (3) attempt to consolidate all available JGOFS data into one common data format;
and (4) the next DMTT meeting will be hosted by Roy Lowry at BODC, Bidston, UK, early
2003. The latter meeting will organise and finalise the CD-ROM. It either will be on MondayTuesday or on Tuesday-Wednesday, to reduce the travelling costs.
Publications
• Conkright, M.E. and B. Avril, 2002, DMTT Update: Dissemination and Stewardship of
JGOFS Data, U.S. JGOFS News 11(4), 18-19.
- 47 -
Report from DMTT Meeting in Washington DC, January 2002
Items of discussion:
• National reports were presented from members representing JGOFS activities in
Australia (via email), Canada, Germany, India, Japan, Norway, United Kingdom, and the
United States. Emphasis was placed on data availability from these countries.
Action Items
• All outstanding action items from the DMTT meeting relate to the preparation of the
International JGOFS Data Set and to the continuation of acquisition of data from
countries, which participated in the program.
Bernard Avril: task related to the DMTT
• Pakistani NASEER datasets submitted to WDC;
• Continuation of the update of draft report for the “Compilation of research project and
cruises & Data status report” for all JGOFS national activities, initially established in
August 1999 by the former IPO-AEO;
• Increase integration of several DMTT members and other national contact persons, and
request feedback information for cruise inventory / metadata / data inventory or datasets
themselves;
• Maintain / develop contacts / close interactions among DMTT members and with WDCMARE / PANGAEA team;
• Participation to the GSWG/OCMIP Workshop in Ispra (June 2002), with one poster
presentation;
• Participation of national meetings about Data Management matters in Norway [IMR &
Bjerknes Center] and in France [PROOF];
• Preparation/sending of letters (with SSC Chair and DMTT Chair) to request assistance in
the establishment of the complete cruise inventory, metadata cataloguing and datasets
collection to national contact persons and SSC members; also to present
recommendations for proper data management practises and lessons learned from
JGOFS;
• Miscellaneous actions related to the DMTT on the new International JGOFS website
(e.g., compilations of all published CD-ROMs and DSR II volumes with JGOFS and
JGOFS-related data; edition of a on-line slide show about DMTT activities);
Budget
• Final DMTT meeting in BODC, Bidston, UK, early 2003. Request $10,000 for travel,
hotel, and per diem for DMTT members;
• Meeting to discuss technical details relating to the International JGOFS Data Set to take
place in Germany, early 2003. Participants will be Michael Diepenbroek (WDC-MARE /
PANGAEA, Germany), Bernard Avril (IPO), Roy Lowry (UK), Joachim Herrmann
(Germany), and Cynthia Chandler (USA). Request $8,000 for travel, hotel, and per diem
for attendees.
- 48 -
8.12. Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group (EPSG) Report by R. LeBorgne
Fieldwork. Most of the cruises involving process studies ended in 1996, except the JAMSTEC
ones which are organized every year in January-February in the western and central Pacific
(145°E-160°W). Carbon dioxide observations are routinely made by PMEL along the TAO
mooring lines, with eight cruises per year on board R/V Ron Brown and Ka’imimoana. Two time
series works, involving CO2 and bio-optical measurements on TAO moorings (155°W and
170°W) started in 1997 and are being carried out by PMEL, AOML and MBARI. In addition,
two other TAO mooring lines will be fitted with CO2 and bio-optical sensors on 140° and
125°W. Finally, ship of opportunity measurements of CO2, pigments and nutrients have been on,
since the end of 1999 in the frame of PROOF (formerly France-JGOFS) and will end in
September 2002.
Data CD-ROM’s. Since its first meeting in 1998, EPSMG decided to gather all data collected
during oceanographic cruises on CD-ROM’s. However, it was found impossible to gather all
existing data on the region and the project was abandoned. It was further suggested that this task
would be left to DMTT. Now, data may be found on websites of Australia, France and the USA
for all parameters and on the Japanese website for hydrology and carbon dioxide.
Modelling activities. Most of the present activities on the equatorial Pacific are devoted to
modelling within two groups: US JGOFS SMP (Synthesis and Modeling Program) and PROOF
Modélisation. In addition, the region is part of global models developed by various
organisations. The models consider the following points: new and export productivity regulation
by Si and Fe, ecosystem and carbon cycle responses to physical variability on various timescales, evaluation of marine primary productivity using satellite ocean colour, food-web
regulation of particulate export flux in HNLC regions, and plankton community structure and
export flux. An international meeting, gathering observers and modellers working on the
equatorial Pacific, is being organized by Fei Chai and Robert Le Borgne at the Darling Marine
Center (University of Maine, USA) on September 17-18, 2002 with a financial support from
JGOFS IPO, US-JGOFS and PROOF. The goal of the meeting is to update synthesis and
modelling results and to identify the gaps in current models and the way they can be filled.
Synthesis publications. A Deep-Sea Research Part II volume has been edited by Le Borgne,
Feely and Mackey and was published in June 2002. A modified summary of the introductory
paper is currently being written and will be submitted to « New Scientist ». Provided it is
accepted, it will lead to a general article about the carbon budget of the equatorial Pacific.
EPSMG recent activities. The entire Group should meet for the third time at the end
(September 19) of the Darling Marine Center meeting.
Plans for 2003 and fund requested. No plans for 2003 except our participation to the
Washington Conference. Request $11K, including per diems and air tickets.
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8.13. Indian Ocean Synthesis Group (IOSG) by Sharon Smith
In February 2002 at the Ocean Sciences Meeting, AGU/ASLO, Honolulu, Hawaii, Sharon Smith,
Wajih Naqvi, and Peter Burkill convened a Special Session entitled, “Synthesis of the Arabian
Sea Expeditions”, containing six oral presentations and three posters. Titles of presentations and
posters are attached (Appendix I). A dinner meeting of IOSG members present in Honolulu was
held to determine the need for a Springer-Verlag book summarizing the JGOFS results from the
Arabian Sea.
In January 2002, JGOFS Report #35 entitled, “Report of the Indian Ocean Synthesis Group on
the Arabian Sea Process Study”, was published. This 106-page report has 11 chapters, which
summarize the scientific accomplishments of the JGOFS investigations in the Arabian Sea. It
also contains recommendations for future research and a listing of publications during the 1990s
dealing with the Arabian Sea. The report was edited primarily by Louisa Watts with assistance
from Sharon Smith and Peter Burkill. This report will be the basis for a Springer-Verlag book on
the Arabian Sea, which is in preparation.
Satellite receiving stations acquiring high-resolution (local area coverage; LAC) data for the
Arabian Sea are still in operation in Muscat, Oman, and Goa, India. These were provided by the
US and their operation has been facilitated by John Morrison and staff at North Carolina State
University. The station in Muscat was highly useful in analysing the cause of a major fish kill in
autumn 2000.
A time-series station with a mooring obtaining some JGOFS data has been established by Michel
Claereboudt (Sultan Qaboos University faculty) in the Gulf of Oman near Muscat.
In total to date, there have been eleven (11) special issues of Deep-Sea Research II devoted to
results obtained in the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean in the 1990s.
National Reports
Germany: Tim Rixen
National JGOFS Workshop, Kiel, Sept. 26/27, 2002.
United Kingdom: Peter Burkill
A major UK cruise took place in August and September 2001 between the Seychelles and
Muscat on RRS Charles Darwin investigating microbial diversity and biogeochemistry. The
cruise was completely successful in spite of Sept. 11 events and included sampling in the Straits
of Hormuz. Subsequent cruises were postponed in the region but will begin again in MarchNovember 2003. In 2004, the RRS Discovery is expected to be working in the Indian Ocean.
India: Wajih Naqvi
a) Bay of Bengal Process Studies (BOBPS)
As the general oceanography of the Bay of Bengal and its role in carbon cycling remains poorly
understood, a new programme entitled "Bay of Bengal Process Studies (BOBPS)” which is an
equivalent of the JGOFS programme in the Arabian Sea, has been launched. This is also a multiinstitutional programme implemented by National Institute of Oceanography, Physical Research
Laboratory, Centre for Mathematical Modelling & Computer Simulation and Goa University
with a project duration of three years.
- 50 -
The first cruise under BOBPS was undertaken in July-August (Southwest Monsoon), 2001. The
second cruise covering Fall Inter-monsoon (September-October, 2002) is underway currently,
following the same track (a meridional –88oE section from 11 to 20oN and another coastal one
along the east coast of India). The first cruise results showed that during the summer, the Bay is
considerably less productive as compared to the Arabian Sea during the same season. This is
because the low salinity cap prevents the surfacing of nutrients despite intense winds prevailing
during the season. In addition, although the river plume effects were visible in the upper Bay it
did not bring in sufficient amounts of nutrients.
b) Biogeochemical Cycles in Relation to Global Change in the North Indian Ocean (Cruise of
A.A. Sidorenko from 13 February 2002 to 8 March 2002)
Observations were made at 23 stations; 20 were sampled for water column studies, including 12
stations along a zonal transect following 15oN. Four stations were sampled in the perennial openocean suboxic zone of the central Arabian Sea. In addition to the collection of routine
hydrographical (temperature and salinity) and hydro chemical (oxygen and nutrients) data,
studies were carried out on dissolved gases (nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and dimethyl
sulphide). Water samples were also collected for trace metal determination. Primary productivity
was measured (using 14C technique) on the shelf and at an offshore denitrification site.
Incubation experiments were carried out for quantifying the rate of denitrification in the water
column. Seven sediment cores were collected, processed and preserved for paleoclimatic
investigations. Blooms of luminescent plankton were observed during the period 27 February - 1
March at a time-series station (21oN, 64oE).
United States: Sharon Smith
The U.S. has been active publishing five special issues of Deep-Sea Research II devoted to the
results of the combined US JGOFS and ONR programs known as the Arabian Sea Expedition.
The fifth and final special issue just arrived this month. There have been no cruises with
biogeochemical investigations to this region. The National Science Foundation on the advice of
the U.S. State Department is not sending research vessels to the region at this time. We are also
writing a book summarizing our knowledge of the Arabian Sea prior to 1990 and synthesizing
the new understanding we gained during the 1990-2000 decade. We are planning future work
jointly with Oman and India, including a workshop that took place in Muscat in November 2000,
but realizing the plans is a problem right now. Plankton experts at the Institute of Biology of the
Southern Seas in Sevastopol continue to work with us and regional states (Kuwait) to publish
taxonomic guides to the zooplankton of the region.
The Netherlands: Martien Baars
No Arabian Sea activities are ongoing.
Pakistan: Shahid Amjad
Pakistani scientists at the National Institute of Oceanography in Karachi are still actively writing
papers on the results of their program known as NASEER (North Arabian Sea Ecological and
Environmental Research) for peer-reviewed journals. They have also submitted the final version
of their hydrographic and chlorophyll data to the international JGOFS office.
Canada: Shubha Sathyendranath
Canada did not report any activities ongoing.
- 51 -
Appendix 1. AGU/ASLO Ocean Sciences Meeting, February 2002
Oral presentations
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Haley, P.J. and A. Gangopadhyay: A Feature Oriented Regional Modeling System for the
Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf and the Red Sea.
Kindle, J.C., R. Arnone and O. Smedstad: On the Generation of Coastal Filaments During the
Spring Intermonsoon.
Idrisi, N., M.J. Olascoaga, S.L. Smith: Translocation of Diapausing Calanoides carinatus in the
Mesopelagic/Deep Layers in the Arabian Sea: Modeling Lagrangian Particle Drift in an Isopycnic
Ocean Model.
Hood, R.R., K.E. Kohler, J.P. McCreary Jr., S.L. Smith: A 4-Dimensional Validation of a
Coupled Physical-Biological Model of the Arabian Sea.
Friedrichs, M.A., R.R. Hood, and J.D. Wiggert: The Arabian Sea Model Testbed: An
Intercomparison of Data Assimilative Ecosystem Models.
Wiggert, J.D., R.G. Murtugudde, and J.R. Christian: Simulation and Observation of Seasonal to
Interannual Variability in the Arabian Sea Ecosystem.
Banse, K. and J.R. Postel: The “North Arabian Sea High Salinity Water” Annually Ventilates the
Upper Part of the Pycnocline North of 21-22N.
Somayajulu, B.L., A. Sarkar, R. Ramesh, A.J. Jull, G.S. Burr and R. Agnihotri: Arabian Sea
Eastern Continental Margins: Natural Laboratory of Biogeochemical and Paleoceanographic
Studies.
Naqvi, S., H. Naik, S.A. Jayakumar, P.V. Narvekar, M.s. Shailaja, R. Alagarsamy, W. D’Souza,
M.D. George and S. Matondkar: The Eastern Arabian Sea, A Region of Unusual Biogeochemical
Cycling.
Banzon, P.F., R.H. Evans, H.R. Gordon, and R.M. Chomko: Application of the Spectral
Matching Algorithm to Recover Chlorophyll Time Series during the Arabian Sea Southwest
Monsoon.
Naik, H. and S.W. Naqvi: Sedimentary Nitrogen Cycling over the Western Continental Shelf of
India.
Rapien, M.K. and K.F. Wishner: Vertical Distributions of Macrozooplankton and Micronekton in
the Arabian Sea Oxygen Minimum Zone.
Madin, L.P., E.R. Horgan, J.E. Craddock, P. Kremer and S.M. Bollens: Diversity and
Distribution of Midwater Fish and Macrozooplankton in the Arabian Sea.
Rixen, T. and V. Ittekkot: Characteristics of the NE and SW Monsoon Blooms and Its Relevance
for the CO2 Emission from the Arabian Sea.
Guptha, M.: Extant Planktic Foraminifera from the Arabian Sea, A Review.
Uz, B. and J.A. Yoder: What Causes the Sporadic Summer Bloom SE of Madagascar?
Poster presentations
•
•
•
Olascoaga, M.J., N. Idrisi, A. Romanou, D.B. Olson and S.L. Smith: Biophysical Modeling of
Plankton Dynamics off Somalia and Oman.
White, P., S. Honjo, T. Dickey, and R. Weller: Episodic Primary Production and Export Carbon
Fluxes in the Arabian Sea.
Wilson-Diaz, D.M., A.J. Mariano, and R.H. Evans: An Analysis of the Arabian Sea Surface Heat
Budget Using Satellite and In-Situ Multi annual Data Sets.
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8.14. PAGES JGOFS Task Team (PJTT) Report by Karin Lochte
A workshop was held in December 2001 in Gif-sur-Yvette jointly with IMAGES. This workshop
developed a brief conceptual document, with the aim to use it as an input for future scientific
programmes. The ideas of the PJTT-Workshop were presented at the December 2001 meeting of
the writing team of the new OCEANS programme and were incorporated into the OCEANS
science plan, however in abbreviated form. As a second step, the PJTT concepts were used as a
basis for an Expression of Interest (EoI) for an integrated project of the EU 6th framework
programme under the title "Paleo and Present Ocean Carbon Fluxes (PPOC)" (see copy attached
of this EoI). So far, I had no feedback from the EU in respect to this EoI, but there were several
scientists expressed interest to cooperate. Although initially planned, we did not yet submit a
proposal to SCOR for a working group along these lines.
These activities achieved one aim of PJTT, namely that the link between present and past
oceanic processes is now part of the new OCEANS programme. My concern about PJTT is at
present, that many people express interest in this topic, but all our PJTT members are over
committed so that little is happening unless I push it. Since I am very busy myself, I find it
increasingly more difficult to advance this task team at a good pace and there is nobody else who
can take the lead now. I would welcome some advice from the SSC on how to proceed. Should
this group continue? What would be JGOFS expectations from this group? What should we
achieve? Perhaps we should also reconsider the members of the PJTT group in order to include
more members that are active.
- 53 -
8.15. IGBP and SCOR Reports by Wendy Broadgate (and Ed Urban)
Surface Ocean–Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS)
During the past year, the Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) for SOLAS has been formed by
the sponsors (IGBP, SCOR, CACGP and most recently WCRP). The following members have
been appointed, to serve until the end of 2003:
Peter Liss (UK) Chair
Paty Matrai (USA) Vice-Chair
Phil Boyd (New Zealand)
Elsa Cortijo (France)
Ken Denman (Canada)
Barry Huebert (USA)
Tim Jickells (UK)
Truls Johannessen (Norway)
Gerbrand Komen (The Netherlands)
Dileep Kumar (India)
William Miller (Canada)
Ulrich Platt (Germany)
Katherine Richardson (Denmark)
Peter Schlosser (USA)
Mitsuo Uematsu (Japan)
Ilana Wainer (Brazil)
Doug Wallace (Germany)
The SSC met for the first time in San Francisco 14-17 December 2001. The main item on the
agenda was revision of the SOLAS Science Plan in the light of comments from referees and the
sponsors. The SOLAS Science Plan is now available on www.solas-int.org. Over the next 6
months, this plan will be converted into an integrated Science Plan and Implementation Strategy
for the project. Copies of the SOLAS brochure are available from Peter Liss. Other SOLAS
activities include:
• The "SOLAS Science Plan and Implementation Strategy" document will be submitted to the
sponsors for approval prior to planned publication in mid-2003.
• The SOLAS Web site will carry a twice-yearly newsletter on recent and planned SOLAS
activities.
• An evening session on SOLAS is being organized for the CACGP/IGAC Atmospheric
Chemistry Conference being held in Greece in September 2002
• Articles on SOLAS will shortly appear in the journal Atmospheric Environment and the
IGBP Newsletter.
• A session on early results of SOLAS research will be held at the IUGG 23rd General
Assembly being held in Sapporo, Japan in July 2003.
Report on Ocean Vision Document (from Karin Lochte):
I am revising the document now (Annex 16). The revised document will be made available at the
meeting by Wendy Broadgate. We want to invite comments from the JGOFS SSC on the
document in order to improve it. The same document will be made available to the SSCs of
SOLAS, GLOBEC, LOICZ and a number of selected scientists worldwide with the invitation to
comment on it. It will then be revised again (a small meeting to finalize the document is planned
for the OCEANS Science meeting in Paris in January) and presented to the IGBP SC later in
January. I think that the document can also be put on the home pages of JGOFS and GLOBEC in
order to attract more comments. Please discuss this with Wendy during the SSC meeting.
Report on the Oceans Transition Team (from Julie Hall)
The OCEANS Transition Team was formed in April 2002 following from the work of the Ocean
Futures Committee in 2001. The group is charged with developing a new IGBP/SCOR activity in
ocean biogeochemistry and ecosystems within the IGBP II Vision for the next 10 years of ocean
research. The new activity should be developed in harmony with the Global Ocean Ecosystem
Dynamics (GLOBEC) project and be designed and implemented in close collaboration with
- 54 -
GLOBEC and cooperate closely with LOICZ and SOLAS and other relevant projects and
Programs. To achieve this, the Transition Team will draw on the Framework for Future
Research on Biological and Chemical Aspects of Global Change in the Ocean: An IGBP/SCOR
Collaboration (developed by the Ocean Futures Committee in 2001) and community input from
the Open Science Conference to be held January 7-10, 2003. The group is charged with
producing a Science Plan/Implementation Strategy for the new activity by the end of 2003.
OCEANS Transition Team:
Julie Hall (Chair)
NEW ZEALAND
Patrick Monfray (VC) FRANCE
Ann Bucklin
USA
William Miller
CANADA
Dennis A. Hansell
USA
Wajih Ahmad Naqvi INDIA
Carlo Heip
NETHERLANDS
Hiroaki Saito
JAPAN
Richard A. Jahnke
USA
Svein Sundby
NORWAY
S. Prasanna Kumar INDIA
Ein-Fen Yu
CHINA (Taipei)
- 55 -
OCEANS Open Science Conference
6-10 January 2003, Paris, France. www.igbp.kva.se/obe/
Plenary speakers
• Temporal Changes in the Biogeochemistry of the North Pacific Gyre: Causes and
Ecological Implications, Dave Karl, University of Hawaii, USA.
• Coupling between the upper and mesopelagic ocean: carbon and nutrient fluxes in
relation to global change, Louis Legendre, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche,
France, and Richard Rivkin, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada.
• Linking the biology of key species with ocean biogeochemistry, Victor Smetacek, Alfred
Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany.
• Climate Variability and Marine Ecosystems: The Role of Forcings and Feedbacks, Tony
Busalacchi, University of Maryland, College Park, USA.
• Mesoscale ocean processes in relation to ocean biogeochemistry, Jean-François Minster,
French Research Institute or Exploitation of the Sea, France.
• Quantifying biogeochemical fluxes with inverse models: current and future perspectives,
Reiner Schlitzer, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Germany.
• OCEANS: Questions from the Past, Laurent Labeyrie, Université Paris-Sud Orsay,
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, France.
• The role of trace metals as micronutrients impacting marine biogeochemical cycles and
ecosystem dynamics, Ken Bruland, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA.
• Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Anthropocene Ocean, Doug Wallace, Institut für
Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel, Germany.
Working Group Discussions
• Trace elements in ecological and biogeochemical processes
• Physical forcing of biogeochemical cycling and marine food webs
• Climatic modulation of organic matter fluxes
• Direct effects of anthropogenic forcing on biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems
• Integrating food webs from end to end
• Continental margins
• The mesopelagic layer
• Biogeochemical hotspots, choke points, triggers, switches and non-linear responses
• Feedbacks to the Earth System
• Coupled models of biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems
Third IGBP Congress (Banff, Canada, 19-24 June 2003)
Objective: To develop the scientific agenda and implementation approaches for the next decade
of Earth System research within IGBP.
Much emphasis will be placed on integration across traditional boundaries and disciplines, and
on interaction with colleagues from the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), the
International Human Dimensions Programme of Global Environmental Change (IHDP) and
DIVERSITAS. The approach will build on concepts such as the GAIM Questions, which can be
adapted and applied to a variety of environments. An advanced draft of the IGBP II Science Plan
will be circulated before the Congress. Output from the Congress will form the basis of the IGBP
II Implementation Strategy.
Participants:
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SSC Members of IGBP Projects and Transition Teams, IGBP National Committee Chairs, and
representatives of key partner organisations.
Programme:
The first and last days (19 and 24 June) will be reserved for the individual IGBP Core Project
Scientific Steering Committee meetings and a meeting of National Committee Chairs.
The middle four days will be devoted to a mix of plenary and small-group working sessions. The
scientific talks will focus on state-of-the art scientific highlights from the projects and look at
interactions between components of the Earth System. This will be followed by several half-day
working group discussions in parallel on exciting topics crossing the disciplinary boundaries.
There is the possibility of a small poster session of national presentations. We invite ideas for
working groups, which should be of interest to several projects within IGBP and across the
Programs.
Invitation to the Global Carbon Project SSC meeting by Pep Canadell
The International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), the International Human
Dimensions Programme (IHDP), and the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) have
established a new joined project on carbon: The Global Carbon Project. The Steering Committee
of the GCP met for the first time last year in San Francisco, and in recognition of the need to
work closely with a number of the core projects of the sponsor programmes and other projects
and assessments bodies, the GCP is now developing a number of mechanisms to ensure that
appropriate communication channels are established among the most critical projects. On behalf
of Mike Raupach, Oran Young, and Bob Dickinson, the co-chairs of the GCP, I would like to
invite you (Ducklow?) to attend the Second SSC meeting of the GCP that will take place on
November 18-21, 2002, in Tsukuba, Japan. This second meeting of the SSC will be a crucial one
because we are planning to further develop the implementation plan, and approve it by the end of
the meeting. We are also planning to develop a workshop series on the coupling of biophysical
and human dimensions of the carbon cycle for which your input would be highly valued. All cochairs have indicated their strong desire to have your valuable input in many of the
programmatic and scientific areas that will be discussed at the meeting and to ensure strong links
with you project. Needless to say that the invitation can be passed onto any other member of
your SSC who you think might be most appropriate to interact with the GCP as per his/her
expertise on carbon related issues. Given the fact, the GCP is still a young project; we regret to
inform you that we won’t be able to cover the cost of your attendance to the SSC meeting at this
point. However, we realize how critical is to establish strong links at this early stages. We hope
you will be able to cover your own cost.
I also want to bring to your attention a second opportunity for close interaction during the
workshop that the GCP and CO2 Panel will organize after the JGOFS Conference in Paris in
January 2003. We are already planning strong programmatic linkages with JGOFS through the
critical contributions and participation of Doug Wallace and Wendy Broadgate, among
hopefully, many others.
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8.16. “Ocean Vision”: Future Research of Global Change in the Ocean
The draft that follows is an early draft (11-9-02)! Lochte has since produced a later version that
responded to earlier comments, not recent ones!
Compiled by Karin Lochte with contributions from Manuel Barange, Julie Hall, Wendy
Broadgate, Wolfgang Cramer, John Schellnhuber, Stefan Ramsdorf, Ulf Riebesell, Uli
Bathmann, et al.
1.
The Question of Sustainability and the Ocean
The ocean is a vital component in the metabolism of Earth and an important player in Global
Change. Its vast storage of heat and gases have decisive impacts on the climate, it harbours the
most extensive and least known biosphere, and contains living and mineral resources which we
just have begun to recognise. The ocean usually reacts more slowly in comparison to land or
atmosphere, and it is considered as that part of the Earth System, which buffers, modulates or
amplifies physical and geochemical signals. Atmosphere and ocean are intimately dependent
upon each other and exchange physical and chemical signals. The link between land and ocean is
based on considerable amounts of material, which enter the sea from land and influence the
global biogeochemical cycles. Physical forces exert a large influence on the biology of the
ocean, from the elemental to the population level. These scales of influence are important in
understanding the reactions of biological systems to Global Change. With respect to the links of
the ocean to atmosphere and land and with respect to the reaction of marine organisms to Global
Change there are still many unresolved questions, which will have to be, addressed in future
research.
Although less immediately obvious than within the terrestrial system, human societies are
dependent on a predictable behaviour of the marine ecosystem. The ocean affects humans
indirectly through moderating atmospheric composition, weather, and climate. Direct links to
human society are given by the requirement of adequate supplies of food and energy, safe
transportation and secure habitation in the densely populated coastal areas. Man’s activities, both
on land and in the sea, influence the ocean and are doing so at an ever-increasing rate. Population
growth, coupled with an escalating proportion of humanity inhabiting the coastal zone, has
increased the burdens on the ocean and made human society more vulnerable to changes in the
ocean. In fact, concern is growing regarding human-induced changes that may threaten marine
“ecosystem services”13 and undermine humankind’s own sustainability. Understanding the interdependency between the well being of the ocean and that of human society demands closer links
between the natural and the social sciences to provide knowledge for a better management of the
Earth System.
In recognition that the ocean provides a number of essential ecosystem services, such as:
• food
• energy
• habitation and economical exploitation of the coastal zone
• transportation
• waste assimilation
• biological and mineral resources (i.e. renewable and not renewable resources)
• climate regulation
13
(Footnote 1: “While ecosystem functions refer variously to the habitat, biological, or systems properties or
processes of ecosystems, ecosystem goods (e.g., food) and services (e.g., waste assimilation) represent the
benefits human populations derive, directly or indirectly, from ecosystem functions" (Costanza et al., 1999).
- 58 -
• system stabilisation via water vapour,
we need to develop our understanding in such a way that we have a firm grasp of the functioning
of the ocean and its interaction with other components—including humans—in the Earth System.
We must also grapple with societal issues such as health, ecosystem services, and sustainability.
Our existing knowledge is insufficient to optimise use of ecosystem components, while
sustaining their health and integrity, and the array of non-consumptive services that marine
ecosystems provide. Integrated system process studies will be needed to determine the impacts
of Global Change on services provided by the ocean and how to ensure sustainable marine
resources in a Global Change context.
2.
Global Change and the Oceans
Linkages between global change driven by natural processes as well as by human activity and
changes in marine ecosystems and biogeochemistry are shown in Figure 1. These links include
drivers, processes, responses, social impacts, and feedbacks, which place the marine
biogeochemistry and ecosystem in the context of human perturbations of the global environment.
Figure 1: Impacts and feedbacks between global environmental change and the ocean system.
The chemical and biological environment of the ocean is represented by the large ellipse, with
the shading representing the gradation from marine chemical and biological processes from
lower trophic levels through to higher trophic levels. Cycling within, and between, chemical and
biological components is also indicated. This representation reflects the tightly coupled nature of
ecological and biogeochemical processes, and the connectivity of different components of this
system with the atmosphere and/or human activity. Black arrows refer to global-scale processes
in the Earth System. Red arrows refer to impacts on society and human perceptions/responses
(see also Tab.1).
Direct and indirect human perturbations to the ocean (Table 1) are Global Change drivers, which
are increasing in magnitude. Direct perturbations include over fishing, increasing nutrient and
sediment loading in river runoff, coastal pollution caused by waste disposal, lowering of pH due
to increasing atmospheric CO2, etc. Indirect perturbations arise mainly from the anticipated
climate change due to human-induced changes in the atmosphere, such as increasing emissions
of greenhouse gases and aerosols. Perturbation of the ocean will lead to alterations of marine
- 59 -
biogeochemistry and ecosystems that may have serious consequences as ecosystems provide a
myriad of goods and services necessary to sustain humans in the biosphere.
Table 1: Examples of natural and human perturbations that affect the ocean ecosystem.
Processes
Resulting impacts on society
Emission of greenhouse gases, dust, halogens, Climate change, catastrophic climate disasters,
SO2, etc. from human activity to the energy policy
atmosphere
Emission of CO2, DMS, Halogens, sea-salt, Climate change
N2O, water, etc. from the ocean to the
atmosphere
CO2, Fe, N inputs from the atmosphere into Changes in various ecosystem services (e.g.
the ocean
uptake of CO2, biological productivity);
Changes in biodiversity;
Radiative transfer
Alteration of radiation (e.g. UV, cloud cover)
and rainfall
Effects of wind, temperature, fresh water and Sea level rise, climate change;
light on ocean stratification, circulation, ice- Consequences for food supply due to
cover etc.
perturbation of food webs, changes in
biodiversity;
Biological feedbacks on physical processes Climate change
(e.g., heating of surface layer)
Pollution (incl. riverine input)
Dangers to human health, e.g. from harmful algal
blooms, toxin accumulation;
Effects on tourism;
Deterioration of ecosystem services;
Consequences for food supply due to
perturbation of food webs, changes in
biodiversity;
Non-consumptive use of marine resources, Consequences for food supply due to
e.g. fishing, aquaculture, tourism, transport, perturbation of food webs, changes in
wind and tidal energy
biodiversity, alteration of fish stocks;
Introduction of alien species causing changes in
ecosystem services;
Consumptive use of marine resources, e.g. oil Consequences for food supply due to
production, mining, dumping
perturbation of food webs, changes in
biodiversity;
Effects on human health due to release of
harmful substances.
It becomes obvious from Table 1 that major processes and impacts are a consequence of changes
in physical forcing on different scales, such as alteration of radiative transfer, temperature, wind
stress or fresh water input. They cause multiple changes in the marine system with a variety of
consequences for society. Therefore, progress in understanding the effects of Global Change on
ocean ecosystems and biogeochemistry can only be achieved jointly with investigations of
physical oceanographic processes in collaboration with the World Climate Research Programme
(WCRP), in particular with the CLIVAR-Project (Climate Variability and Predictability). On the
other side of the spectrum, the perceived effects of Global Change in the ocean on society
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require an assessment of economic and societal impacts in different regions of the world.
Therefore, the new decade of ocean research needs to develop an unprecedented level of
cooperation with the Integrated Human Dimensions Programme (IHDP) and with the
Biodiversity Programme (DIVERSITAS).
3.
The Challenge of Future Research of Global Change in the Ocean
The last decade has seen major advances in our understanding of the marine system. Under the
umbrella of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and the Scientific
Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR), the core project JGOFS (Joint Global Ocean Flux
Study) has investigated on a global scale the processes controlling the fluxes of carbon and
associated biogenic elements in the ocean. Present day biogeochemical processes, the magnitude
of fluxes, the scale of their spatial and temporal changes as well as the forcing functions have
been described in considerable detail and can be assessed much more accurately than ever
before. Stocks and rates have been quantified which were poorly constrained prior to these
studies, such as CO2 fluxes between atmosphere and ocean, global marine primary production
and export of carbon into the deep ocean. New traits in organisms were found, such as the
widespread occurrence of archaea or heterotrophic photosynthetic bacteria, which open up
unexpected biochemical pathways that change our concept of marine biogeochemical cycles. At
the higher end of the food chain, direct influences of ocean physical processes on fish stocks and
the different response of species to such influences are becoming known now.
While seasonal and to some degree interannual changes have been assessed, there remains
considerable uncertainty about longer-term changes and abrupt shifts. We are beginning to
record such changes, but in most cases, we are not sure about causes or consequences. For
example, large interannual changes in the uptake of CO2 by land and ocean are observed and
appear to be linked to El Nino events (Fig.2), but the partitioning of this variability in uptake
between land and ocean is difficult to assess. Long term changes in phytoplankton populations
are indicated by some observations (Fig 3), but data are still too scarce to understand whether
these are steady trends or long-term oscillations, and to assess potential effects of such changes
on the marine food web.
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Figure 2: Variability of oceanic CO2 sinks. The stepwise increase shown by the upper curve represents the
anthropogenic CO2 emissions in the indicated years, the blue curve shows the measured rise of CO2 in the
atmosphere for each year, the difference between both curves represents the amount of CO2 taken up by
land or ocean in the respective year. Large interannual changes in the uptake of CO2 by terrestrial or
marine reservoirs become obvious which are in many cases related to El Niño events (indicated by
arrows). (REF to source)
Opal/CaCO3 Flux Ratio
0,5
0,4
32°N, 64°W
48°N, 20°W
0,3
0,2
0,1
34°N, 21°W
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
0,0
Figure 3: Long-term changes in the ratio of opal bearing phytoplankton (diatoms) and calcium carbonate
bearing plankton (coccolithophorids, foraminifera etc.) detected in sediment traps in the North Atlantic.
These trends indicate a steady change in plankton composition; the causes are as yet unknown. (Honjo et
al. REF, Antia et al. 2001)
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Linkages of the different parts of the ocean system have in the past been treated inadequately.
This is true for exchange processes across the ocean’s interfaces, such as coastal zones, sea floor
or lower atmosphere, as well as the linkage between marine biogeochemical cycles and the
higher trophic levels of the marine ecosystem. For instance, we are aware that large amounts of
organic carbon and related elements are exported from land and are deposited on the shelf and
continental slope, but the magnitude and variability of this flux, its effects on the marine system
and its susceptibility to Global Change are still unresolved. Exchanges between the ocean
interior with the sea floor (in both directions) and deep ocean processes are still poorly
understood, partly due to technological difficulties. Only some of these deep ocean processes,
such as release of methane from gas hydrates, have so far been recognised as a potentially large
factor in climate change. A very sensitive boundary is the upper ocean and the lower atmosphere,
where globally the largest exchange of climatically active gases occurs. The interdependence of
biogeochemical cycles, mainly driven by microorganisms, and the organisms at the high end of
the food chain becomes increasingly clearer. However, a long way is still ahead before a
complete assessment of food webs from end to end is possible and can be modelled. Finally,
long-term changes in the ocean ecosystem, as illustrated by records from sediment and ice cores
or corals, need to be included in ocean studies to extend and complement the short-term
measurements, which provide only “snap-shots” of the present day status of the ocean.
Therefore, a challenge of future research will be to integrate the research on these different parts
of the ocean system in order to obtain a comprehensive view of the role of the ocean in the Earth
System. Several IGBP programme elements will study these aspects of the ocean system
(LOICZ, SOLAS, GLOBEC, PAGES2) and it will be critical for the success of future research of
Global Change in the ocean to bring together these different projects.
Some key environmental elements of the Earth System, particularly in atmospheric composition,
have by now moved well outside the range of the natural variability. It is unclear how the ocean
will react to such changes in the future. Modelling approaches have tried to analyse ocean
behaviour under different scenarios of anthropogenic disturbance. However, their predictions
about future developments 50 or 100 years from now diverge considerably. This is indicative of
large uncertainties in sensitive elements of the ocean system from the coastal zone to the open
sea, unrecognised feedbacks between parts of the Earth System, and a lack of adequate data for
initiating and verifying the models. In order to assess the effects of increasing human
perturbations on the ocean, these uncertainties have to be reduced and future research has to
provide means to improve predictability of the ocean system.
Not all of the multitudes of interacting elements determining the functioning of the ocean system
are susceptible to human perturbations. Some react at very long time scales so that their impact
with respect to more immediate Global Changes may not be felt. Some regions of the ocean are
more vulnerable to certain disturbances than others. It will be a major task of the future research
to identify the critical elements / processes and the most vulnerable regions of the ocean to
Global Change and to determine the potential consequences of these changes.
The sensitivity of elements of the ocean system to Global Change, the nature, magnitude and rate
of changes in the oceanic system in relation to the type of perturbation has to be assessed not
only as an “early warning system” for impending dangers, but also to help society to make
choices about future options. The future ocean research must develop the tools and the basic
2
LOICZ = Land-Ocean Interaction in the Coastal Zone
SOLAS = Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study
GLOBEC = Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics
PAGES = Past Global Changes
- 63 -
knowledge required to assess with sufficient reliability the ocean’s reaction to natural and
anthropogenic changes on the time scale relevant to society.
The challenge for future research on Global Change in the ocean for the next decade can
therefore be stated as:
• To identify elements, processes and regions in the ocean with major relevance for Global
Change and develop the capability to observe them on appropriate scales
• To develop a predictive capability for the response of the ocean system to natural and
anthropogenic changes
• To assess and predict scenarios / options in order to enable society to make choices about
sustainable futures.
4.
The Approach
The ocean, due to its vast storage capacity, has a decisive impact on the state of the Earth System
and multiple feedbacks are linking it to land and atmosphere. While this principle is clear, the
connections and interfaces between the earth’s components are often insufficiently known for an
integration of present knowledge into earth system science. A major task is to develop an
integrative approach to understand the holistic dynamics of the planetary life support system. We
need to explore characteristic features of the ocean that may be capable of making the ocean a
trigger in the path of Global Change, though it is often regarded as a buffer in the dynamics of
the Earth System.
A way to focus future research on an earth system approach has been suggested by the Global
Analysis, Integration and Modelling Project (GAIM) of IGBP. A set of very general, overarching
questions (Table 2) was posed to help to focus research on key patterns of Earth ecosystem
behaviour and their relation to global change. These questions can be considered as guard rails to
identify critical elements for global change in the ocean and to link them to similarly vulnerable
elements on land and in the atmosphere.
Table 2: Overarching Questions posed by GAIM to structure and guide future Earth System
Science within IGBP
Analytical Questions:
1. What are the vital organs of the ecosphere in view of operation and evolution?
2. What are the major dynamical patterns, teleconnections and feedback loops in the planetary
machinery?
3. What are the critical elements (thresholds, bottlenecks, switches) in the Earth System?
4. What are the characteristic regimes and time-scales of natural planetary variability?
5. What are the anthropogenic disturbance regimes and teleperturbations that matter at the EarthSystem level?
6. Which are the vital ecosphere organs and critical planetary elements that can actually be
transformed by human action?
7. Which are the most vulnerable regions under global change?
8. How are abrupt and extreme events processed through nature-society interactions?
Methodological Questions:
9. What are the principles for constructing “macroscopes”, i.e. representations of the Earth
System that aggregate away the details while retaining all systems-order terms?
10. What levels of complexity and resolution have to be achieved in Earth System modelling?
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11. Is it possible to describe the Earth System as a composition of weakly coupled organs and
regions, and to reconstruct the planetary machinery from these parts?
12. Is there a consistent global strategy for generating, processing and integrating relevant Earth
System data sets?
13. What are the best techniques for analysing and possibly predicting irregular events?
14. What are the most appropriate methodologies for integrating natural-science and socialscience knowledge?
Normative Questions:
15. What are the general criteria and principles for distinguishing non-sustainable and
sustainable futures?
16. What is the carrying capacity of the earth as determined by humanitarian standards?
17. What are the accessible but intolerable domains in the co-evolution space of nature and
humanity?
18. What kind of nature do modern societies want?
19. What are the equity principles that should govern global environmental management?
Strategic Questions:
20. What is the optimal mix of adaptation and mitigation measures to respond to global change?
21. What is the optimal decomposition of the planetary surface into nature reserves and managed
areas?
22. What are the options and caveats for technological fixes like geoengineering and genetic
modifications?
23. What is the structure of an effective and efficient system of global environment &
development institutions?
A number of these questions are not directly applicable to future ocean research, but rather
indicate the interaction between the natural system and human society. However, some questions
will prove to be valuable guidelines for future research of Global Change in the ocean and will
help to formulate researchable questions in individual projects. By remoulding some of the
crucial questions, a more focussed approach can be attained, as illustrated by the following
examples:
•
What are the critical elements and processes in the ocean that can actually be transformed
by human action?
Some answers can immediately be given: carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, silica and trace element
cycles, iron supply from the land, food web structure and fish stocks. This leads to the
consideration whether these transformations are critical to the functioning of the ocean system
and how the interactions with atmosphere and land are affected. Most of these questions may
actually be answered by our present knowledge, but gaps in our understanding to assess future
changes in the ocean system will also become obvious and will help to develop research
strategies.
•
What levels of complexity and resolution have to be achieved in the ocean component of
Earth System modelling?
Coupled models developed in the last decade have helped tremendously to assess the interaction
between physical and biological processes. However, higher spatial resolution as well as
integration of different biogeochemical cycles, lower and higher trophic levels is needed in order
to improve the representation of natural processes by models. In addition, human impacts have
so far not been included, but will be an essential part of the next decade of research adding a
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further level of complexity. This development has to be critically evaluated, as computer
capacity puts restrictions on the level of complexity and the time scales, which can be modelled.
•
Is there a consistent global strategy for generating, processing and integrating relevant
ocean data sets?
A quantum leap in global observation was achieved by satellite missions and development of
advanced sensors. This demanded, as a consequence, a coordinated approach to ground trusting
and processing of the data. However, present oceanographic observations are generally carried
out without long-term commitment or coordination between investigating institutions or national
agencies. While in physical oceanography already an advanced standard of observational
strategies exists, such as for example in the Argo Project, this is not matched when chemical or
biological variables are concerned, perhaps with the exception of fish stock surveys. Lack of data
coordination becomes most obvious when different disciplines and different research fields are
compared. The greatest challenge in this direction will be to develop common observational
strategies between natural and socio-economic sciences. An assessment of future changes within
the ocean system and their feedbacks on the other components of the Earth System requires
adequate representation of both, natural processes and developments in societies, economics and
technology.
•
What are the accessible but intolerable domains in the co-evolution space of marine
ecosystems and humanity?
The marine environment provides a range of ecosystem services that are taken for granted by the
general public. These services are, however, not guaranteed and may be affected by Global
Change in ways, which we do not yet understand. Research has to address the questions which
ecosystem services are provided by the ocean, which services are most important and which ones
can, in emergency, be sacrificed. Technological potential exists to manipulate marine processes
even on large scales for the benefit of human societies. At present, globally the largest direct
human impact on marine ecosystems is caused by fishing changing the food web structure and
leading to economic decline in fishing industry. Locally extreme changes of the marine
environment are a result of high population density, economic development, inadequate
legislation, poverty and/or lack of knowledge. Since we cannot assume to maintain all aspects of
the marine ecosystem in unadulterated form, research is required to explore possible domains of
development and analyse consequences for marine ecosystem services. Questions may be
tackled, such as “How much protein can be extracted from the ocean without sacrificing valuable
ecosystem services?”
•
What are the options and caveats for technological fixes like geoengineering in the
ocean?
Several approaches are presently discussed to use the vast ocean space and resources for
alleviating Global Change problems. This ranges from purposeful sequestration of CO2 in the
ocean, to open ocean aquaculture in HNLC regions for food production and energy production
from physical and chemical ocean resources. The next decade will see rising pressure to address
questions of technological fixes, as Global Change problems will become more obvious. The
whole range of these potential technological applications needs to be underpinned by research in
order to understand the underlying processes and consequences.
Future Research of Global Change in the Ocean will move increasingly from a better
understanding of present day ocean processes to an assessment of the role of the ocean in Global
Change processes and feedbacks within the Earth System. The history of ocean processes
provides information on changes at different scales and on controls of the state of the ocean,
while studies of present day processes indicate the system dynamics and reveal causal
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relationships. The response and adaptation of this evolving, dynamic and self-organising system
at different scales to Global Change is the challenging question of the new ocean research
programme.
In order to achieve the ambitious goal, Future Research of Global Change in the Ocean has to
develop new research aspects surpassing the previous IGBP ocean programme elements. A better
connection of physical, biogeochemical and ecological research is needed in order to understand
how changes in physical forcing will affect the ecosystem. The linkages between the different
parts of the Earth System have to be made clear in order to assess the multitude of feedback
processes. Humans as drivers and as subjects of Global Change have to be considered explicitly,
since one of the major aims is the assessment of impacts on society. This leads to emphasis on:
• combining physical, chemical and biological research at all scales and foster multi/interdisciplinary approaches
• developing joint projects with physical oceanography (link to CLIVAR)
• understanding the exchange between ocean and the atmosphere (link to SOLAS)
• understanding the exchange between ocean and land (link to LOICZ)
• understanding the exchange between the ocean interior and the sea floor
• understanding the variation of the ocean system over longer time scales, e.g. glacialinterglacial variation (link to PAGES/IMAGES)
• assessing climate variability versus climate change
• understanding the role of species in regulation of biogeochemistry
• studying the diversity and evolution of deep sea species (as the last unknown frontier)
• investigating variability and change in food web dynamics
This framework of Future Research of Global Change in the Ocean is designed to enable new
modes of operation. It should provide a major goal and highlight the issues, but leave enough
flexibility to allow the science community to explore the most promising avenues of research. It
should be diffusive to allow information to transgress the boundaries of core projects and
develop joint, temporary task teams. It should be able to react fast to new ideas, challenges and
problems. It should provide only a light organisational structure, which helps to coordinate
research and to come to synergistic results. The projects of this new framework need to develop
an approach, which enables to determine when their goals are reached. Therefore, a hierarchy of
researchable questions have to be posed guided by the overarching questions (Table 2).
Benchmarks have to be developed to check the progress of research at different times.
The challenge of Future Research of Global Change in the Ocean is also the integration of
developing countries in this research programme. Many of the critical ocean regions are totally
under researched due to their remoteness and because the adjacent countries do not have enough
capacities to collaborate as equal partners in this research. Therefore, joint research programmes
and improved capacity building jointly with START is needed and will be beneficial for this
programme. The results of this programme have to be presented to the public in comprehensive
and suitable form. It has been one of the major drawbacks of Global Change research in the past
that their results were not presented in adequate form to the public. Improvement of public
outreach, however, is necessary to ensure that the new knowledge will eventually lead to
changes in attitude, policy and legislation.
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8.17. Global Ocean Observing System and OOPC by Peter Haugan
As described at the previous JGOFS SSC meeting, the GOOS Steering Committee relies on two
main scientific panels for advice concerning the design and development of a permanent ocean
observing system, namely the Ocean Observations Panel for Climate (OOPC) and the Coastal
Ocean Observations Panel (COOP). COOP has been established recently by merging three
different earlier panels. COOP is in the process of completing its Strategic Design Plan, and
meets in Cape Town in September 2002. The formal body to oversee implementation issues in
GOOS is the Joint IOC-WMO Commission on Oceanography and Marine Meteorology
(JCOMM), which meets every 4 years, first time in 2001 in Akureyri, Iceland.
OOPC has been in existence since 1996 under the chairmanship of Neville Smith of BoM,
Australia. It took over from the predecessor OOSDP that produced a conceptual design of a
system of ocean observations for climate. Up to now, OOPC has worked on planning and
implementation of such a system covering a broad range of issues and parameters. Now the
efforts are moving more towards review and evaluation, prioritisation, rationalization and
selected enhancements. At the most recent session of the OOPC in Kiel, Germany, on 5-8 June
2002, Neville Smith stepped down as chairman and was replaced by Ed Harrison of NOAA
PMEL, USA.
The part of the mandate of OOPC, which is most relevant to JGOFS, is ocean carbon
observations. The GOOS Report No. 118 entitled “A Global Ocean Carbon Observation System
- A Background Report” issued in April 2002, edited by Scott Doney and Maria Hood with
contributions from a number of authors was endorsed by the OOPC. It has been produced by
combining input, results from a number of workshops and meetings during the past two years,
and has been subject to community-wide review. It will be a very useful document for carbon
observations in GOOS. OOPC relies on the SCOR-IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2 for
advice concerning carbon observations. Maria Hood, who is now the IOC Technical Officer for
both OOPC and the CO2 Panel, will develop an account of implementation progress. It was
agreed that a carbon pilot project, perhaps including selected aspects of ocean biogeochemistry,
might move this issue forward in GOOS. Carbon and ecosystem related activities consistent with
the report and OceanObs99 recommendations, and comprising time series, hydrographic cruises
and Voluntary Observing Ships, will be brought up also with the Partnership for Observation of
the Global Oceans (POGO) which has its next meeting on 22-24 January 2003 in Hobart,
Tasmania.
Neither the mentioned report nor the OOPC mandate covers coastal observations.
PRESUMABLY, COOP will be responsible for such elements, which will be needed for a truly
global carbon observing system. However, planning for this is still at a very early stage. In
addition, for ocean ecosystem issues and ocean-wide biogeochemistry beyond carbon, the
situation is less clear. The OOPC at its most recent session discussed whether these issues should
be left to COOP, which at the outset has a focus on coastal measurements. It was agreed that
attention is required from several groups in order to bring it to a level where GOOS can agree on
actions and implementation. Tommy Dickey of OOPC, in partnership with the CO2 panel, and
enlisting assistance from COOP, will initiate work on a draft of a preliminary equivalent of the
ocean carbon report for ecosystems/biogeochemistry.
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8.18. SCOR IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2 by Peter Haugan
The second session of the SCOR-IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2 took place in Honolulu,
Hawaii on February 9th 2002. The chair, Doug Wallace, welcomed Dr. Kitack Lee, Korea, to the
meeting as a new member. The web site (http://www.ioc.unesco.org/iocweb/co2panel) is now up
and running and contains information on panel activities, relevant reports, overviews of
measurement plans, and a watching brief on ocean CO2 sequestration.
The GOOS Report No. 118 entitled “A Global Ocean Carbon Observation System - A
Background Report” edited by Scott Doney and Maria Hood with contributions from a number
of authors, and later issued in April 2002, was discussed at the panel meeting. The final version
of the document focuses on integrating ocean carbon measurements into the framework of other
observing system structures and programs, such as the time series observatory pilot project,
CLIVAR repeat hydrographic sections, and the JCOMM Ship Observations Team for the
coordination of oceanographic and meteorological measurement programs made on volunteer
observing ships.
The repeat hydrography program of CLIVAR offers opportunities for carbon measurements that
many scientists are interested in pursuing, and which seem cost-effective and important for a
number of reasons, but for which no coordinating international research program currently
exists. The most appropriate international coordination mechanism through which national
agencies could cooperate would probably be within IGBP. While no new program has been
established to take over this part of the legacy of JGOFS, there is agreement among all parties
that the CO2 panel is the most suitable forum to coordinate this work now. Information is now
available on the CLIVAR web page and linked from the panel web site, outlining the
international plans and commitments for the hydrography repeat sections and information about
carbon and tracer measurements to be made.
The Panel has made input to the Time Series Observatory Pilot project and the Voluntary
Observing Ships (VOS) programme. The former is intended for process studies as well as
obtaining multi-parameter time series in key locations. VOS tend not to be included in research
programmes but can be quite important for obtaining regular products such as space-time maps
for GOOS. Oversight of intercalibration exercises and standards and reference materials,
technology development and modelling, are continuous activities of the panel.
The Panel also has a mandate to develop and maintain a watching brief on ocean sequestration of
CO2, which is meant to inform non-specialists on the current scientific and legal issues of ocean
sequestration. A draft version of this watching brief is now available on the web site with an
adequate coverage of background and legal issues, but still far from complete on the science
overview. SCOR and IOC with assistance from the Panel are well along with the planning and
organisation of a workshop on ocean carbon sequestration. This will take place in the second half
of 2003.
The Global Carbon Project (GCP) as well as IGBP and CLIVAR and the new IGBP OCEANS
program are all potential contributors to ocean carbon observations although it is unclear how the
division of responsibilities may be. It seems clear that all parties want the panel to continue its
activities, but its organisational links may be revised to take account of a changing set of
interacting research programmes. The Panel will take an active role with the GCP in organising a
workshop for early 2003 to combine all the information about observation programmes for the
next few years and discuss technological progress that is required to sustain carbon observations
into the future. In essence, this will imply reviewing, updating and expanding upon the
mentioned background report (GOOS Report No. 118.
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8.19. International Project Office by Roger Hanson
Director’s Report. The International Project Office (IPO) continues its full support of the SSC
activities from our new offices on the main campus of the University of Bergen. Office staff has
changed with the departure of Ms. Reidun Gjerde and the arrival of our new Financial Assistant,
Mr. Sturle Litland.
As JGOFS approaches its sunset date, IPO is focusing on raising external funds for the Final
Conference, Synthesis Groups and Task Teams to complete their ToR, and on the support of the
Data Management Task Team (DMTT) to document and compile all data and metadata collected
over the last decade. Avril is assisting the DMTT in the collection of information on
participating national research projects and cruises from each contributing country since 1988.
This compendium also includes aspects of national data management, including the location and
archival of JGOFS data collected during the fieldwork. This information will also assist the
DMTT in their activities directed at securing the long-term stewardship of the “JGOFS Master
Dataset”. The ultimate purpose of the Master Dataset is to provide scientists with a
comprehensive biogeochemical dataset in a common file and data format for use not only in
current modelling projects, but also as a JGOFS legacy to future global change studies. It is the
responsibility of the DMTT and IPO to ensure the future accessibility and long-term archival of
this most valuable and one of a kind dataset. Plans are now underway to delivery the national
datasets to the WDC-MARE for inclusion in the Master Dataset and to eventually produce a
JGOFS Master Dataset CD ROM. Countries, institutions, and principal investigators who submit
data will be given full credit within the JGOFS Master Dataset and have priority access to it.
Assistant Executive Officer Tasks and Achievements (IPO). Avril has provided support and
assistance for the following tasks:
o Preparation and edition of the new International JGOFS website (with IPO EO),
o Mirroring and update of the CMTT website,
o Preparation and edition of an on-line slide show after the 2 posters presented during the
IGBP 2000 Conference (more than 60 requests for the original file),
o Drafting and proof-reading of the SSC (Amsterdam, July 2000) meeting minutes,
o Proof-reading and edition of JGOFS Reports 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 (ISSN redefined),
o Drafting, proof-reading and edition of JGOFS Report 37,
o Participation to the EGS conference (Nice, April 2002),
o Participation to the GSWG/OCMIP Modelling Workshop (Ispra, June 2002, one poster
presented),
o Preparation and edition of an on-line slide show after the poster presented during the
Modelling Workshop,
o Preparation and edition of an on-line draft Report after the Modelling Workshop,
o Preparation and edition of the First Announcement (website, poster and IGBP newsletter)
for the Final JGOFS Open Science Conference (with IPO Executive Officer),
o Preparation of the brochure for the Final JGOFS OSC Programme (with organising
committees),
o Continuous update of membership and address list, and of peer-reviewed publication
reference list,
o Continuous interactions with Parent Bodies (IGBP, SCOR) and JGOFS Execs and WG &
TT Chairs.
Special emphasis on the new JGOFS website. Early July 2002, a new international JGOFS
website (http://www.uib.no/jgofs/jgofs.html) was launched with three objectives in mind: first, to
improve the browsing and make it user friendly to all within and outside the JGOFS community;
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second, to preserve the accumulated knowledge with a minimal support requested until
December 2003, and third, to facilitate the handover to IGBP and the next ocean biogeochemical
program. All comments / suggestions are greatly appreciated, since the content and structure is
still evolving.
Data Management: Assistant Executive Officer Tasks and Achievements (DMTT
activities). Avril has provided support and assistance for the following tasks:
o Acquisition, compilation and transmission of the Pakistani NASEER datasets to WDCs
(thanks to S. Smith),
o Acquisition and partial compilation of various datasets and / or metadata (inventories for
cruises and parameters) for several countries not represented in the DMTT (Italy,
Netherlands, Norway, Spain),
o Continuous update of a report for the “Compilation of research project and cruises &
Data status report” for all JGOFS national activities, initially prepared in August 1999,
and of the publications list (including the DSR II Special Issues and the CD-ROMs and
websites in relation to Data Management),
o Organisation of the annual DMTT meeting (Washington, January 2002) and a “Data
Rescue” meeting with national representatives not involved in DMTT (BE, IT, NL, NO,
SP) and invited experts (Ispra, June 2002),
o Writing and edition of JGOFS Report 37 for 2000 & 2002 DMTT meetings (with DMTT
Chair),
o Writing of the report (with DMTT Chair) after the Data Rescue meeting (not edited),
o Preparation of a DMTT list of JGOFS core parameters (with all DMTT members) and of
an Execs’ recommendation list for core parameters for future research programmes in
marine biogeochemistry (with DMTT Chair and all SSC Execs),
o Follow-up after the DMTT meeting and Data Rescue meeting and Development of
cooperation between DMTT, Execs, PANGAEA team, national representatives not
involved in DMTT (especially preparation of DM practices recommendations and
guidelines, for the latter),
o Close cooperation / meetings with data managers in Norway [IMR & Bjerknes Centre]
and in France [PROOF], including guidance and recommendations,
o Participation to the preparation of the WDC-MARE / PANGAEA Proposal (Germany)
for national funding (with IPO Executive Officer and DMTT Chair),
o Development of interactions with JGOFS parent bodies (IGBP, SCOR), other funding
agencies and programme managers, in order to increase awareness, request support and
present recommendations for proper data management practises and lessons learned from
JGOFS (with SSC Chair and DMTT Chair). A “recommendation” letter and an address
list have been prepared that should be further discussed by the SSC (see Letter below)
o Development of communication with national contact persons and SSC members to
request assistance in the establishment of the complete cruise inventory, metadata
cataloguing and datasets collection (with SSC Chair and DMTT Chair),
o Exploration of new ways for possible collaboration with similar programmes and for
better data management practices and more integration in future programmes (e.g.,
SCAR/JCADM and IndOcean),
o Edition of web pages related to DM matters (e.g., cruise inventories; published CDROMs and DSRII issues; on-line slideshow),
o Participation to the GSWG/OCMIP Workshop, with one DM-oriented poster presentation
and one DM-oriented talk (presented by DMTT Chair),
o Writing of a short note (with DMTT Chair) for the US JGOFS Newsletter.
- 71 -
Letter to funding agencies and programme managers.
24 October 2003
___________________
Address etc
Dear _________________
Subject: Data Management for future ocean biogeochemistry/climate programs: Lessons learned
from JGOFS
This letter concerns the issue of data management for ocean biogeochemistry in new research
programs being planned under the auspices of IGBP and SCOR. If we have sent you this letter in
error and you know of a colleague who is more directly responsible with support and funding as
well as management of ocean data in your agency, we would be grateful if you could pass it to that
person.
The JGOFS Project has been highly successful in providing new insights into global
biogeochemical cycling in the oceans through a multi-national effort. An considerable effort was
invested in new measurements of ocean properties during JGOFS. Yet, a much smaller stress was
directed toward ensuring the accessibility and ultimate stewardship of these expensive and
irreplaceable data through a coordinated international data management effort. As new programs are
being designed and implemented, we must learn from the JGOFS data management experience. The
following is a set of recommendations for new programs to consider:
Establishment and support of a centralized International Project Data Centre responsible for:
acquisition of data, data access, and distribution of data to the World Data Centre system to ensure
its long-term archival;
Establishment and support of experienced/full-time national data coordinators who will:
identify cruises and Principal Investigators (PIs) associated with the national programs, work with
PIs to ensure data and metadata are complete and in common file and data formats and submit data
to the International Project Data Centre;
Setting of a time limit after which all countries participating in the program must submit
their data to the Data Centre;
Establishment of a minimum set of standards for reporting data and metadata.
Working with funding agencies to ensure compliance with program data policies.
These recommendations are designed to ensure the rapid dissemination of data and its long-term
preservation and accessibility.
During the JGOFS Project, key biological and chemical variables were sampled by over 20
countries at the regional scale (process studies in the North Atlantic, Arabian Sea, Equatorial
Pacific, Southern Ocean and North Pacific), global scale (carbon survey) and from long-term
measurements at key ocean sites. As we proceed with the final synthesis and modelling phases of
JGOFS, it is likely that JGOFS may fall short in providing a satisfactory data legacy for future
generations.
The JGOFS data management plan was set up so each nation had a data coordinator responsible for
that nation’s data. Data are either managed by a national JGOFS data manager (e.g., Australia,
Canada, France, Germany, India, Japan, U.K. and U.S.), or reside with individual PIs. A Data
Management Task Team (DMTT) was formed to coordinate the data management efforts, but in
effect, the DMTT does not represent all nations involved in JGOFS activities, and does not have the
manpower or financial resources to go far beyond coordination and cataloguing of data collections
- 72 -
carried out nationally. The lack of a centralized International Data Centre severely hampers the use
of JGOFS data for synthesis and model validation, now and in the future.
Additional problems identified with the current JGOFS Data Management are:
Ambiguity in many countries as to what constitutes a JGOFS cruise;
No time limit, and in most countries, no requirement for delivery of data to a Data Centre
from where it can be disseminated and archived;
Reluctance by PIs to share data;
Data in diverse formats with incomplete documentation or missing key core JGOFS
parameters.
Efforts to acquire funds to compile all JGOFS international data into a common file and data
format, to be distributed internationally, have thus far failed in the U.S. Other national funding
agencies have not been approached. These efforts failed mainly because such supporting activities,
although extremely important to make optimal use of the scientific data, have fared poorly in
competition with proposals to initiate new science projects. This is very unfortunate, since the
acquisition of data is very costly compared to the small cost of effective data management.
JGOFS was proactive in setting a data policy and establishing an international data management
committee very early in the Project, and the JGOFS system became a model for other programs
(e.g., GLOBEC). Yet in spite of this effort and because of the complexity of interdisciplinary
data and of JGOFS itself, much remains to be done to secure the accessibility of all data
collected in the Project. We offer these recommendations to the planners of the next generation
of ocean programs, to help move toward a new and better, integrated data management system in
the next few years.
We are very interested in your views on the data management issue facing future programs and
invite you to share your thoughts with us. We will be passing on a more comprehensive view of
the JGOFS experience to planners of the next generation of ocean research programs and look
forward to your input.
Sincerely,
Hugh Ducklow (Chair, JGOFS SSC)
Margarita Conkright (Chair, JGOFS Data Management Task Team)
Bernard Avril (Assistant Executive Officer, JGOFS IPO)
- 73 -
Special emphasis on the “JGOFS Master Dataset”. In the final Synthesis and Modelling
phase of the JGOFS project, it is especially important for the oceanographic community to have
a clear and complete view of the relevant datasets and associated metadata. The Data
Management Task Team (DMTT) and the IPO Assistant are continuing to identify, document
and assimilate the recent progress by each national oceanographic community, and to document
and compile all data and metadata collected over the last decade. We have also explored for the
countries not represented in the DMTT, new ways to achieve our goal, which is one of the
highest priorities for the present JGOFS activities.
The “compilation of research project and cruises & Data status report” includes aspects of
national data management, including the location, acquisition and archival of JGOFS data
collected during the fieldwork since 1988. This information will also help the DMTT in its
activities directed at securing the long-term stewardship of the “JGOFS Master Dataset”. The
ultimate purpose of the DMTT is to provide scientists with a comprehensive biogeochemical
dataset in a common file and data format for use not only in current modelling projects, but also
as a JGOFS legacy to future global change studies (full accessibility and long-term archival
through the WDCs system, thanks to WDC-A for Oceanography, USA and WDC-MARE,
Germany) and to eventually edit the JGOFS Master Dataset on CD ROMs or DVDs, and on-line.
Countries, institutions, and principal investigators who submit data will be given full credit
within the JGOFS Master Dataset and have priority access to it.
Special emphasis on the “JGOFS core parameters”. During previous DMTT meetings,
members defined cruises with JGOFS core parameters and those with a sufficient number of core
parameters as “level 1”, and other cruises with parameters relevant to JGOFS. The DMTT
drafted a list of parameters with preferred units for inclusion on the JGOFS Master Dataset. This
initial list was circulated among the Executives for discussion and comments. After several
iterations between the DMTT and the Executives, we now have two “core parameters” lists as
much convergent as possible: one taking into account the comments of the DMTT members and
the other one taking also into account the comments of the Exec members. The DMTT
considered that its list "Core_parameters_DMTT" should be what each nation will focus on for
the establishment of the common JGOFS Master Dataset, to be published before the end of
JGOFS, and that the other list "Core_parameters_Exec" should be regarded as a
"recommendation" list to be presented to the managers of future programs / projects in marine
biogeochemistry. Of course, this list should rather be established by the field scientists
themselves, but it could be very useful to further discussed / improved it during our SSC meeting
and later, as a part of the JGOFS "legacy" (see Tables below)
- 74 -
- 75 -
Table “Core_parameters_DMTT” (this list has been later updated)
Group
Parameter
Method
CTD
Pressure
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Downwelling Irradiance (PAR)
Scalar (2-π)
Downwelling Irradiance (PAR)
Vector (cosine collector)
Depth in water
Salinity
Fluorescence
Beam Attenuation Coefficient
Bottle
Dissolved Oxygen
Total Inorganic Carbon
Nitrite
Autoanalyzer,
Spectrophotometer (manual)
Nitrate + Nitrite
Autoanalyzer,
Spectrophotometer (manual)
ortho-Phosphate
Autoanalyzer,
Spectrophotometer (manual)
Silicate
Autoanalyzer,
Spectrophotometer (manual)
Nitrate
Spectrophotometer (manual)
Pigments
Chlorophyllide b
HPLC
Chlorophyllide a
HPLC
Chlorophyll c3
HPLC
Chlorophyll c1+c2 & Chl. Mg 3,8DVP a5 HPLC
Peridinin
HPLC
19' - Butanoyloxyfucoxanthin
HPLC
Fucoxanthin
HPLC
19' - Hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin
HPLC
Prasinoxanthin
HPLC
Pyrophaeophorbide a
HPLC
Diadinoxanthin
HPLC
Alloxanthin
HPLC
Diatoxanthin
HPLC
Lutein
HPLC
µmol l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
µmol l-1
µmol l-1
µmol l-1
Unit
dbar
°C
µmol l-1
W m-2, µEinstein m-2 s-1
W m-2, µEinstein m-2 s-1
m (positive)
(practical salinity units)
µgChl. a l-1
m-1
µmol l-1
µmol l-1
µmol l-1
Total Alkalinity (TAlk)
Mesozooplankton Biomass (as carbon)
Displacement volume
Wet mass
Zeaxanthin
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
Phaeophytin b
Phaeophytin a
α - Carotene
β - Carotene
Chlorophyll a
Phaeopigments
Mass
Particulate Organic Carbon
Particulate Nitrogen
Dissolved Organic Carbon
Phytoplankton
New Production
Production
Primary Production
Integrated Primary Production
Bacteria
Bacteria Plankton Abundance
Bacteria Production
Bacteria Production
Microzooplankton biomass (as carbon)
herbivory
Sediment Traps
Mass Flux
Particulate Organic Carbon Flux
Particulate Nitrogen Flux
CO2 system
pCO2 in situ
pH
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
µg l-1
µg l-1
µmol-C l-1
µmol-N l-1
µmol-C l-1
nmol-N l-1 d-1
µmol-C l-1 d-1
mmol-C m-2 d-1
106 cells l-1
Methyl-tritiated Thymidine
pmol l-1 h-1
Tritiated Leucine
pmol l-1 h-1
µg l-1
mg l-1 d-1
Sediment trap
mg m-2 d-1
Sediment trap
mg m-2 d-1
Sediment trap
mg m-2 d-1
µatm
Seawater scale, NBS scale, TRIS scale
µmol l-1
µmol l-1
µl l-1
µg l-1
- 76 -
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
Fluorometric
Fluorometric
CHN
CHN
HTCO
15
N
14
C
14
C
Table “Core_parameters_Exec" (this list has been later updated)
Group
Parameter
CTD
Pressure
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Downwelling Irradiance (PAR)
Downwelling Irradiance (PAR)
Depth in water
Salinity
Fluorescence
Beam Attenuation Coefficient
Bottles - Discrete
Dissolved Oxygen
measurements
Nitrite
Nitrate + Nitrite
Ortho-Phosphate
Silicate
Nitrate
Total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)
Seawater pCO2/fCO2
pCO2/fCO2 measurement temperature
pH
pH measurement temperature
Total alkalinity (TAlk)
Pigments
Chlorophyllide b
Chlorophyllide a
Chlorophyll c3
Chlorophyll c1+c2 & Chl. Mg 3,8DVP a5
Peridinin
19' - Butanoyloxyfucoxanthin
- 77 -
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
Seawater scale, NBS scale, TRIS scale
Autoanalyzer, Spectrophotometer (manual)
Autoanalyzer, Spectrophotometer (manual)
Autoanalyzer, Spectrophotometer (manual)
Autoanalyzer, Spectrophotometer (manual)
Spectrophotometer (manual)
Scalar
Cosine
Method
°C
µmol l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
Unit
dbar
°C
µmol l-1
W m-2, µEinstein m-2 s-1
W m-2, µEinstein m-2 s-1
m (positive)
(practical salinity units)
mgChl. a m-3
m-1
µmol l-1
µmol l-1
µmol l-1
µmol l-1
µmol l-1
µmol l-1
µmol kg-1
µatm
°C
Sediment Traps
Microzooplankton
Bacteria
Phytoplankton
Production
Mass
Fucoxanthin
19' - Hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin
Prasinoxanthin
Pyrophaeophorbide a
Diadinoxanthin
Alloxanthin
Diatoxanthin
Lutein
Zeaxanthin
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
Phaeophytin b
Phaeophytin a
α - Carotene
β - Carotene
Chlorophyll a
Phaeopigments
Particulate Organic Carbon
Particulate Nitrogen
Dissolved Organic Carbon
New Production
Primary Production
Integrated Primary Production
Bacteria Plankton Abundance
Bacteria Production
Bacteria Production
Biomass
Herbivory
Mass Flux
- 78 -
Sediment trap
Methyl-tritiated Thymidine
Tritiated Leucine
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
Fluorometric
Fluorometric
CHN
CHN
HTCO
15
N
14
C
14
C
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
µg l-1
µg l-1
µmol-C l-1
µmol-N l-1
µmol-C l-1
nmol-N l-1 d-1
µmol-C l-1 d-1
mmol-C m-2 d-1
cells l-1
pmol l-1 h-1
pmol l-1 h-1
µmol l-1
µmol-C l-1 d-1
mg m-2 d-1
Particulate Organic Carbon Flux
Particulate Nitrogen Flux
CO2 system
Seawater pCO2/fCO2
Continuous measurements Intake or in situ temperature
Intake or in situ salinity
Pressure in equilibrator
Temperature in equilibrator
Air pCO2/fCO2
pH
pH measurement temperature
Total alkalinity (TAlk)
Total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)
Mesozooplankton
Biomass
Displacement volume
Wet mass
Iron
Dissolved Fe concentration
Specific Fe uptake
Radionuclides
Examples: 234Th flux, 238U flux...
Particulate (organic carbon/234Th) ratio ...
- 79 -
Method to be specified
Method to be specified
Method to be specified
Method to be specified
Seawater scale, NBS scale, TRIS scale
Sediment trap
Sediment trap
°C
µmol l-1
µmol kg-1
µmolC m-3
ml m-3
mg m-3
nmol l-1
pmol (µg Chl a)-1 h-1
dpm m-2 d-1
µmol-C m-2 d-1
µmol-N m-2 d-1
µatm
°C
- (Practical salinity units)
µatm
°C
µatm
Publications. The IPO continues to support the printing of the JGOFS Reports (ISSN: 10167331) in Bergen, Norway, distribute them internationally free of charge to libraries, institutions
and scientists, and make them available as pdf files from the JGOFS web site. In 2001/2002, the
IPO managed the technical editing and printed the following reports:
• No. 31. Thirteenth, Fourteenth & Fifteenth Meetings of the JGOFS Scientific Steering
Committee. Oct. 2001.
• No. 32. Meeting of the Southern Ocean Synthesis Group, Year 1998. Oct. 2001.
• No. 33. Joint IGBP EU-US Meeting on the Ocean Component of an Integrated Carbon
Cycle Science Framework. Oct. 2001.
• No. 34. First, Second & Third Meetings of the North Atlantic Synthesis Group. Oct. 2001.
• No. 35. IOSG Synthesis Report on the Arabian Sea Process Study. Jan. 2002.
• No. 36. Photosynthesis and Primary Productivity in Marine Ecosystems: Practical Aspects
and Application of Techniques. July 2002.
• No. 37. Data Management Task Team Reports (at the printers).
Calendar of Activities. In Amsterdam, the SSC also set the priority for meetings and tentatively
allocated funds for activities. The current list of meetings in 2001-2002 is shown below.
Year 2001
Jan. 15-16, Arcachon, France. North Atlantic Synthesis Group Meeting. Contact: Véronique
Garçon, LEGOS/GRGS/CNRS, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31055 Toulouse Cedex - FRANCE - Tel.
(33) 56 133 2957
May 7-11, Sidney, B.C., Canada. JGOFS/LOICZ Continental Margins Workshop on Polar
Margins. Contact: Robie Macdonald, Institute of Ocean Sciences, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, B.C.
V8L 4B2 CANADA, Tel. (1) 250 363 6409, Fax. (1) 250 363 6807
7-9 June, Miami, FL, USA. Indian Ocean Synthesis Group editors meeting. Contact: Peter
Burkill, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH UNITED KINGDOM - Tel. (44) 175 263 3422
27-29 June, Southampton Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK. JGOFS/WOCE/IOC CO2
Transport Workshop. Contact: Paul Robbins, Physical Oceanography Research Division, Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, Mail Stop 0230, SIO/UCSD, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA
92093-0230, USA. Tel: (858) 534-6366
6 July, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Global Synthesis Working Group Meeting. Contact: Reiner
Schlitzer, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Columbusstraße, 27568
Bremerhaven, GERMANY. Tel: (+49) 471 48311559, Fax: (+49) 471 48311149
7-8 July, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 16th JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee. Contact:
Roger Hanson, JGOFS International Project Office, SMR, University of Bergen, PO Box 7800,
5020 Bergen, Norway. Tel: (+47-555) 84244, Fax: (+47-555) 89687
28-30 September, Taipei/Taiwan, ROC. JGOFS/LOICZ Continental Margins Task Team
Workshop on Marginal Seas and Tropical Coasts. Contact: Kon-Kee Liu, Institute of
Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei/Taiwan, RoC, Tel.: (886-2) 363 1810, Fax:
(886-2) 362 6092
- 80 -
1-5 October, Sendai, Japan. Sixth International Carbon Dioxide Conference. Contact: Shuji
Aoki, Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku
University, Sedai 980-8578, Japan
5-13 October, Victoria, B.C., Canada. North Pacific Synthesis Group Meeting. Contact:
Alexander Bychkov, PICES Institute of Ocean Sciences, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, British
Columbia, CANADA V8L 4B2. Tel: 1-250-363-6366, Fax: 1-250-363-6827
21-28 October, Mar del Plata, Argentina. Joint IAPSO.IABO Assembly. Contacts: Hugh
Ducklow, School of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary, Box 1346, VA 230621346, Tel: (+1 804) 684 7180, Fax: (+1 804) 684 7293, or Karin Lochte, Institut für
Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany. Tel: +49
431 600 4250
15-16 November, Gif-sur-Yvette, France. Paleo-JGOFS Task Team Meeting. Co-organized by
JGOFS and IMAGES - PAGES. Contact: Karin Lochte, Institut für Meereskunde an der
Universität Kiel Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany. Tel: +49 431 600 4250, or
Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE),
Domaine du CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
Year 2002
29-30 January, Washington DC, USA. Data Management Task Team Meeting. Contact:
Margarita Conkright, Ocean Climate Laboratory, E/OC5, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver
Spring, MD 20910, USA. Tel.: +1 301 713 3290 ext 193, Fax: +1 301 713 3303
11-15 February 2002, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. During the forthcoming 2002 Ocean Sciences
Meeting organized by AGU and ASLO, special sessions or meetings are sponsored by JGOFS
for the SOSG (Paul Tréguer, Ulrich Bathmann, Tom Trull, Phillip Boyd, and Stéphane Blain),
the PJTT (Rick Jahnke and Roger Francois), the EPSG (Robert Le Borgne) and the NASG
(Véronique Garçon).
16-17 February 2002, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA Southern Ocean Synthesis Group Workshop:
"The Cycle of Carbon in the Southern Ocean", Contacts: Paul Tréguer and Ulrich Bathmann.
16-18 April, Southampton, UK. Continental Margin Task Team Workshop on Subpolar Regions.
Contact: Jonathan Sharples, School of Ocean and Earth Science, Southampton Oceanography
Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom. Tel. +44 23 8059 649; Fax
+44 23 8059 3059
22-26 April, Nice, France. During the forthcoming European Geophysical Society 27th General
Assembly, a special session "OA8. Biogeochemistry of the carbon cycle of the Atlantic Ocean",
chaired by W. Koeve, J. Aiken and V. Garçon is sponsored by JGOFS for the NASG.
24-27 June, Ispra, Italy. Joint Global Synthesis Working Group and JGOFS-GAIM Task Team
Workshop entitled "Global Ocean Productivity and the Fluxes of Carbon and Nutrients:
Combining Observations and Models". Contacts: Reiner Schlitzer, Alfred Wegener Institute for
Polar and Marine Research, Dept. of GeoSystem, P.O. Box 120161, D-27515 Bremerhaven,
GERMANY, Tel. +49 471 48311559, Fax. +49 471 48311149; Patrick Monfray, Institut Pierre
Simon Laplace, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Orme des Merisiers,
F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, FRANCE, Tel. +33 1 69 08 77 24, Fax. +33 1 69 08 77 16
- 81 -
28 June, Ispra, Italy. DMTT European Countries, Data Rescue Meeting. Contact Bernard Avril,
Assistant Executive Officer, JGOFS International Project Office, SMR (P.O. Box 7800),
University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY, Tel: (+47) 555 84249 Fax: (+47) 555 89687
17-19 September, Orono, Maine, USA. Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Meeting and Workshop.
Contact: Robert Le Borgne, Centre IRD, B.P. A5, F-98848 Nouméa Cedex, Tel. +33 4 9104
1657, Fax. +33 4 9104 1635, FRANCE; Fei Chai, School of Marine Sciences, University of
Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5741, USA, Tel. +1 207 581 4317, Fax. +1 207 581 4388
23-25 September, Concepción, Chile. 17th JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee Meeting.
Contact: Roger Hanson, JGOFS International Project Office, SMR, University of Bergen, PO
Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, NORWAY. Tel: +47 555 84244, Fax: +47 555 89687
1-2 October, Sapporo, Japan. North Pacific Synthesis Group Meeting and Symposium for the
North Pacific synthesis. Contact: Toshiro Saino, Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric
Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chigusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8601, JAPAN, Tel. +81 52 789
3487, Fax. +81 52 789 3436
Fall, Sidney, B.C., Canada. North Pacific Synthesis Group editorial meeting for an issue of the
Journal of Oceanography on JGOFS NP synthesis. Contact: Toshiro Saino, Institute for
Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chigusa-Ku, Nagoya 4648601, JAPAN, Tel. +81 52 789 3487, Fax. +81 52 789 3436
4-6 December, Washington DC, USA. Continental Margin Task Team Workshop for the Global
Synthesis of the Regional Syntheses. Contact: Larry Atkinson, Center for Coastal Physical
Oceanography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0276, USA, Tel. +1 757 683
4926, Fax. +1 757 683 5550; Renato Quiñones, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidad de
Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, CHILE, Tel. +56 41 203861, Fax. +56 41 256571
Finances. In Year 2001, the project completed an overall operation budget of $391,173 with
funds coming from the Research Council of Norway (NRC), SCOR, IGBP, University of Bergen
(UiB), IOC, and ICSU. These funds covered the administration costs of the project, overheads
for the project and facilities, publication costs, travel costs of the committee and activities, such
as meetings, workshops and symposia. In Year 2002, operating funds from NRC, SCOR, IOC,
UiB and IGBP, including residuals from Year 2000 and 2001, totals $366,821. The expected
expenditure for Year 2002 is $350,537. As of September 2002, the estimated balance is $16,296.
Other details are shown in the table below.
- 82 -
$
$
$
$
$
Committed JGTT (England, Matt)
Completed NASG (7)
$
$
$
$
Completed CMTT (5) 2nd
Committed CMTT (10) 3rd
Planned
CMTT (5-7) 4th
Completed
Completed
Completed
Completed
Cancelled
20,000
10,000
10,000
20,000
10,000
20,145
20,000
2,000
1,500
- 83 -
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
2,003
5,968
7,021
6,466
18,000
20,000
2,500
1,400
-
7-8 July
7-8 July
Workshop, Polar Margins (joint c/ LOICZ$0K, Sydney, CA)
5-11 May
Workshop, Tropical Margins (NCOR
28-30 Sept
Workshop, Subpolar Margins
Apr-02
Changed request: now 2 small Amsterdam 9-10, 11-12
Meetings (2 scientists)
July
Arcachon, France, Meeting
15-16 Jan
IGBP funds/Amsterdam
SCOR funds/Amsterdam
SCOR funds/IGBP OSC Speaker
SCOR funds/SSC & OSC mtgs
Cancelled
Dates
Purpose
SSC Administration, travel, misc. Reports, etc.
JGOFS SSC meeting and Committee activities
Jan & Feb 00
Springer-Verlag/Synthesis Book
IPO supplies, printing, HIB overhead (offices)
JGOFS SSC - minus lunches/coffee breaks @KNAS
Springer-Verlag Layout/Synthesis Book (2002)
CO2 Transport Workshop/Southampton
CMTT Synthesis Workshops
University and SCOR funds
Requested Budgets Approved Expenses Comments
$
183,000
$
183,000
NFR funds/ Administration
$
27,000
$
27,000
ACTIVITIES 2001
International Project Office (staff)
JGOFS IPO Operations
SSC Business
SSC Meeting (10+1) IGBP+OSC
SSC Meeting (9) SCOR+OSC
David Karl--repr. JGOFS @ OSC
Larry Atkinson--repr. JGOFS @ OSC
Executive Meeting (5)
Synthesis Groups and Task Teams
183,000
70,833
14,167
40,000
27,000
18,000
18,000
20,173
Status
Obligated
Obligated
40,000
27,000
20,145
20,000
20,000
20,173
Received
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$391,173
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$415,318
Budget
$
183,000
$
85,000
Year 2001 Budget *Final*
JGOFS SSC, SG, and TT Activities
Status
SOURCES
Confirmed Research Council of Norway (NRC)
Expected
SCOR funds (Mar-Dec 2001)
SCOR funds (Jan-'Feb 2000)
Committed ICSU funds
Confirmed University of Bergen (UiB)
Completed IGBP funds
deferred
IGBP funds (deferred to 2002)
Completed IOC funds (1st instalment)
Confirmed IOC funds (deferred to 2002)
Confirmed 2000 Carry over
Subtotal
DMTT (10) (airfare loses)
PJTT (9)
IOSG (3) Burkill and Watts
SOSG
Completed EPSG (LeBorgne and Feely)
Committed NPSG (Burkill, Taniguchi, Chen)
Completed GSWG(7) + E. Law (SF ALSO)
Other meetings and expenses
Completed Ambio Special Report/Printing
Ambio Special Report/Printing
open acct. SCOR Secretariat
Completed JGOFS-WOCE-IOC CO2 Transport
Completed Ambio editing (misc expenses)
Obligated JGOFS Springer-Verlag, Synthesis
Committed JGOFS Reports Series
Committed IAPSO-IABO Assembly
Subtotal
Balance
Cancelled
Planned
Completed
Planned
5,000
5,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
5,000
-
$
5,000
$
10,000
$
2,000
$
30,000
$
500
$
25,000
$
5,000
$
2,500
$448,645
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
5,813
5,000
7,847
2,000
6,449
2,027
-
- 84 -
$
5,166
$
2,334
$
1,082
$
18,895
$
619
$
25,050
$
4,200
$
2,726
$362,566
$ 28,607
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
ICSU funds
May
SCOR and UiB funds
SCOR/Conkright travel (USA)
7-8 July
IOC funds/Southampton
27-29 June
SCOR funds/Mardi Bowles
July
ICSU funds/Managing Editors, Honoraria, etc
SCOR and UiB funds/Reports
IAPSO-IABO Ocean Odyssey
21-28 Oct
Cancelled, Washington DC, USA
TT WKS-Meeting, 2-days; +Shimmield
12-17 Nov
Miami, USA, Meeting/Edit Synthesis
2-3 June
Workshop-meeting at Ocean Sciences
29-30 Jan
Hobart Meeting/Australia, DSR volume and New
Scientist article
Sydney, BC, Canada
October
Amsterdam, NL (est.)
6 July
Status
ACTIVITIES
Obligated International Project Office
International Project Office
Committe
d
SSC Meeting (19)
Cancelled Executive Meeting (5)
Synthesis Groups and Task Teams
Committe
d
CMTT (10-12)--Subpolar workshop
Committe
d
CMTT (10-12)--Global Synthesis
Planned JGTT (10+20)
Planned NASG
Planned DMTT (10)
JGOFS SSC, SG, and TT Activities
Status
SOURCES
Confirmed Resource Council of Norway (NRC)
Expected SCOR funds (Mar-Dec 2002)
Expected SCOR funds (Jan-'Feb 2003)
Confirmed University of Bergen (UiB)
Confirmed IGBP Secretariat
Confirmed IGBP Secretariat 2001
Confirmed IOC funds
Pending IOC funds
IOC final instalment
LOICZ funds
Confirmed SCOR residual form 2001
SCOR residual form 2000
Subtotal
Year 2002 Budget (today)
Budget
171,415 $
85,000 $
$
27,000 $
20,145 $
2,000 $
9,100 $
9,100 $
$
15,000 $
8,332 $
20,173 $
$367,265
5,000 $
20,000 $
$
$
10,000 $
$
$
$
40,000 $
10,000 $
$
$
- 85 -
19,100
3,654
Joint c/ IOC & LOCIZ@$10K each
Joint with GSWG (c/ GAIN 10K@ j
3 meetings
General Business Mtg plans
5,119 Joint c/ LOCIZ@$5K and IOC@9,100/Subpolar
40,000 IGBP/SCOR funds/Chile (Quinones)
- Cancelled
Comments
171,415 Office Administration (staff)
27,000 Office Operations (supplies, travel, etc.)
Planned
Purpose
171,415 Administration, travel, JGOFS Report Series
70,833 JGOFS SSC meeting and group activities
14,167 JGOFS SSC meeting and group activities
27,000 Office, supplies, printing, HIB overhead (offices)
20,145 SSC meeting
2,000 Springer-Verlag Publication/Technical
7,761 CMTT workshop
9,100 CMTT Global Synthesis Workshop
895 JGOFS WOCE Workshop (2001)
15,000 CMTT workshop & Global Synthesis
8,332 SCOR Secretariat
20,173 UIB account
$366,821
Requested Budget
Expenses
$
171,415 $
$
27,000 $
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
4-6 Dec
23-25 June
Multi/dates
28-28 Jan
April
23-35 Sept
Dates
$
$
SOSG
EPSG
NPSG (9)
GSWG (10+20)
Other meetings and expenses
10,000
4,000 $
2,000 $
$
$
$
$364,415
$
$
$
$
10,000
$
10,000 $
10,000 $
$
30,000 $
$
$
5,000 $
$
$
$
DMTT (tentative)
DMTT (tentative)
PJTT (9)
IOSG
Committe
d
Capacity Building/Training Course
Pending Angela Bonus Springer/Verlag book
Pending CMTT Book Publication
Undecided OSC Planning Committee
Undetermi
ned
SCOR Secretariat
Planned JGOFS Synthesis Books/IOSG Book
Planned JGOFS Reports Series
Corrections 2001
Returned to IOC
Subtotal
Balance
Planned
Planned
Planned
Obligated
Committe
d
Planned
Planned
Planned
- 86 -
4,000 Estimated travel expenses, Conkright (USA)
2,000 IGBP-$2K, Technical layout @ Springer-Verlag
10,000 SCOR and UiB funds
2,781 NPSG (Fernandez), IOSG (Burkill)
2,643 CMTT Workshop, Southampton
$350,537
$16,284
Cancelled
TB Reviewed at the SSC Meeting (Concepcion)
IOC funds/deferred to 2003
1,270 Possible Feb Meeting-.-Honolulu/ASLO OSM
775
15,072
10,000
1,654
28,000
September
February
Sep-02
26 June
Jan-03
Nov-01
10 February
11-12
February
Synthesis Workshop, Honolulu, Hawaii
Modeller workshop &business mtg, misc (budget $34K)
Meeting and Session @ PICES
Joint c/ JGTT and GAIM/ Workshop/Ispra
5,000 Ispra_ DM Rescue
Bremerhaven_Pangaea
715 Joint c/ PAGES
339 Ad hoc Mtg in Hawaii
Year 2003 Budget *Worksheet*
JGOFS SSC, SG, and TT Activities
Status
SOURCES
Confirmed Resource Council of Norway
$
Expected
SCOR funds (Mar-Dec 2003)
$
SCOR funds (Jan-'Feb 2004)
Confirmed University of Bergen (UiB)
$
Confirmed IGBP Secretariat
$
IGBP funds
$
IOC funds
$
Confirmed 2002 Carry over
$
Subtotal
$
Status
ACTIVITIES
Obligated
International Project Office
$
Committed SSC Meeting (19)
$
Undecided Executive Meeting (5)
Synthesis Groups and Task Teams
CMTT
$
JGTT (10)
NASG (10)
$
DMTT (10)
$
DMTT
$
PJTT (9)
IOSG (3)
$
SOSG
EPSG
$
NPSG (9)
GSWG (10)
$
Other meetings and expenses
Committed 3rd JGOFS OSC
$
SCOR Secretariat
JGOFS Reports Series
Subtotal
Balance
Book (IGBP funds)
2,000
20,000 Speakers
2,000 JGOFS business
10,000 Printing
$281,900
$49429
20,000 $
$
$
$323,900
$7,429
- 87 -
Meeting
10,000
11,000
Meetings
BODC Meeting
Jan-03
Pangaea (technical) Mar-03
13,000
10,000
8,000
May-03
Dates
Office, supplies, printing
SSC meeting
Springer Verlag Book
CMTT Book Technical Layout Springer
Purpose
Administration
JGOFS SSC activities
16,284
331,329
EXPENSES
Comments
209,900 Administration
40,000 Washington DC
Planned
182,900
70,833
14,167
27,000
20,145
2,000
Book (IOC funds)
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
10,000
27,000
20,145
2,000
10,000
11,296
328,341
REQUESTS
209,900
40,000
Budget
182,900
85,000
Minutes of the 18th Meeting of the Scientific Steering Committee
for the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study
Washington DC, USA
4 May 2003
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Opening and Welcome...................................................................................................... 1
Adoption of Agenda and Timeline ................................................................................... 1
Meeting Arrangements ..................................................................................................... 1
Old Business ..................................................................................................................... 1
A. IGBP Book Series Publication ................................................................................ 1
B. Third JGOFS Open Science Conference................................................................. 1
V. Synthesis Groups and Task Team Reports ....................................................................... 2
A. Data Management Task Team................................................................................. 2
B. Global Synthesis Working Group ........................................................................... 2
C. North Atlantic Synthesis Group .............................................................................. 3
D. Indian Ocean Synthesis Group................................................................................ 3
E.
Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group......................................................................... 3
F.
North Pacific Synthesis Group................................................................................ 4
G. Southern Ocean Synthesis Group............................................................................ 4
H. Continental Margins Task Team ............................................................................. 5
I.
JGOFS-GAIM Task Team ...................................................................................... 6
J.
Paleo-JGOFS Task Team ........................................................................................ 6
VI. International Programmes................................................................................................. 6
A. International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) ........................................ 6
1. Core Projects................................................................................................... 6
2. IGBP Congress ............................................................................................... 7
3. OCEANS (now IMBER) Transition Team..................................................... 7
B. Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR).............................................. 7
1. International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP) .......................... 7
2. SCOR-IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean Carbon Dioxide ................................. 7
3. Other Activities............................................................................................... 8
C. International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG).................................... 8
D. Global Ocean Observing System ............................................................................ 9
1. Ocean Observations Panel on Climate (OOPC) ............................................. 9
VII. International Project Office .............................................................................................. 9
A. Executive Officer Report ........................................................................................ 9
1. Office Closing............................................................................................... 10
B. Assistant Executive Officer Report....................................................................... 10
VIII. Other Business ................................................................................................................ 11
IX. Appendices...................................................................................................................... 12
Appendix I. List of Participants, Contact Information ................................................ 12
Appendix II. Draft Agenda and Timeline.................................................................... 14
Appendix III. IGBP Book Series Publication.............................................................. 16
Appendix IV. Conference Funds and Expenditures Report ........................................ 17
Appendix V. Data Management Task Team Report.................................................... 20
Appendix VI. Global Synthesis Working Group and JGTT Reports .......................... 22
Appendix VII. North Atlantic Synthesis Group Report .............................................. 24
Appendix VIII. Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group Report........................................ 26
Appendix IX. North Pacific Synthesis Group Report.................................................. 28
Appendix X. Southern Ocean Synthesis Group Report............................................... 32
Appendix XI. Coastal Margins Task Team Report .................................................... 34
Appendix XII. Paleo-JGOFS Task Team Report ....................................................... 35
Appendix XIII. International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group Report.................. 36
Appendix XIV. JGOFS Funds and Budget for 2002 ................................................... 37
Appendix XV. JGOFS Funds and Budget for 2003 (in progress) ............................... 38
Appendix XVI. JGOFS Calendars for 2002 and 2003 ................................................ 39
Appendix XVII. Tasks remaining to closing the International Project Offices........... 42
Appendix XVIII. JGOFS Core Parameter List ............................................................... 43
Appendix XIX. Data Rescue Report........................................................................... 47
Appendix XX. JGOFS-Pangaea Meeting Report ....................................................... 48
Appendix XXI. Letters to the Agencies...................................................................... 49
Appendix XXII. Agencies’ Addresses........................................................................ 51
Appendix XXIII. Oceanographic Data and Information Management ....................... 58
1
I.
Opening and Welcome
Ducklow opened the meeting at 09:40 and welcomed all participants (see Appendix I: List of
Participants and Contact Information). The Committee received regrets from Huasheng Hong,
Karin Lochte (Chair, Paleo-JGOFS Task Team), Douglas Wallace (Chair, SCOR/IOC Ocean
CO2 Advisory Panel), and Sturle Litland (IPO Financial Administrator). To set the tenor of
the final meeting of Scientific Steering Committee, he reminisced to the time when a small
group of willing writers of the JGOFS Science Plan met in this very room, Room #280 at the
U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and prepared the Science Plan for JGOFS. (Historical
note: the willing writers, led by Michael Fasham-UK, were Bodo von Bodungen-Germany,
Peter Brewer-USA, Kenneth Denman-Canada, Hugh Ducklow-USA, Geoff Evans-Canada,
Henry Elderfield-UK, Marlon Lewis-Canada, Trevor Platt-Canada, David Turner-Sweden,
Gerold Wefer-Germany and Bernt Zeitzschel-Germany). Ducklow also alluded to the
atmosphere of the present meeting by noting the present political environment and
conscientious opposition regarding the war against Iraq, the health concerns over “SARS” and
warnings to international travellers, which have prevented a couple SSC members and a few
participants from attending the final conference in the USA. He regretted their absence and
wished them all well.
II.
Adoption of Agenda and Timeline
The Committee approved the meeting agenda and timeline without changes (Appendix II).
The agenda included brief reports from the synthesis groups and task teams, and overall
progress since the 17th SSC Meeting in Concepción, Chile, in September 2002. The agenda
also included a review of the JGOFS legacy and our bequests to the next ocean program, the
closing of the International JGOFS Project Office in December 2003 and the production of
the International JGOFS Datasets DVD.
III. Meeting Arrangements
Stokke suggested travel assistance with reimbursements and presented some details on lunch
and dinner for SSC members/guests.
IV.
Old Business
Hanson presented a rapid review of the minutes of the 17th SSC meeting, focusing on the
latest status on the actions, and received very few comments. The minutes were approved
without changes. As with past meeting minutes, the Minutes of the 17th Meeting will be
available online and printed in an issue of the JGOFS Report Series.
A.
IGBP Book Series Publication
Ducklow announced that “Fasham’s” book on Ocean Biogeochemistry: The Role of the
Ocean Carbon Cycle in Global Change (Appendix III), recently published by Springer Verlag,
arrived in time for the Conference and that copies would be distributed to the SSC after the
meeting. Hanson mentioned that the University of Bergen purchased the 40 books at the
Conference. The books will be distributed to the Chairs of JGOFS, Conference Speakers and
best daily posters at the Conference Banquet. Broadgate reminded everyone that Springer
Verlag offers a 10% discount on all IGBP book series (see IGBP and JGOFS websites for
details;
www.igbp.kva.se/cgi-bin/php/publications_books.show.php?section_id=48
and
www.uib.no/jgofs/Publications/Books/synthesis_book_2.pdf)
B.
Third JGOFS Open Science Conference
2
Hanson reviewed fund raising and financial status of the Final Open Science Conference
regarding travel support for the participants from least developed countries (LDC) and
speakers (Appendix IV). The Conference is in good financial order.
V.
Synthesis Groups and Task Team Reports
A.
Data Management Task Team
Conkright reported on the latest DMTT activities with an emphasis on the accomplishments
(e.g., the DVD entitled “International JGOFS Data Collection. Volume 1: Discrete Datasets”),
which was distributed to all SSC members during the meeting and to all Conference
participants along with the conference package. Another accomplishment or lesson learned
from JGOFS is the need of a data management plan in an international project from the start,
i.e., included in the science plan. Schlitzer commented that one general weakness of the
current data management is that it is nationally funded. This distributive data management
causes a painful integration at the international level. Schlitzer recommends that future data
management frameworks be split by disciplines and not by countries, using the example of
WOCE, where several specific parts of the datasets were unified according to the discipline
and parameters, and not to the country of the data originator or of the cruise ship. Smith
commented that in such case, there is also a need for an agreement on methodology and on a
list of parameters related to the core science of the project.
Urban indicated that the OCEANS1 Transition Team does work with those ideas in mind and
will also work accordingly during the forthcoming IGBP congress in Banff. The SCOR will
also have some U.S. NSF funding to contribute to the follow up for discussions after the
IGBP congress. Broadgate reminded that the help of the JGOFS DMTT will be greatly
appreciated in the process of the preparation of the DM plans. Conkright stated that the
DMTT has worked incredibly hard and efficiently during the past few weeks in order to
create the DVD and that these efforts should be fully acknowledged. Ducklow reminded that
JGOFS DM efforts started in 1987 with the Data Management Working Group as it was then
called.
Ducklow thanked Conkright for her DM leadership and the DMTT for fulfilling its goals and
successfully contributing the final international DVD to the JGOFS legacy. A full report of
recent DMTT activities is given in Appendix V.
B.
Global Synthesis Working Group
Schlitzer reported on a meeting that was planned earlier to compare model approaches and
performances but later cancelled because several carbon model intercomparisons are currently
proceeding in the USA and Europe, in particular an initiative led by Ken Caldeira and Jim Orr
regarding a quantitative evaluation of physical/biogeochemical models for different
parameters, e.g., CFC. There is a discussion that some objective evaluations of the model be
made mandatory before publication of an article related to the model. Garçon indicated that it
is not always possible or simple and that the main issue here is honesty in all scientific works.
Avril agreed that ethics are essential at all stages of the model elaboration as well as for the
dataset evaluation. For example, full accessibility and documentation of datasets are now
often required before publications. Schlitzer concluded with a note on the GSWG/JGTT
modelling workshop in Ispra, Italy, last June. The Chairs of the Workshop are nearly finished
with the report, and we expect that it will be printed in the JGOFS Report later this summer
1
At the IGBP Congress in Banff, June 2003, the name OCEANS was changed to IMBER (Integrated Marine
Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research).
3
(IPO note: report arrived 15 July 2003, see Appendix VI; and the report was published in late
July after some editorial work at the IPO as the JGOFS Report 38, see
www.uib.no/jgofs/Publications/Report_Series/JGOFS_38.pdf).
Ducklow acknowledged Schlitzer’s strong and dedicated leadership with the Global Synthesis
Working Group and thanked him for GSWG contributions to the JGOFS legacy. The
Workshop report will be major international synthesis product.
C.
North Atlantic Synthesis Group
Garçon presented the latest activities for the NASG. A summary report is given in Appendix
VII. Briefly,
• The Group submitted several synthesis posters to the Final Open Science Conference;
• A specialized meeting took place in Toulouse, France, in mid-January 2003, under the
coordination of the POMME framework;
• At the OCEANS Meeting in Paris, NASG offered its perspective on how the North
Atlantic region would fit into the next ocean program. Sites were discussed (continental
margins, upwelling areas, and long-term time-series stations);
• The most recent NASG datasets are almost ready and most of the earlier datasets are
included in the international DVD;
• During the EGU-AGU conference in Nice in early April 2003, a specific session was
dedicated to NASG science.
Garçon expressed her thanks to the long-term support of Fasham and Ducklow for the NASG
activities. The AMT programme continues and members of the NASG are currently involved
in the preparation of the EUROCEANS programme.
Ducklow thanked Garçon for her intellectual fortitude and resilience with Synthesis Group
and bringing its activities to a successful synthesis and conclusion
D.
Indian Ocean Synthesis Group
Smith reported on the latest activities of the IOSG. Since 1991, a strong international presence
continues in the region, and some activities are still ongoing or currently planned in UK, GE,
IN and US. A synthesis book for the IGBP Book Series has been proposed with 10 chapters
and a first complete draft is expected in June, and finalized in Dec. 2003. Highlights of the
book may be seen in the IOSG synthesis poster by Smith at the Open Science Conference. On
the science side, the synthesis revealed that dust inputs of Fe are seasonal and linked with the
summer monsoon (upwelling and primary production). This dust creates some background
bias in remote sensing of ocean colour (overestimating plant biomass content by as much as
80%) and some strong anoxia in the North East, linked to physical (vigorous eddy) processes.
Because of the current political and economical situation in the region, there are new interests
and some new research possibilities, e.g., in fisheries and marine science in the North West of
the Arabian Sea.
Conkright acknowledged Smith’s accomplishments as guest editor of several Deep-Sea
Research II volumes on the Arabian Sea Process Study. Ducklow also expressed his gratitude
and credited the final successes of the IOSG synthesis to her insatiable enthusiasm and strong
leadership in the region
E.
Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group
Le Borgne reported on the latest activities of the EPSG. A full report is given in Appendix
VIII. Most of the activities are now in the frameworks of JAMSTEC or of TAO as well as in
4
some programmes in the USA and France, in particular the US JGOFS SMP (Synthesis and
Modelling Project) and PROOF Modélisation. In 2002 and 2003, a Deep-Sea Research II
special issue and a Journal of Geophysical Research special section on the Equatorial Pacific
synthesis were published.
Duck thanked Le Borgne for taking over the leadership of the EPSG from James Murray and
credited much of the final successes of the EPSG synthesis to his effort and dedication.
F.
North Pacific Synthesis Group
Bychkov reported on the latest activities of the NPSG. A full report is given in Appendix IX.
Several publications of relevance were mentioned: Deep-Sea Research II 49(24-25); Progress
in Oceanography, August 2003, PICES report May 2003; CD-ROM expected in March 2004
(published by JODC, www.jodc.go.jp/); J. Oceanography (Japan) expected for spring 2004.
A meeting is proposed in mid-Nov. 2003, in Nagoya, Japan, and funds were requested.
There is also a new Japanese project called SEEDS (Subarctic Pacific Iron Experiment for
Ecosystem Dynamics Study, www.maff.go.jp/mud/476.html), dealing with the iron in the NP,
and some intercalibration measurements of CO2, which are currently exhibiting fundamental
problems. SEEDS was funded by the Japanese Ministry of Environment for three years
(2001-2003). The study was originally proposed in the Advisory Panel on Iron Fertilization
Experiment (IFEP) at the 8th North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) meeting.
Anderson indicated that those problems are related to errors or uncertainties in the
dissociation constants, which might vary regionally. Tilbrook also mentioned that the
temperature dependence of those constants is not well known, and that there are several
problems in the CO2 measurement techniques. In this regard, Garçon urged the improvement
of the core parameters, in particular the CO2 system, before OCEANS (now called IMBER).
Ducklow thanked Bychkov and Saino for leading the NPSG and following through on the
North Pacific Process Study, which by the way is still ongoing. The group remains active and
maintains a healthy dialogue about the science in the region.
G.
Southern Ocean Synthesis Group
Tréguer reported on SOSG accomplishments under six scientific questions (below). A full
national report is given in Appendix X.
Question 1: What role does the Southern Ocean (SO) play in the contemporary global cycle
of carbon and related elements?
• For oceanographers, the SO is a net sink of CO2 (>50°S): -0.1 to -0.6 GtC yr-1, but it is not
a sink in atmosphere inversion models.
• The modelled penetration of anthropogenic CO2 is very active >50°S but anthropogenic
CO2 is rapidly transported northward isopycnally.
• The modelled interannual variability of the net CO2 sink is ±0.2 GtC yr-1
Question 2: What controls the magnitude and variability of the primary production and
export production?
• The export of particulate organic carbon is very efficient in the SO with regards to the
limited Primary Production, but the export of carbon deeper than the ventilation depth is
not different compared to the rest of the world ocean, indicating that this carbon flux is
actively degraded within the “twilight” zone.
5
• Co-limitation (light, Fe, Si …) is involved in the limitation of primary productivity in this
huge HNLC zone.
• Today’s Fe fertilisation experiments at mesoscale have not been successful in showing
that Fe addition in surface waters can enhance a more active biological pump of carbon.
Question 3: What are the major features of spatial and temporal variability in the physical
and chemical environments?
• The classical view of latitudinal bands of contrasted marine environments around
Antarctica is still alive, but evidence of the importance of west-east gradients is provided,
especially from satellite views of eolian transported material (cf. trace-metals).
• Numerous sophisticated models now account for the complexity of the merry-go-round
Antarctic ecosystems.
• Importance both of diatoms and Phaeocystis antarctica for carbon export to depth.
• Large scale distributions of krill and salps, the two major large grazers, show they usually
inhabit different environments.
Question 4: What is the effect of sea ice zone (SIZ) in and to the SO?
• The seasonal waxing of sea ice around Antarctica is one of the largest seasonal signals on
planet Earth.
• The sea ice has to be regarded as a unique system which supports a complex trophic
network.
• Estimate of epontic-algae primary production is 0.04 GtC yr-1, i.e. 10% of the Seasonal Ice
Zone primary production.
• Importance of P. antarctica blooms in the SIZ that cause intense dimethylsulfide (DMS)
emission.
• Large deviations from the classical Redfield ratio have been reported.
Question 5: How has the role of the SO changed in the past?
• The biogeochemistry of the SO is very sensitive to climate change.
• Different scenarios are proposed to explain the why and the how of the changing intensity
of the biological pump of carbon during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) compared to
the modern ocean.
• One of these scenarios considers that during the LGM the primary production increased
north of the Polar Front due to inputs of nutrients (especially Si) and enhanced eolian
inputs of Fe.
Question 6: How might the role of the SO change in the future?
• We have indications that the biogeochemistry of the SO is already changing.
• Different coupled physical-biogeochemical models show that the SO is very sensitive to
climate change in case of doubling the atmosphere CO2. They predict rather big changes
in the SO, in regards to the sink of CO2 and to the flux of carbon exported to depth.
• We need improved understanding and parameterizations for accurate predictions.
Ducklow thanked Tréguer (and Bathmann, Past Chair) for the leadership in guiding the SOSG
synthesis over the years.
H.
Continental Margins Task Team
Quiñones reported on the CMTT synthesis activities. A full report is given in Appendix XI.
The progress on the Springer Verlag book is proceeding strong. In December, Atkinson
hosted the Global Synthesis Workshop in the USA. During the workshop, the CMTT agreed
on the lead editorship, which is now K.-K. Liu with contributing co-editors of Atkinson,
6
Quiñones, and Talaue-McManus. Another decision of requesting an assistant for Liu gained
support from the IPOs of LOICZ and JGOFS. The editors have received about 15 of the 50
contributions to the book and hope to have about 90% by June. The final draft manuscript is
expected by the end of the year. IGBP approved the pre-proposal in March and Springer
expects to publish it in 2004.
Ducklow thanked Quiñones and extended his thanks to Liu and the CMTT. Continental
margins did not receive the attention deserved in the past. However through the strong efforts
the CMTT in recent years, we have greatly advanced our knowledge of the processes at the
ocean boundary.
I.
JGOFS-GAIM Task Team
Monfray reported briefly on JGTT activities. The JGTT/GSWG Workshop in Ispra proved
very successful as summarised by Schlitzer earlier. The Workshop report is nearly completed
and is a good synthesis of the JGOFS ocean modelling and issues. The JGTT assisted the
OCEANS (IMBER) Open Science Meeting in Paris and contributed to drafting the science
plan. Efforts are continuing with regard to the OCMIP model intercomparison (with the
“Taylor table”, e.g., CFC, CO2…) but at different speeds and emphasis in the EU and USA.
The EU recently approved funds for the “Northern Ocean Carbon Exchange Study” (NOCES,
www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/OCMIP/phase3/#NOCES), a collaborative effort involving five different
European countries: France, UK, Belgium, Germany, and Norway. NOCES will be the first
ocean model Intercomparison to focus on interannual-decadal variability, to use multiple
ocean carbon cycle models to simulate decadal variability, to focus on associated
mechanisms, and to include an inverse atmospheric modelling component. Last month, Jim
Orr organized the first annual meeting of NOCES in Nice, France.
J.
Paleo-JGOFS Task Team
Lochte sent the PJTT report and it is given in Appendix XII. Hanson read the report into the
minutes.
VI.
International Programmes
A.
International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP)
Broadgate mentioned that IGBP is pleased that JGOFS is still very active in its last year, and
also helpful in the planning of OCEANS (IPO note: the acronym was changed and approved
as IMBER, Integrated Marine Biochemistry and Ecosystem Research, by IGBP and SCOR in
Banff, Canada, June 2003).
1. Core Projects
Broadgate mentioned that SOLAS (Chair: Peter Liss; website: www.solas-int.org), is a joint
initiative of IGBP, SCOR, WCRP (World Climate Research Programme,
www.wmo.ch/web/wcrp/wcrp-home.html) and CACGP (Commission on Atmospheric
Chemistry and Global Pollution), and it is requesting nomination for Members of their
Working Groups in their 3 Focus areas and for modelling and data management. Regarding
LOICZ II, it will possess a strong socio-economical compartment linked to IHDP and SCOR
will co-sponsor Theme 3: Fate and transformation of materials in coastal and shelf waters.
The new joint Global Carbon Project (GCP, www.globalcarbonproject.org/) of the Earth
System Science Partners (ESSP, www.ess-p.org/) will create some new connections and
coordination effort between the different international programmes.
7
2. IGBP Congress
Broadgate mentioned that the IGBP Congress in Banff, Canada, will be held in June and will
focus on building Connectivities in the Earth System Science. Several SSC meetings,
Transition Teams, National IGBP Representatives and IGBP SC will meet along with the
Directors and Representatives of WCRP, IHDP and DIVERSITAS and contribute to Plenary
Sessions and Working Groups on relevant issues of Earth System Science. The outputs from
the morning Plenary Sessions and WGs, including the Session on Ocean Data Management
are now available online (cf. IGBP Congress website at www.igbp.kva.se/congress/). Several
JGOFS scientists were in attendance and supported the Plenary Sessions and Working
Groups.
3. OCEANS (now IMBER) Transition Team
Monfray, Co-Chair of the OCEANS (now called IMBER) Transition Team, presented a
detailed overview of the project. The general setup for the future programme is organised
under several overarching questions on natural and anthropogenic forcings, and mechanistic
relationship between the elemental cycling and the ecosystem dynamics, and several foci or
themes on interactions, sensitivity and feedbacks, along with several sub-themes. The
domains of the programme with special emphasis will cover continental margins, mesopelagic
layer and high latitude regions. The Science Plan and Implementation Strategy (SPIS) draft
will be released in late May and then discussed at the IGBP Congress. A new draft of the
SPIS is expected in September. There remains a need for more interactions with other
projects, e.g., GLOBEC, LOICZ II, SOLAS, PAGES and GAIM, and international
programmes, e.g., WCRP-CLIVAR, IGOS-GOOS, DIVERSITAS-CoML, and IHDP, as well
as new support for development of new projects.
B.
Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR)
1. International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP)
Urban emphasised the activities and future plans of the International Ocean Carbon
Coordination Project (IOCCP, ioc.unesco.org/ioccp/), which is a joint project of SCOR-IOC
Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2 and the Global Carbon Project of the IGBP, IHDP and WCRP.
The project office is located at UNESCO/IOC with Maria Hood at the helm. The objectives of
IOCCP include (i) develop a compilation and synthesis of information on ocean carbon, (ii)
promote an integration of international research program, (iii) coordinate regional science
groups, and (iv) organise groups to promote standardised measurement techniques and
improve accessibility of carbon datasets. The IOCCP held its first workshop in Paris
following the OCEANS Open Science Meeting. A background paper on the IOCCP and the
workshop by Sabine, C.L. and M. Hood, New Levels of International Cooperation among
Ocean Carbon Scientists, will be released soon in Eos, Trans. AGU (in press), which was
circulated
at
the
meeting.
The
workshop
report
is
online
at
www.ioc.unesco.org/iocweb/co2panel/OCCPws.html and now available on a CD ROM (for
copies, contact Hood at IOC, Paris, France). Sabine also presented an IOCCP poster at the
JGOFS Open Science Conference. Other issues that the panel will handled include ocean
measurements in the EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) and carbon measurements in low
sampled regions of the ocean with CLIVAR.
2. SCOR-IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean Carbon Dioxide
In Wallace’s absence, Urban reported briefly on the Advisory Panel and activities. The
Advisory Panel is making plans to support the SCOR-IOC Symposium on “Oceans in a High
CO2 World”. The symposium will bring together ocean scientists for an interdisciplinary
examination of the issues related to the ocean in a high-CO2 world, including potential
8
effectiveness, risks, and unknowns in the sequestration of carbon dioxide in the ocean. The
panel has maintained a strong link with GOOS over the years and has now linked with GCP
of the ESSP. Future mandate of the Panel is uncertain.
3. Other Activities
Urban also remarked that SCOR is strongly involved in the planning of a symposium next
year on the “Ocean in a High CO2 World”, co-sponsored with IOC with help from the SCORIOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2, next year in Europe. U.S. National Science Foundation
and the Research Council of Norway is providing partial financial support and additional
support is being sought. The symposium will address present knowledge and uncertainties
related to purposeful sequestration of CO2 in the ocean, ocean CO2 sequestration policy, and
research needs, protocols and standards. A number of products are planned: a rapid release of
their recommendations on the future research priorities, and a special, peer-reviewed issue in
a scientific journal in 2005. More information is found on the SCOR web site:
www.jhu.edu/scor .
SCOR Working Group 109 on Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater, co sponsored by IUPAC
(International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry), produced it first product: The
Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater by David R. Turner and Keith A. Hunter, now available
from Wiley books. A subgroup of the working group also conducted a low level iron
intercalibration exercise and an article is being prepared for Eos.
Another relevant Working Group, WG 120 on Marine Phytoplankton and Global Climate
Regulation is now underway and plans to produce a book on climate-relevant information
about Phaeocystis and other DMS-producing phytoplankton.
C.
International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG)
Platt reported on the IOCCG (see also Appendix XIII) and mentioned that it originated from
the former JGOFS Remote Sensing Task Team. Its most important role internationally is the
preparation of monographs and the organization of training courses for scientists from the
least developed countries. Early in JGOFS history, ocean observation was characterized by
the development of new methods and the acceptance of a new “climate quality” parameters,
for example ocean colour or chlorophyll as measured from CZCS and SeaWiFS. Data streams
from SeaWiFS continue and there is a strong need to maintain the continuity of the data
stream from SeaWiFS because the newest sensors are not available to all or easily accessible.
Likewise, the data flow of “climate quality” parameters need more integration and
international collaborations.
The newest sensors, such as MODIS-TERRA and AQUA or MERIS, do not provide data yet
to all scientific communities, and no specific, new efforts have been made in the data
distribution or integration between all satellites and sensors. There is a need to coordinate the
different sensors, according to their proprieties and performances. There is also a need for the
full support of the scientific community, which is one of the main end users as well as its
financial commitment to the maintenance of the systems, for a total of ~2-4 million USD per
year. In addition, some “pressure” regarding proper data management and data policy towards
the space agencies is needed. Currently, an unofficial “Future of SeaWiFS” website
(www.ccpo.odu.edu/~orca/SeaWiFS/Future_of_SeaWiFS.html) has been set up to survey the
degree of community support, both nationally and internationally, for continuing SeaWiFS
observations. Many seem unaware of the scheduled demise of the SeaWiFS mission in
December 2003. An open forum should provide an accurate consensus and allow the
SeaWiFS-user community to present a united front. A Community Letter with the survey
information will be forwarded to US Congress and various US and foreign agencies.
9
It is noted that the current activities of IGOS and GOOS are more related to “aggregation”
rather than “integration”
Ducklow thanked Platt for the report on satellites and sensors and then recognized his long
contributions to JGOFS and Ocean Futures Meetings. He reminded that it was Platt who
initially suggested that JGOFS be a time-defined project, which provided some additional
freedom to JGOFS and allowed a more dynamic strategy.
D.
Global Ocean Observing System
1. Ocean Observations Panel on Climate (OOPC)
Haugan noted that an overview of the restructured GOOS and relevant ongoing activities was
given at the last SSC meeting in Concepción, and that he would briefly update us on some
recent
activities
within
GOOS.
Under
co-sponsorship
of
OOPC
(www.ioc.unesco.org/goos/oopc.htm), CLIVAR and POGO, a global ocean time series
observatory system is under development, linking some carbon and biogeochemistry
observations, as another “Pilot Project”. This project would be of finite duration with specific
objectives aimed at testing and evaluating candidate systems, testing and evaluating routine
operation and data delivery mechanisms, developing standards and formats for data exchange,
and much more.
Within GOOS there are two Advisory Panels: the OOPC and the COOP (Coastal Ocean
Observations Panel). The COOP is a merger of HOTO, LMR and C-GOOS. The Scope of
COOP is to plan and facilitate the implementation of an end-to-end observing system to
provide systematic data sets and products to users. Goals are to monitor, assess, and predict
effects of natural variations and human activities on the marine environment and ecosystems
of the coastal ocean. Although the emphasis will be on coastal ecosystems (e.g., estuaries,
bays, sounds, fjords, open waters of the continental shelf), boundaries will be determined by
the problems being addressed and the products to be produced. The focus will be on design
and implementation of a sustained and integrated system, and as an end-to-end system from
measurements to the timely distribution of products.
Ducklow thanked Haugan for maintaining JGOFS linkage in these groups.
VII.
International Project Office
A.
Executive Officer Report
Hanson reported on the International Project Office (IPO) and activities since the meeting in
Concepción. Over the past 8 months, the IPO raised approximately 53,000 USD of external
funds for scientists from Least Developed Country to attend the 3rd JGOFS Open Science
Conference, general support of the Open Science Conference, and regional and global
workshops of the Continental Margins Task Team. The Assistant Executive Officer, Bernard
Avril, contributed significant time and effort over the past months and years in the collection
of information on participating national JGOFS projects and cruises since 1988, and with the
DMTT, he helped produce the "International JGOFS Data Collection. Volume 1: discrete
datasets". The Financial Assistant, Sturle Litland, completed the official 2002 budget and it is
provided in Appendix XIV. The 2003 budget remains strong and open but far from complete
(see Appendix XV) as we moved from the 2002 Calendar into 2003 Calendar (Appendix
XVI). The staff is presently making plans to close the Office on 31 December 2003 (see
Office Closing below), after what all IPO activities will cease. However, minimal support will
continue with essential documentation and web site information on a voluntary basis and as
time permits.
10
1. Office Closing
Hanson informed the SSC that the International Project Office plans to close its offices at the
University of Bergen on 31 December 2003. In September after the final JGOFS Executive
Meeting in Bergen, the Executives and the Office will hold a banquet, in part in closing the
Office, to honour of our Norwegian hosts and friends at the Research Council of Norway and
the University of Bergen. The JGOFS community has much to be grateful for and
appreciative of over the past 8 years. Without the continuous financial and facility supports in
Norway, JGOFS and the SSC would not have functioned as well as they have.
Efforts are now underway to transfer and archive JGOFS and IPO holdings and documents
from 1996 to the present to the University of Bergen, libraries in the USA and Norway,
National and World Data Centre system, and to future programmes via IGBP and SCOR.
However, many tasks remain (Appendix XVII). The official financial records covering
JGOFS activities/accounts over the past eight years will be held at the University in Norway.
Office copies of all transactions will be archived for as long as it is deemed necessary at the
Centre for Studies of the Environment and Resources. For future reference and access to the
financial records, the IPO will provide contact information of the responsible person(s) at the
University to SCOR and IGBP. Other complete holdings, such as the JGOFS Report Series,
Annual Reports to SCOR, IGBP and Norwegian Research Council over the years will be
transferred to the National Library in Norway (Mo i Rana) and all collected series from 1988
to 2003 will be transferred to the Library at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and held
with the US JGOFS Planning Office and Data Management records, reports, and historical
documents. The JGOFS website, which will be maintained regularly, will remain online at
least for one year and will also be copied on CD ROMs, and transferred to the SCOR, IGBP,
selected libraries and interested individuals, and possibly to future ocean programmes if
requested before Office closure.
During the discussion on closing and archiving office documents, Quiñones recommended
that the SSC strongly consider hiring a historian of marine sciences, such as Eric Mills, to
record JGOFS history and accomplishments. The SSC expressed interest in the idea, and
Ducklow supported Quiñones recommendation. No action was taken at the time. However,
Ducklow would follow up on the recommendation.
B.
Assistant Executive Officer Report
For the period from September 2002 to May 2003, the Assistant Executive Officer reported
that he provided general assistance to the IPO Executive Officer and to the DMTT, as
required: improvement and update of the International JGOFS website; update the list of
JGOFS publication references; support in the preparation of the artwork and main
documentation of the International JGOFS DVD, for the transfer of datasets from the
Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan and Spain for the International JGOFS DVD; and facilitating
the IPO funding for the International JGOFS DVD production. The main achievements are
the final version of the JGOFS core parameters list (see Appendix XVIII), the co-organization
of and participation in the "JGOFS-PANGAEA" meeting in Bremen, Germany, the
participation in the final DMTT meeting in Bidston, UK, the publication of reports regarding
the "Data Rescue" meeting, Ispra, Italy (see Appendix XIX) and the "JGOFS-PANGAEA"
meeting, Bremen, Germany (Appendix XX), the preparation of and sending of letters to about
150 funding agencies and programme managers (Appendix XXI), the promotion of JGOFS
activities regarding data and information management through poster, oral or slide show
presentations [see, bottom of www.uib.no/jgofs/about.html] in "Colour of Ocean Data"
symposium, Brussels, Belgium, Nov. 2002 (see, www.vliz.be/En/Activ/Events/Cod/cod.htm);
OCEANS conference, Paris, France, Jan. 2003 (www.igbp.kva.se/obe/); IOC/IODE 17th
Session, Paris, France, Mar. 2003 (www.ioc.unesco.org/iode/categories.php?category_
11
no=82); EGU-AGU Conference, Nice, France, Apr. 2003 (www.copernicus.org/egsagueug);
Final JGOFS OSC, Washington DC, USA, May 2003 (www.usjgofs.whoi.edu/osc2003.html).
In addition, the Assistant Executive Officer is currently involved in the OCEANS [now
IMBER] Transition Team activities regarding its data and information management, taking
advantage of the lessons learned from JGOFS (Appendix XXII).
VIII. Other Business
Ducklow asked for other business. Since none was offered, Ducklow asked that the SSC to
remain in the room after the Meeting adjourns. He adjourned the meeting at 16:15. A SSC
Appreciation Reception immediately followed with delicious dark chocolate cake and French
Champagne, gifts and fun. Everyone most enjoyed Ducklow’s “musical books game” to
distribute his four favourite literary books among the members and guests. The most
contested book was "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" by Thomas S. Kuhn. His other
favourites were "Master and Commander" by Patrick O'Brian, "The Crystal Desert: Summers
in Antarctica" by David G. Campbell, and "The Dream of Scipio" by Iain Pears.
12
IX.
Appendices
Appendix I.
List of Participants, Contact Information
Chair
DUCKLOW, HUGH - JGOFS NASG, IGBP-SC. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of
William and Mary, Route 1208-Greate Road, Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062-1346, USA Tel.
+1 804 684 7180, Fax. +1 804 684 7293, [email protected]
Vice Chair
GARÇON, VÉRONIQUE - JGOFS NASG (Chair). Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et
Océanographie Spatiales, CNRS, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, F-31055 Toulouse Cedex, FRANCE Tel.
+33 5 6133 2957, Fax. +33 5 6125 3205, [email protected]
Executive Science Officer
HANSON, ROGER B. - JGOFS IPO. JGOFS International Project Office, Centre for Studies of
Environment and Resources, University of Bergen, Post Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY Tel.
+47 5558 4244, Fax. +47 5558 9687, [email protected]
At-large Members
ANDERSON, ROBERT (BOB) - Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61
Route 9W, P.O. Box 1000, Palisades, New York 10964-1000, USA Tel. +1 845 365 8508, Fax. +1
845 365 8155, [email protected]
HANSELL, DENNIS - Division of Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry, Rosenstiel School of Marine
and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149,
USA Tel. +1 305 361 4078, Fax. +1 305 361 4689, [email protected]
HAUGAN, PETER - JGOFS ISCAP, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Allégaten 70, N5007 Bergen, NORWAY Tel. +47 5558 26 78, Fax. +47 5559 9883, [email protected]
HONG, HUASHENG (regrets received) - College of Oceanography and Environmental Science,
Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, CHINA, P.R.C. Tel. +86 592 218 2216, Fax. +86 592
209 5242, [email protected]
TILBROOK, BRONTE - JGOFS NCP (AU), Division of Marine Research, Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIRO), GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, AUSTRALIA.
Tel: +61 3 6232 5273, Fax: +61 3 6232 5000, [email protected]
SAINO, TOSHIRO - JGOFS NPTT (Vice-Chair), Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Science
(IHAS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chigusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8601, JAPAN. Tel. +81 52 789
3487, Fax. +81 52 789 3436, [email protected]
SSC Members
BYCHKOV, ALEKSANDR (ALEX) - JGOFS NPTT (Chair), North Pacific Marine Science
Organization (PICES), c/o Institute of Ocean Sciences, 9860 West Saanich Road, P.O. Box 6000,
Sidney V8L 4B2, B.C., CANADA Tel. +1-250 363 6364, Fax. +1-250 363 6827, [email protected]
CONKRIGHT-GREGG, MARGARITA - JGOFS DMTT (Chair), NOAA, Program Planning and
Implementation Office, 1315 East-West Highway, Room 15752, Silver Spring, MD 20910-3282, USA
Tel. +1 301 713 1622, ext. 185, Fax. +1 301 713 0585, [email protected]
LE BORGNE, ROBERT - JGOFS EPSG (Chair), Centre de Nouméa, Institut de Recherche pour le
Développement (IRD), 101 Promenade Roger Laroque, B.P. A5, F-98848 Nouméa Cedex, Nouvelle
Calédonie, FRANCE Tel. +33 4 9104 1657, Fax. +33 4 9104 1635, [email protected]
13
LOCHTE, KARIN (regrets received) - JGOFS PJTT (Chair), JGOFS NCP (GE). FB Marine
Biogeochemie, Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105
Kiel, GERMANY Tel. +49 431 600 4250, Fax. +49 431 565 876, [email protected]
MONFRAY, PATRICK - JGOFS GSWG, JGTT (Co-Chair), SOSG, Laboratoire d'Etudes en
Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales, CNES-CNRS-IRD-UPS, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, F-31401
Toulouse Cedex 4, FRANCE Tel. +33 5 6133 2902, Fax. +33 5 6125 3205, [email protected]
PLATT, TREVOR - IOCCG (Chair), Biological Oceanography Division, Bedford Institute of
Oceanography, P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, CANADA. Tel: +1 902 426 3793,
Fax: +1 902 426 9388, [email protected]
QUIÑONES, RENATO - JGOFS/LOICZ CMTT (Co-Chair), JGOFS NCP (CL). Departamento de
Oceanografia, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, CHILE. Tel. +56 41 203 861,
Fax. +56 41 256 571, [email protected]
SCHLITZER, REINER - JGOFS GSWG (Chair), Department of GeoSystem, Alfred-Wegener
Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Columbusstraße, P.O. Box 120161, D-27515
Bremerhaven, GERMANY. Tel: +49 471 4831 1559, Fax: +49 471 4831 1149, [email protected]
SMITH, SHARON - JGOFS IOSG (Chair), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science
(RSMAS), University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL- 33149-1098, USA. Tel:
+1 305 361 4819, Fax: +1 305 361 4600, [email protected]
TRÉGUER, PAUL - JGOFS/PAGES PJTT, JGOFS SOSG (Chair), Institut Universitaire Européen
de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (IUEM / UBO), Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Place Nicolas
Copernic, F-29280 Plouzané, FRANCE. Tel.:+33 2 9849 8664, Fax: +33 2 9849 8645,
[email protected]
WALLACE, DOUGLAS (DOUG) - (regrets received) - ISCAP (Chair), JGOFS NASG, FB Marine
Biogeochemie, Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel (IfM-Kiel), Düsternbrooker Weg 20,
D-24105 Kiel, GERMANY. Tel: +49 431 600 4200, Fax: +49 431 600 174201, [email protected]
IGBP Secretariat
BROADGATE, WENDY - IGBP Deputy Director, Natural Sciences. IGBP Secretariat, Royal
Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, S-104 05 Stockholm, SWEDEN Tel. +46 8 6739 559,
Fax: +46 8 166 405, [email protected]
SCOR Secretariat
URBAN, EDWARD (ED) - SCOR Executive Director, SCOR Secretariat, Department of Earth and
Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Olin Hall, San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD
21218, USA Tel. +1 410 516 4070, Fax. +1 410 516 4019, [email protected]
JGOFS International Project Office
AVRIL, BERNARD - JGOFS IPO (Assistant Executive Science Officer), JGOFS International
Project Office, Centre for Studies of Environment and Resources, University of Bergen, Post Box
7800, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY. Tel: +47 5558 4249, Fax: +47 5558 9687,
[email protected]
STOKKE, JUDITH - JGOFS IPO (Administrative Assistant), JGOFS International Project Office,
Centre for Studies of Environment and Resources, University of Bergen, Post Box 7800, N-5020
Bergen, NORWAY. Tel. +47 5558 4246, Fax. +47 5558 9687, [email protected]
14
Appendix II.
Draft Agenda and Timeline
Opening (0930, Sunday, 4 May 2003)
Welcome and Opening Address
Hugh Ducklow
Adoption of Agenda
Hugh Ducklow
Travel and Local Arrangements
Judy Stokke
Old Business
Minutes of the 17th Meeting (Actions)
Roger Hanson
IGBP/Springer-Verlag Book
Hugh Ducklow
Third Open Science Conference
Brief Report and Update
Hugh Ducklow
Financial Support (People, funds, etc)
Roger Hanson
Synthesis Groups & Task Team Reports
Brief Update on Activities
All Chairs
International Programme Reports
International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme
Joint Projects
Wendy Broadgate
OCEANS Transition Team
Patrick Monfray
Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research
Carbon Observing Workshop
Ed Urban
International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group
Trevor Platt
Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2
Peter Haugan
Global Ocean Observing System (OOPC)
Peter Haugan
International Project Office
Executive Officer Report
Roger Hanson
IPO Closure, Finances, Calendar, etc
Assistant Executive Officer Report
Bernard Avril
Data and Information Management, etc
Other Business
Adjourn
Reception follows
Hugh Ducklow
15
Meeting Timeline
Times are approximate and topics may change or shift.
Time
Sunday, 4 May 2003
09:30 Welcome and Opening Address
Chair's Report
Adoption of Agenda
Local Arrangements
09:45 Old Business
Minutes of the 17th SSC Meeting (Concepción)
IGBP/Springer-Verlag Book
10:00 JGOFS Open Science Conference
Brief report, fund raising and expense report
10:30
Break
11:00 Synthesis Groups & Task Teams Reports (Briefs)
GSWG, NASG, SOSG, IOSG, NPSG, EQSG, DMTT, PJTT, JGTT,
12:30
Lunch
13:30 International Reports (Briefs)
IGBP, SCOR, IOCCG, CO2 Panel, GOOS/OOPC
14:30 International Project Office
Executive Officer Report: Legacy, Budget, Calendar, etc; Assistant Executive Officer
Report: Data and Information Management, etc
15:15 Other Business
15:30 Adjourn the Final SSC
15:30 Reception follows the SSC Meeting
17:30 JGOFS OSC Registration and Reception
16
Appendix III.
IGBP Book Series Publication
Fasham, M.J.R., Southampton Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK (Ed.), Ocean
Biogeochemistry: The Role of the Ocean Carbon Cycle in Global Change
2003 XVIII, 297 p. 130 illus. Hardcover
3-540-42398-2
Recommended Retail Price: EUR 99.95
Oceans account for 50% of the anthropogenic CO2 released into the atmosphere. During the
past 15 years an international programme, the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), has
been studying the ocean carbon cycle to quantify and model the biological and physical
processes whereby CO2 is pumped from the ocean's surface to the depths of the ocean, where
it can remain for hundreds of years.
This project is one of the largest multidisciplinary studies of the oceans ever
carried out and this book synthesises
the results. It covers all aspects of the
topic ranging from air-sea exchange
with CO2, the role of physical mixing,
the uptake of CO2 by marine algae, the
fluxes of carbon and nitrogen through
the marine food chain to the subsequent
export of carbon to the depths of the
ocean. Special emphasis is laid on
predicting future climatic change.
Keywords: Global change, IGBP,
Ocean biogeochemistry, Joint Global
Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), Ocean
carbon cycle, Carbon dioxide, Climate
change,
Ocean
Food
Webs,
Biogeochemical Cycles
Contents:
Introduction.Biogeochemical Provinces: Towards a
JGOFS Synthesis.- Physical Transport
of Nutrients and the Maintenance of
Biological Production.- Continental
Margin Exchanges.- Phytoplankton and
their Role in Primary, New and Export Production.- Carbon Dioxide Fluxes in the Global
Ocean.- Water Column Biogeochemistry below the Euphotic Zone.- The Impact of Climate
Change and Feedback Processes on the Ocean Carbon Cycle.- Benthic Processes and the
Burial of Carbon.- Global Ocean Carbon Cycle Modeling.- Temporal Studies of
Biogeochemical Processes Determined from Ocean Time-Series Observations during the
JGOFS Era.- JGOFS: A Retrospective View.
17
Appendix IV.
Conference Funds and Expenditures Report
Hanson reported.
International JGOFS, Project Office and University of Bergen
Amount
Fund Sources
(USD)
JGOFS SSC Members and Speakers
40 000 SCOR/IGBP
Open Science Conference Speakers
20 000 SCOR/JGOFS
Funds Raised for LDC Scientists
33 000 APN, START,
SCOR, IAI
7 500 International
Project Office
13 500 University of
Bergen
5 000 SCOR/JGOFS
Norwegian Guests
Conference Receptions and
Conference Breaks
Middle Eastern Scientists
Total (estimated)
119 000
Lists
see List of Conference
Speakers and Funding
Sources
see List of Conference
Speakers and Funding
Sources
see List of LDC scientists
Johannessen, Sakshaug,
possibly another
Smithsonian and National
Academy of Science
Oguz (Turkey), Ahmed
(Oman), and Kutub (Israel)
18
List of Conference Speakers and Funding Sources (as of March)
International
Funding
US JGOFS
Funding
OSC
SSC
Source
SSC
Source
Speakers
Anderson
SCOR/IGBP
Abbott
NSF
Gruber
Ducklow
SCOR/IGBP
Brewer
NSF
Atkinson
Garcon
SCOR/IGBP
Carr
NSF
Barber
SCOR/IGBP
Doney
NSF
Boyd
LeBorgne
SCOR/IGBP
Karl
NSF
Browner
Monfray
SCOR/IGBP
Knap
NSF
Burkill
Platt
SCOR/IGBP
McCarthy
NSF
de Baar
Quiñones
SCOR/IGBP
McGillicuddy NSF
Dickey
Schlitzer
SCOR/IGBP
Michaels
NSF
Feely
Smith
SCOR/IGBP
Sarmiento
NSF
Field
Tilbrook
SCOR/IGBP
Siegel
NSF
Hall
Tréguer
SCOR/IGBP
Wanninkhof SCOR/JGOFS Harris
Jahnke
SSC members: non-speakers
Bychkov
SCOR/IGBP
KK Liu
Conkright
SCOR/IGBP
Lampitt
Hansell
SCOR/IGBP
Laws
Haugan
SCOR/IGBP
Le Quéré
Saino
SCOR/IGBP
Bates
Leinen
JGOFS Guests: non-speakers
Chai
SCOR/IGBP
Liss
Murray
SCOR/IGBP
McManus
Mackey
SCOR/IGBP
Moore
Wiggert
SCOR/IGBP
Nojiri
Johannessen
IPO
Oschlies
Sakshaug
IPO
Pedersen
Steele
Steffen
Wunsch
Zeitzschel
Buesseler
Ingalls
Neuer
Funding Source
NSF
US.Oceans
SCOR/JGOFS
NSF
NSF
NSF
NSF
NSF
SCOR/JGOFS
SCOR/JGOFS
OCEANS/IGBP
GLOBEC/IGBP
NSF
NSF
NSF
NSF
NSF
NSF
NSF
NSG
NSF
IGBP Secretariat
NSF
NSF
NSF
NSF
IGBP Secretariat
NSF
SCOR/IGBP
NSF
NSF
NSF
List of Funds for LDC and International Scientists
Amount
Asian Pacific Network (APN)
12,000 China (2), India (2), Pakistan (1), Korea (1)
Global Change System for Analysis
10,000 Nigeria (1), India (2), Cameroon (1)
Research and Training (START)
Scientific Committee on Oceanic
8,000 India (3)
Research (SCOR)
Inter America Initiative (IAI)
3,000 Chile (1), Brazil (1), Columbia (1)
Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS)
6,000 Turkey (1), Oman (1), Israel (1)
International Project Office (IPO)
7,500 Norway (2-3)
US National Science Foundation (NSF)
25,000 North American (5) and European Scientists (5)
Total (estimate) 71,500
19
List of Scientists receiving financial support for the JGOFS Open Science Conference
Name
B. Knoppers
Charles Gabche
Daniela Turk
Rodrigo Gonzalez
Seung-Hyun Son
Shang Chen
Gladys Bernal
Aurelien Paulmier
Mathieu Mongin
Pieter van Beek
VVVS. Sarma
Mangesh Gauns
Shyam M. Gupta
MVS. Guptha
Anil L. Paropkari
S.Shanmuganandan
SS. Sundarvel
M. Madhupratap
SWA Naqvi
MM. Sarin
K.S. Yajnik
Hema Naik
S. Prasan. Kumar
M. Dileep Kumar
M.A.Kutub Qutob
Jae-yeon Kim
Samuel Oni
Saiyad Ahmed
Samina Kidwai
Temel Oguz
Paula McLeod
Matt Church
Anitra Ingalls
Phoebe Lam
Galen McKinley
Country
Brazil
Cameroon
Canada
Chile
China
China
Colombia
France
France
France
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
Israel
Korea
Nigeria
Oman
Pakistan
Turkey
UK
USA
USA
USA
USA
Project/Topic
continental marg
coastal/humans
Remote sensing
eastern Pacific
East China Sea
East China Sea
Paleooceangr.
Oxygen Min. Zn
Si cycling
Water col transp
Arabian Sea
Arabian Sea
Bay of Bengal
Bay of Bengal
coastal/humans
Dep of fixed N
Bay of Bengal
Arabian Sea
Arabian Sea
Arabian Sea
Arabian Sea
benthic N cycl.
Arabian Sea
Arabian Sea
Red Sea
East China Sea
coastal/humans
NASEER Proj.
NASEER Proj.
Black Sea
modelling
North Pacific
AESOPS
Fate of POC
North Atlantic
JGOFS
yes
LOICZ
yes
yes
related
yes
related
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
related
related
LOICZ
SOLAS
related
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
related
yes
LOICZ
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Colleague
senior
unknown
senior
Renato Quiñones
Janet Campbell
Mingyuan Zhu
junior
Ruiz-Pino
D. Nelson/P. Tréguer
Francois/Conte/Bacon/Char
Saino
Madhupratap
senior
senior
senior
senior
senior
senior
senior
senior
senior
Dileep/Naqvi
senior
senior
Zvy Dubinsky
Tongsup Lee
Oyebande/Ojo
S. Smith/B. Zahuranec
SSmith/ Zahuranec/ Amjad
senior
Richards/Martin/Fasham
Ducklow/Karl
Cindy Lee/Bob Anderson
Jim Bishop
Mick Fellows
Handled by
IPO
IPO
USPO
IPO
USPO
USPO
IPO
USPO
USPO
USPO
USPO
USPO
USPO
USPO
USPO
USPO
USPO
IPO
SCOR
SCOR
IPO
USPO
Regrets
Regrets
IPO
USPO
IPO
IPO
USPO
IPO
USPO
USPO
USPO
USPO
USPO
20
Appendix V.
Data Management Task Team Report
Conkright reported.
Current Membership
Conkright, Margarita Chair, NOAA/National Oceanographic Data Center, USA
Chandler, Cyndy
U.S. JGOFS Data Management Office, USA
Griffiths, Brian
CSIRO Marine Research, AUSTRALIA
Herrmann, Joachim German JGOFS Data Management, GERMANY
Lowry, Roy
British Oceanographic Data Centre, UNITED KINGDOM
Miyake, Takeharu
Japan Oceanographic Data Centre, JAPAN
Sarupria, Jaswant
Indian NODC, INDIA
Spears, Donald
Marine Environmental Data Service, CANADA
Torre, Marie-Paule Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche, FRANCE
Report on Final DMTT Meeting
The final DMTT meeting was held on 13-14 March 2003, in Bidston, United Kingdom. Dr.
Reiner Schlitzer (GSWG Chair) was a guest at the meeting and gave a talk on “Use of
Biogeochemical Data in Global Models”. In attendance were representatives from France,
United Kingdom, India, United States, Germany, and the JGOFS IPO. The first day of the
meeting focused on a review of the accomplishments from the DMTT, lessons learned, and
national reports. The second day focused on the production of the "International JGOFS Data
Collection. Volume 1: Discrete Datasets" DVD.
Report on the DMTT/PANGAEA Meeting – January 2003
The DMTT met with the PANGAEA/WDC MARE team in Bremen, Germany to discuss
progress on the production of an integrated JGOFS data set. During this meeting, it became
clear that PANGAEA would be unable to meet the May deadline for a DVD product. It was
then decided that PANGAEA would continue working on the German JGOFS data, and
would provide an interface for that data. There would be two DMTT products:
• JGOFS International Data Collection. Volume 1: Discrete Datasets” DVD as a DMTT
product
• JGOFS International Data Collection. Volume 2: Integrated Datasets as a Pangaea/DMTT
product to be published 2004-2005.
DMTT Accomplishments
The first meeting of a JGOFS Working Group on Data Management occurred in Halifax,
Nova Scotia, Canada, in1988. This meeting laid the foundation for a solid and workable data
policy for JGOFS. Since that meeting, the JGOFS Data Management Task Team has
• Changed the attitude of data managers and scientists regarding the management of nonphysical data,
• Given data management a high profile throughout JGOFS,
• Contributed to the establishment and maintenance of a data sharing culture in JGOFS,
• Generated an extensive portfolio of data sets published on CD-ROM,
• Required all data be submitted to the WDC system for long term archive,
• Documented the published data sets in NASA’s Global Change Master Directory,
• Contributed data to the production of the World Ocean Database products,
• Provided recommendations to funding agencies and science managers on data
management for future international projects,
• Worked toward integrated data products in collaboration with WDC MARE,
21
• Encouraged and promoted exchange between data managers and scientists,
• Assisted the OCEANS Transition Team in the preparation of their data management
component,
• Incorporated JGOFS data from countries not represented by the DMTT into this final
product,
• Integrated Data Products (delivered)
• Arabian Sea CD-ROM
• JGOFS Cruise Inventory (delivered)
• Integrated Data Products (attempted)
• NABE data sets
• JGOFS Data Index
• JGOFS Data Management (DM) – issues and recommendations
• Data split in national countries rather than centralized
• Need to focus on including DM in the planning process in the next 12 months
• Integrate users early on the design of the system – combination of technical and scientific
sides
• Focus on original data, then on a hierarchy of products
• Data format needs to be agreed upon – devise format with input from users and develop
tools for the format
Future DMTT Activities
• The German JGOFS Data Manager will continue until June 2003 and complete the ingest
of German JGOFS data into PANGAEA (DVD contains 80% of the German cruises)
• The French JGOFS Data Manager will continue, now as the PROOF program
• The U.S. JGOFS Data Manager will continue until 2005, as the SMP activities continue.
• DMTT members expressed interest in continuing to participate in future ocean programs
JGOFS International Data Collection. Volume 1: Discrete Datasets
contains the data as submitted by the national data managers, scientists, and as
published on CD-ROMs. 1000 copies of a single-sided DVD were produced,
and 50 copies distributed each member of the DMTT, 400 copies distributed
at the OSC, and 20 copies held at the IPO for local distribution. WDC A for
Oceanography, USA, will hold any DVDs not distributed. The JGOFS IPO
(University of Bergen) covered the costs for the DVD.
Outline of the DVD Documentation
JGOFS International Data Collection. Volume 1: Discrete Datasets
I. Introduction
A. Joint Global Ocean Flux Study
B. Data Management Task Team
C. International Project Office
II. About this product
A. Introduction
B. Citation Policy
C. Acknowledgements
a. DMTT-Represented Countries
b. Countries not Represented by
the DMTT
c. International Institutions
III. Accomplishments of the DMTT
A. Introduction
B. Lessons Learned
C. DMTT Membership as of May 2003
D. Publications
a. DMTT Meeting Reports and
Related Publications
b. List of JGOFS Core Variables
c. JGOFS Cruise Inventory
22
Appendix VI.
Global Synthesis Working Group and JGTT Reports
Reiner Schlitzer and Patrick Monfray reported.
Global Ocean Productivity and the Fluxes of Carbon and Nutrients: Combining
Observations and Models
Report (partial) of a Workshop held at the Institute for Environment & Sustainability, EC
Joint Research Centre, 24 – 27 June 2002, Ispra, Italy
Reiner Schlitzer, Patrick Monfray and Nicolas Hoepffner
With contributions from
Gerhard Fischer, Nicolas Gruber, Richard Lampitt, Marina Levy, Edward Laws,
Trevor Platt, Steve Spall, and John Steele
Introduction
To address one of its main objectives, JGOFS has employed a large variety of different
approaches to quantify marine productivity and the fluxes of carbon and nutrients in the
ocean. The methods that were used differed with respect to the technology that was applied,
but they also differed with respect to the viewpoint, from which the overall system was
observed (Figure 1). One such approach makes use of remote-sensing observations from
instruments on satellites or aircraft that can observe the system from above and detect
productivity signals from the upper tens of meters of the ocean. Another includes the in-situ
measurements and process studies that provide more or less direct observations of
productivity. A third employs moored or drifting sediment traps that collect sinking material
in the water column for flux estimation and composition analysis. A fourth uses radionuclide
measurements for better calibration of sediment trap data. And a fifth relies on benthic studies
for estimating the material flux to the sea floor.
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of key research activities addressing main JGOFS objectives
23
In addition, there exists a wide variety of global and regional models of differing resolution
and complexity. These models simulate biogeochemical processes in the ocean and yield
independent estimates for property fluxes and rate constants. The range includes highresolution regional models with complex mixed-layer dynamics and elaborated ecosystem
feedback loops that can explicitly simulate physical transport phenomena and the
development of blooms on small space and time scales. It also includes a number of global
models with medium resolution that are used to calculate global ocean budgets and fluxes of
carbon, nutrients and oxygen. Although inverse models that derive property fluxes and rate
constants from available data have been less frequently used in the past, this might change in
the future as more and more JGOFS data sets become publicly available.
Now with JGOFS at its final phase, there is a pressing need to compile and compare the
results from the various methods and to investigate whether a consistent picture emerges. The
first meeting of the JGOFS Global Synthesis Working Group (GSWG) in Amsterdam (July,
2001) indicated that significant discrepancies between different techniques and models still
exist, addressing the need to conduct multi-disciplinary exercises / projects to bridge the gaps
between physics and biogeochemistry, between process analyses, observations and modelling.
To foster the interaction and cooperation between scientists from different research fields, the
GSWG together with the JGOFS/GAIM Task Team on 3D Ocean Carbon Modelling and
Analysis (JGTT) organized a workshop on: Global Ocean Productivity and the Fluxes of
Carbon and Nutrients: combining Observations and Models, hosted in late June 2002 by the
Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Institute for Environment and
Sustainability (Ispra, Italy).
JGOFS Report No. 38 (IPO note: report arrived 15 July 2003, see Appendix VI; and the
report was published in late July after some editorial work at the IPO as the JGOFS Report
38, see www.uib.no/jgofs/Publications/Report_Series/JGOFS_38.pdf)
24
Appendix VII.
North Atlantic Synthesis Group Report
Garçon reported.
From September 2002 to May 2003, the NASG prepared the Poster Session of the JGOFS
final OSC, Washington DC, USA, 5-8 May 2003. A total of 12 posters will be presented
including three general synthesis posters by the NASG group.
• A Call for Abstracts for the North Atlantic session at the OSC Washington was emailed to
a wide community on December, 6, 2002: CALL FOR ABSTRACT : POSTER SESSION
NORTH ATLANTIC Monday May 5, 2003. JGOFS Open Science Conference
Washington DC, USA, (May 5-8, 2003). The deadline for abstract submission is
JANUARY 15th, 2003
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dear Colleagues,
We encourage contributions from observational (in situ, satellite data), and theoretical and
modeling studies on the North Atlantic Ocean. They should throw new light on large scale
biogeochemical diagnostics of the North Atlantic Ocean, on synthesis of results of time series
stations and process studies (PRIME, NABE, POMME, AMT, CANIGO, ESTOC, EUMELI,
BATS, etc.) and on modelling and data assimilation efforts. This includes studies concerning
the production and transformation of organic matter in the upper ocean and twilight zone, the
transport of biogeochemical tracers in the oceans, their fluxes across the air sea interface and
with continental margins and sediments. Efforts towards biogeochemical ocean observing
systems (new instrumentation and observing networks) in the North Atlantic Ocean are
welcome.
Poster space is fairly limited at the Natural Academy of Sciences, so we encourage people,
whenever possible, to cluster together to produce several synthesis posters (smaller numbers
of synthesis-style posters are better than large numbers of individual investigator posters).
Posters can be put on the conference CD if they are available one month earlier (by April 5th,
2003).
---------------------------Please submit your abstracts as soon as possible.
Please see usjgofs.whoi.edu/osc2003/abstracts.html for more details on abstract submissions,
registration and logistics.
Veronique Garcon, LEGOS/CNRS, Toulouse, France
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------• To achieve the synthesis posters, a final NASG meeting took place in Toulouse, January 7,
2003 (Report available soon on the IPO web site) followed by the POMME Synthesis
Meeting (January 8-10, 2003) of the French PROOF program. M. Fasham, R. Lowry, H.
Ducklow sent regrets. E. Fernandez and L. Mémery had to cancel at the last minute.
Agenda:
10:00-10:10
10:10-10:30
10:30-10:50
Welcome and meetings objectives, Véronique Garçon
Stoichiometry of new production and export in the North Atlantic Ocean,
Wolfgang Koeve
View from space (ocean color) in the North Atlantic, Dave Siegel
25
10:50-11:10 Carbon balance of the subtropical NE Atlantic, Emilio Fernandez
11:10-11:40 Coffee break
11:40-12:00 POMME synthesis, Laurent Mémery
12:00-12:20 Physical validation of a North Atlantic Ocean model assimilating altimetry
data prior to biogeochemical studies (1993-2001), Véronique Garçon
12:30-13:45 Lunch
13:45-18:00 NASG posters for the OSC Washington. Point on data management and
availability for North Atlantic.
W. Koeve, D. Siegel and V. Garçon worked in the afternoon on the 3 draft posters proposed
by V. Garçon: Large scale biogeochemical diagnostics: the North Atlantic carbon machinery,
Time series and process study sites in the North Atlantic during the JGOFS decade, and
Modelling and data assimilation in the North Atlantic: Towards GODAE.
• Koeve, D. Siegel and V. Garçon attended the POMME meeting on Tuesday at the Met
Office in Toulouse; W. Koeve gave a presentation on Carbon over consumption during the
spring bloom in the temperate North Atlantic. A special POMME issue will be published
in 2004 on the data synthesis. POMME data become to be accessible through the French
JGOFS web site.
• D. Siegel and V. Garçon attended the OCEANS Meeting, Paris, France, January 7-10,
2003
• Joint EGS/AGU 2003 Meeting in Nice, France, April 7-11 April, 2003:
o Open Session on the Biogeochemistry of the Oceanic Carbon Cycle Convenors: W.
Koeve and M. Follows,
o Eddy and frontal scale processes in Ocean Biogeochemistry: observations and models,
Convenors: L. Mémery, R. Williams and D. McGillicuddy,
o Iron resources and oceanic nutrients : Convenors: H. de Baar, E. Maier-Reimer and C.
Lancelot,
o Modern and Paleo-Applications of trace elements and isotope geochemistry in the
oceans, Convenors: C. Jeandel, R. François, R. Anderson, G. Henderson and M. Frank,
o Open session on Ocean Chemistry and Tracers, Convenors: M. England, W. Jenkins
and M. Rhein.
Budget report status Year 2003: Toulouse NASG and Paris OCEANS Meeting Expenses cost
3200 USD.
26
Appendix VIII.
Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group Report
Le Borgne reported.
Fieldwork. Most of the cruises involving process studies ended in 1996, except the
JAMSTEC ones which are organized every year in January-February in the western and
central Pacific (145°E-160°W). Carbon dioxide observations are routinely made by PMEL
along the TAO mooring lines, with eight cruises per year on board R/V Ron Brown and
Ka’imimoana. Two time series works, involving CO2 and bio-optical measurements on TAO
moorings (155°W and 170°W) started in 1997 and are being carried out by PMEL, AOML
and MBARI. In addition, two other TAO mooring lines will be fitted with CO2 and biooptical sensors on 140° and 125°W.
For the future, i.e. after the JGOFS era, oceanographic cruises are being prepared or
demanded by US and French scientists on the following topics: dissolved iron spatial
distribution, Si limitation and Tropical Instability Waves.
Data. JGOFS labelled cruises have their data stored in national data banks and can be
accessed through the following websites:
Australia: www.marine.csiro.au/datacentre/JGOFSweb/cmr_jgofs.htm (all data)
France: www.obs-vlfr.fr/jgofs/html/bdjgofs_eng.html (all data)
Japan: www.jodc.go.jp/JGOFS_DMO/index.html (Hydrology and CO2)
United States: www1.whoi.edu/jgdms_info.html (all data)
pCO2 data can be loaded from:
www.pmel.noaa.gov/uwpco2/
aoml.noaa.gov/ocd/oaces/index.html
cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ocd/oaces/index.html
Finally, metadata are being centralized at the JGOFS International Project Office:
www.uib.no/jgofs/. Many cruises had not the JGOFS “flag” or were sponsored by different
international programmes, while most or all of their data were of interest for JGOFS. Such
data are being handled by DMTT and IPO with EPSMG help.
Modelling activities. Most of the present activities on the equatorial Pacific are devoted to
modelling within two groups: US JGOFS SMP (Synthesis and Modeling Program) and
PROOF Modélisation. In addition, the region is part of global models developed by various
organizations. The models consider the following points : new and export productivity
regulation by Si and Fe, ecosystem and carbon cycle responses to physical variability on
various time-scales, evaluation of marine primary productivity using satellite ocean colour,
food-web regulation of particulate export flux in HNLC regions, and plankton community
structure and export flux.
Synthesis publications. A Special Section devoted to phytoplankton control by grazers in the
equatorial Pacific HNLC zone is being published in Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans
(Special Section devoted to the EBENE cruise and the estimation of grazing in phytoplankton
mortality. It should now be "in press", since all manuscripts have been accepted and most of
the proofs have been corrected before printing. The guest editors are R. Le Borgne and M.R.
Landry).
27
Conclusions. The main goals assigned to EPSG in 1998 have been fulfilled: the synthesis has
been published, most of the JGOFS labelled data have been stored in databases, modelling is
advancing and information on ongoing field activities, although not complete, is satisfactory.
There are new projects for the region being planned and, to our knowledge, imply an
international cooperation from the beginning. This is one of JGOFS legacy. However, in the
future, we need to improve the data management in the region on an international scale. How
will this point be handled?
28
Appendix IX.
North Pacific Synthesis Group Report
Bychkov reported.
Publications: A collection of contributed papers from JGOFS-related field programs in the
North Pacific was published as a special issue of Deep-Sea Research II on North Pacific
Biogeochemical Processes (Guest editors: Toshiro Saino, Alexander Bychkov, Chen-Tung A.
Chen and Paul Harrison) in December 2002 (Vol. 49, Nos. 24-25, pp. 5297-5808). The issue
includes an overview and 27 papers by authors from 4 countries (Canada, Japan, China-Taipei
and Russia), but majority of papers (21) are from Japan.
NPSG participated in the planning and co-sponsored a topic session on Plankton size classes,
functional groups and ecosystem dynamics: Causes and consequences at the PICES Tenth
Annual Meeting (October 2001, Victoria, Canada). Selected papers from this session
comprise a special issue of Progress in Oceanography (Guest editors: Alexander Bychkov
and Angelica Peña) dedicated to the memory of the late Prof. Michael M. Mullin. The issue
includes 11 papers by authors from 5 countries (Canada, Chile, Japan, Korea and U.S.A.).
Peer-review is complete and all papers sent to Progress in Oceanography in the beginning of
April. Publication is expected in late summer-early fall of 2003.
PICES WG 13 on CO2 in the North Pacific will publish a report in the PICES Scientific
Report Series (No. 24) in the May 2003. This report summarizes the research and technical
activities that have been conducted by member nations of PICES to (i) synthesize CO2 data in
the North Pacific; (ii) determine the sources and sink for CO2 and their regional fluxes; and
(iii) provide a comprehensive picture of the distribution of anthropogenic CO2 in this region.
The implications of the results with respect to climate change processes are also discussed,
and recommendations are made for future directions by PICES for international cooperation
on carbon cycle research in the North Pacific.
A CD-ROM with data sets obtained during the North Pacific Process Studies will be prepared
by the Japan Oceanographic Data Center (JODC) and circulated in late 2003.
A special issue of Journal of Oceanography on JGOFS North Pacific Synthesis (Guest
editors: Toshiro Saino, Alexander Bychkov, Chen-Tung A. Chen, Paul Harrison and Ishiro
Yasuda) is in progress. The issue is based on invited papers. Manuscripts are due May 31,
2003, and publication is expected in early 2004.
A Guide of best practices for oceanic CO2 measurements and data reporting is under
preparation. This would be based on existing documents: the DOE (1994) Handbook of
methods for the analysis of the various parameters of the carbon dioxide system in sea water
(Dickson A.G. & C. Goyet, Eds.) and draft protocols for data reporting that were generated by
PICES WG 13, and discussed further at a NOAA Data Management Workshop held in
Seattle, in October 2001. A complete draft is expected by October 2003, and publication in
the PICES Scientific Report Series is planned in mid 2004.
The results of an in situ iron enrichment experiment in the western subarctic Pacific in June
2001 (Subarctic Pacific Iron Experiment for Ecosystem Dynamics Study – SEEDS) will be
published as a special issue of Progress in Oceanography in late 2004.
Some high impact results of an in situ iron enrichment experiment in the eastern subarctic
Pacific in July-August 2002 (Subarctic Ecosystem Response to Iron Enrichment Study -
29
SERIES) are expected to be published as separate papers in Nature in late 2003-early 2004.
Arrangements are in progress to publish other results as a special issue of Global
Biogeochemical Cycles or Journal of Geophysical Research.
Meetings/Sessions: A 2-day Workshop on Synthesis of JGOFS North Pacific Process Study
was convened October 1-2, 2002, in Sapporo, Japan. The workshop was a part of the
SCOR/JOS International Symposium held in conjunction with the 26th SCOR General
Meeting, and was co-sponsored by the Japan Oceanographic Society, Hydrospheric
Atmospheric Research Centre of Nagoya University and PICES. A NPSG meeting was
organized immediately after the workshop to discuss: (i) a special issue of Journal of
Oceanography on JGOFS North Pacific Synthesis; (ii) a CD-ROM with data from North
Pacific Process Studies; (iii) presentations at the 3rd JGOFS Open Science Conference; and
(iv) JGOFS follow-up programs in the North Pacific.
A 3-day Workshop on Ocean surface pCO2 database and data integration will be held October
6-8, 2003, at the National Institute of Environmental Studies, in Tsukuba, Japan. The
participants will include both CO2 research scientists and data managers from various Data
Centers. The workshop is supported by the Ocean Carbon Coordination Project, SCOR-IOC
CO2 Advisory Panel, PICES, and several Japanese agencies/institutes.
A Topic Session on The impacts of climate change on the carbon cycle in the North Pacific
will be convened in conjunction with the PICES Thirteenth Annual Meeting in October 2004
(Honolulu, U.S.A.). The Ocean Carbon Coordination Project and SCOR-IOC CO2 Advisory
Panel are invited to participate in the planning and co-sponsor the session.
A 3-day workshop on In situ iron enrichment experiments in the eastern and western subarctic
Pacific will be organized jointly with the PICES Iron Fertilization Experiment Advisory Panel
and held February 10-12, 2004, at the Institute of Ocean Sciences, in Sidney, British
Columbia, Canada. Specific objectives of the workshop are (i) to synthesize results from two
recent in situ iron enrichment experiments in the subarctic Pacific (SEEDS-2001 and
SERIES-2002); (ii) determine similarity and differences in biogeochemical and ecosystem
responses to iron addition between eastern and western subarctic Pacific; and (iii) to identify
specific scientific questions for the longer-term experiment in the western subarctic Pacific
(SEEDS-2004).
Arrangements are in progress for a special session, tentatively entitled Effects of iron
enrichment of HNLC waters on atmospheric and oceanic processes, at the ASLO-TOS
meeting to be held February 15-20, 2004 (Honolulu, U.S.A.).
Method inter-comparison studies for carbonate parameters: To improve the existing
methodology of CO2 measurements, NPSG jointly with PICES WG 13 supported several
international CO2 measurement inter-comparison studies: for dissolved inorganic carbon
(DIC), total alkalinity (TAlk) and the 13C/12C ratio of the inorganic carbon in seawater. The
first two, each followed up with a Technical Workshop in Tsukuba, Japan, were completed in
April 1999 and October 2000. In all, 14 laboratories (7 from Japan, 4 from the United States,
and 1 from each of Canada, China-Taipei and Republic of Korea) were involved in the DIC
inter-comparison; and 12 laboratories (6 from Japan, 3 from the United States, and 1 from
each of Canada, Republic of Korea and Russia) participated in the TAlk inter-comparison.
The results are included in the PICES Scientific Report No. 24 (May 2003) and will be
presented as a poster at the 3rd JGOFS Open Science Conference. The results could be
summarized as follows: The present state-of-the-art for the analysis of DIC in seawater is
mature. Most institutions use some variant of the extraction and coulometric analysis
30
technique, and provided the instrument is well calibrated then results of good quality can be
obtained. Once the reported values had been adjusted to a common calibration scale (using
the measurements made on the Certified Reference Material), the agreement between the
various laboratories was excellent (± 2 µmol kg-1). After adjustment of the reported TAlk data
to a common calibration scale set by the Certified Reference Material, the majority of the
results (10 laboratories out of 12) were within a range of 5 µmol kg–1. The difficulties with
this measurement cannot be attributed solely to calibration problems. Other factors play a
clear role in the uncertainty of these measurements. A robust method for this parameter is still
needed.
The third inter-comparison on the 13C/12C ratio of the inorganic carbon in seawater was
initiated in late 2001 and is still ongoing. Participants have been identified (8 laboratories
from Australia, Canada, China-Taipei, France, Germany, Japan and the United States), and
samples were distributed in the beginning of December 2001, and analyzed during 2002. This
activity will be completed this year, and a workshop, if needed, will be convened to discuss
the results.
An on-land inter-comparison of underway and drifting/mooring p(CO2) measurement systems
was held March 10-14, 2003, at the National Research Institute of Fishery Engineering, in
Hazaki, Japan, with financial support from the Global Environmental Research Promotion
Fund (Ministry of Environment, Japan), the National Institute for Environmental Studies
(NIES) and the Center for Global Environmental Research of NIES. Altogether, 9 laboratories
from 6 countries (3 from Japan, 1 from Germany, 1 from New Zealand, 1 from Republic of
Korea, 1 from United Kingdom and 2 from the United States) participated in the intercomparison of underway p(CO2) systems, and 3 laboratories from France (1) and the United
States (2) in the inter-comparison of drifting/mooring p(CO2) systems. The results will be
discussed during the workshop on Ocean surface pCO2 database and data integration to be
held October 6-8, 2003, at NIES, in Tsukuba, Japan.
CO2 data integration: In October 2000, NPSG and PICES WG 13 convened an international
North Pacific CO2 Data Synthesis Symposium, co-sponsored by the JST/CREST Program and
hosted by NIES in Tsukuba, Japan. At the symposium a clear need was recognized to identify
available and suitable data sets on the oceanic CO2 system and to develop strategies
(including formats and technologies) for the exchange of CO2 and related data at the
international level.
The implementation phase started in 2001 from two workshops that brought CO2 research
scientists and data managers together to discuss the procedures for developing a North Pacific
CO2 database. The first CO2 Data Planning Workshop was held at the Institute of Ocean
Sciences (Sidney, Canada) in January 2001, to discuss the likely technical issues involved in
such a project and to plan a second more detailed workshop that was held at the Japan
Oceanographic Data Center (Tokyo, Japan) in August 2001. The objective for the CO2 Data
Integration Workshop was to develop strategies for the exchange of CO2 and related data at
the international level and to examine the technical issues in integrating presently available
data into a uniform data structure or database.
Both workshops met their goals and now we have a unified plan for data submission and
exchange. A North Pacific data inventory for CO2 and CO2-related data developed by MIRC
(Marine Information Research Center, Japan) is now available on line at picnic.pices.jp. This
web site incorporates the extensive information about Japanese cruises and information about
Canadian (IOS) and U. S. cruises (linked to CDIAC holdings). At present, the inventory is
linked to original data (at other locations on the Internet) wherever practical, and serves
31
various historical data sets as they are digitized. However work is in progress to host some
datasets at MIRC, and to use of the Live Access Server approach so as to provide for
improved data visualization over the Internet.
It was agreed that PICES should continue to provide a venue for data exchange and program
coordination at the international level to ensure optimal use of resources to obtain appropriate
temporal and spatial coverage as well as maximum comparability with historical data. PICES
WG 17 on Biogeochemical data integration and synthesis (established in 2002 to retain a
scientific focus on the carbon cycle within PICES) in association with existing data centres,
will continue this work to complete the North Pacific database for ocean CO2 and related
parameters and to ensure its continuous update. This effort could be done as part of a joint
effort with the Climate Variability and Predictability Program (CLIVAR) and the Global
Carbon Project (GCP). The next step will be the above mentioned workshop on Ocean surface
pCO2 database and data integration to be held October 6-8, 2003.
Some scientific highlights: Anthropogenic CO2. The relatively shallow penetration of
anthropogenic CO2 in the North Pacific (~ 1000 m) is in strong contrast to the Atlantic
distribution, where anthropogenic CO2 has penetrated all the way to the bottom in the northern
high latitudes. These differences result from the lack of any significant deep- water formation
in the North Pacific and the long time-scales for replacement of North Pacific deep waters
from the south.
In the North Pacific, deep ventilation within the Kuroshio Extension and the subsequent
circulation in the subtropical gyre generates a strong zonal gradient in the anthropogenic CO2
penetration depth. The zonal gradient is also enhanced by the significant role that the Sea of
Okhotsk plays in the formation of North Pacific Intermediate Water. The combined effect of
the tilted density surfaces and the younger waters with higher anthropogenic CO2
concentrations leads to higher total column inventories in the western North Pacific. The gyre
circulation and mixing works to smear out the signal generating the broad feature observed.
The integrated amount of anthropogenic CO2 in the North Pacific is estimated to be 16.5 Pg C
through 1994 north of the equator but not including the marginal seas. This estimate is
approximately 16% of the amount of anthropogenic CO2 taken by the global oceans
Iron enrichment experiments in the subarctic Pacific. Fe does stimulate photosynthesis,
especially pinnate diatoms, in the Eastern Subarctic Pacific. Fe additions deplete surface
waters in silicate rather than nitrate (silicate depletion occurs naturally also, when Fe inputs
are elevated by dust events or eddies), and thus any estimates of oceanic sequestration of CO2
by Fe enrichment should take into account Si-limitation (something that is not considered at
present). Changes in ratios of some elements (e.g., Si/C or Si/N) show that HNLC waters are
efficient at retaining C and N in the mixed layer, but that there was still an enhancement of C
and N export from the upper into the intermediate ocean. The atmospheric component of
SERIES was both novel and successful: DMS production (perhaps only slightly enhanced by
Fe addition) did result in DMS escape to the atmosphere and subsequent oxidation of sulphur.
32
Appendix X.
Southern Ocean Synthesis Group Report
Tréguer reported.
From September 2002 to May 2003 the SOSG prepared the Poster Session of the JGOFS
Final OSC, Washington DC, USA, 5-8 May 2003. A total of 22 posters will be presented
including two general synthesis poster by Paul Tréguer and Uli Bathmann.
News from national groups: Australia. December 2002 brought good news to the Australian
Antarctic and Southern Ocean science community. Science Minister Peter McGauran
announced that the bid to replace the Antarctic Cooperative Research Centre with a new
centre was successful. The new Antarctic Climate & Ecosystem Cooperative Research Centre
will commence July 1, 2003 and has been established for 7 years, through June 30, 2010. The
ACE Business Plan, including tentative field programs through 2008 is currently available via
the Antarctic CRC website www.antcrc.utas.edu.au, under the Special Projects menu. ACE
plans include biogeochemical process and flux studies which build on the JGOFS legacy.
Tom Trull ([email protected]) continues as the Australian member of the International
JGOFS Southern Ocean Synthesis Group. Brian Griffiths ([email protected])
continues as the Australian member of the JGOFS data management task team, and Bronte
Tilbrook ([email protected]) continues as the Australian member of the JGOFS SSC.
Germany. New papers to be noted in addition to contributions already published in 2002 in
different issues of volume N° 49 of Deep-Sea Research II (cruise ANT-XIII/2 of RV
Polarstern & SO-JGOFS Symposium volumes):
Hense I., Timmermann R., Beckmann A., Bathmann U. (2003). Regional and Interannual
Variability of Ecosystem Dynamics in the Southern Ocean, Ocean Dynamics, 53, 1-10.
Rutgers van der Loeff M.M., Friedrich J., Geibert W., Hanfland C., Höltzen H., Vöge I.,
Walter H.J. (2003). Radionuclides as tracers for particle flux and transport of water masses in
the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, SFB 261 Synthesis Volume: The South Atlantic in
the Late Quaternary - Reconstruction of Material Budget and Current systems. Wefer G.,
Ratmeyer V. and Meinecke G. Eds.
Frank M., Rutgers van der Loeff M.M., Kubik P.W., Mangini A. (2002). Quasi-conservative
behaviour of 10Be in deep waters of the Weddell Sea and the Atlantic sector of the Antarctic
Circumpolar Current, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 201, 171-186.
Friedrich J., Rutgers van der Loeff M.M. (2002). A two-tracer (210Po-234Th) approach to
distinguish organic carbon and biogenic silica export flux in the Antarctic Circumpolar
Current, Deep-Sea Research I, 49, 101-120.
Usbeck R., Rutgers van der Loeff M., Hoppema M., Schlitzer R. (2002). Shallow
remineralization in the Weddell Gyre, Geochemistry geophysics geosystems, Vol. 3, No. 1,
10.1029/2001GC000182.
Strass V.H., Bathmann U.V., Rutgers van der Loeff M.M., Smetacek V. (2002). Mesoscale
physics, biogeochemistry and ecology of the Antarctic Polar Front, Atlantic Sector: An
Introduction to and summary of, Deep-Sea Research II, 49, 3707-3711.
33
Contribution to a public book. Smetacek V., Bathmann U.V., Riebesell U., Strass V.H.
(2002). Experimentelle Meeresforschung: Eisendüngung im Südpolarmeer, in: Der Ozean Lebensraum und Klimasteuerung / Weltweite Meeresforschung in Bremen und Bremerhaven,
Hrsg. G. Hempel, Jahrbuch 2001/2002 Wittheit zu Bremen, Verlag H.M. Hauschild, Bremen,
105-114.
USA. Publication of the 3rd AESOPS volume:
Smith W.O.Jr and R.F. Anderson (2003). U.S. Southern Ocean JGOFS Program (AESOPS) Part II. Deep-Sea Research II, 50(3-4), pp. 529-852.
34
Appendix XI.
Coastal Margins Task Team Report
Quiñones reported.
Current CMTT Membership
• Larry Atkinson (Co-Chair), LOICZ, Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography, Old
Dominion University, USA
• Renato Quiñones (Co-Chair), JGOFS, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidad de
Concepción, Chile
• Shu Gao, LOICZ, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
• Kon-Kee. Liu, JGOFS, Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
• Robie W. Macdonald, JGOFS, Research Scientist, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Canada
• Liana Talaue-McManus, LOICZ, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science,
University of Miami, USA
Overall goal of the CMTT
Assess the contribution of continental margins and seas to CO2 sequestration and horizontal
flux of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus across the ocean-continental margin boundary.
Main activities of the CMTT for the 2002/2003 period
During this period, the CMTT has allocated most of its efforts in producing an overall
synthesis and assessment of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes on and across continental
margins to feed into the IGBP program. This synthesis will be given to the international
community as a comprehensive book, which will be published in 2004.
Following the JGOFS SSC meeting held in Chile (23-24 September 2002), the CMTT got
together in Washington (4-6 December 2003) to analyze the status of the book and generate
policies to accelerate its completion. Larry Atkinson hosted the meeting. In addition to current
CMTT members, the following scientists were invited to the meeting: G. Brunskill, A. Chen,
R. Jahnke, and J. Sharples. Shu Gao could not attend the meeting.
One of the decisions taken at the Washington meeting was that K.K. Liu would be the main
editor of the book and he would centralize –with the help of the co-editors (Atkinson,
Quiñones, and Talaue-McManus) - the communications with the authors and reviewers of the
chapters. In addition, the CMTT requested to JGOFS and LOICZ support for an assistant for
K.K Liu.
After the Washington meeting, the contact with the chapter’s authors has intensified. The
reviewing process of the chapters received also started. I attach a document with the present
status of each of the chapters of the book prepared by K.K Liu. The level of advance among
the chapters is heterogeneous and about 14 have been already turned in. The vast majority of
the remaining chapters will be finished before June 2003. The book should be ready for
sending it to Springer Verlag by the end of this year and published during 2004.
Roger Hanson submitted officially on 20 March the book proposal to IGBP for final approval.
The final approval by IGBP is expected in late October 2003.
35
Appendix XII.
Paleo-JGOFS Task Team Report
Lochte reported (in a written report presented by Hanson).
Members of the PJTT met alongside the OCEANS conference in Paris in January 2003 to
discuss the future of this task team. Its present aim, namely to introduce the paleo-aspect into
the new science plan of OCEANS, was completed. In 2002 an Expression of Interest was
submitted to the EU and has in the meantime resulted in a call open in October 2003 for a
targeted programme (STREP) aimed at improving understanding and use of paleo-proxies.
Presently, a proposal for a SCOR Working group was submitted under the title “Analysing
the links between present oceanic processes and paleo-records”. The objective of this working
group is to foster the development of proxies indicative of changes in past ecosystems and
paleo-productivity. It is planned that this group provides a link and information exchange
between the different IGBP and WCRP marine projects with interest in paleo-records. If
successful this group would continue and expand the work of the PJTT beyond the life-time
of JGOFS.
36
Appendix XIII.
International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group Report
Platt reported.
The IOCCG Committee met for the 8th time in Florence, Italy (24-26 February 2003).
Participants were welcomed in the magnificent Tribuna di Galileo, a historic gallery with a
statue of Galileo and decorated with a series of frescoes depicting some of the fundamental
moments in the history of physics.
Committee members reviewed the progress of the various IOCCG working groups. To date
there are six active working groups, two of which are nearing completion and are expected to
publish their findings in the form of an IOCCG report. These include the Working Group on
Data-Binning Issues (Chair: David Antoine) and the Working Group on Comparison of
Atmospheric Correction Algorithms (Chair: Menghua Wang). In addition, two proposals were
received to establish new IOCCG working groups: the Ocean-Colour Algorithm Working
Group (Chair: Zhong Ping Lee) and the Working Group on Biogeographical Methods (Chair:
Mark Dowell). Details of these working groups will be available on the IOCCG website
shortly. Participants were also briefed on the status of the current and future ocean-colour
sensors.
The Committee also addressed capacity building initiatives and agreed to sponsor or
coordinate a number of new activities, including a South Pacific Training course (to be held in
Brisbane, see www.ioccg.org/training/brisbane/announcement.doc), and the Southern
Hemisphere
Cruise
(see
announcement
on
IOCCG
website:
www.ioccg.org/training/pogo_ioccg/beagle/beagle.html). Preliminary plans for a NASDAsponsored training course to be held in Indonesia were also presented to the Committee.
A full report on the 8th IOCCG Committee meeting will be available in due course on the
IOCCG website (see www.ioccg.org/reports/ioccg_meeting8.html).
37
Appendix XIV.
JGOFS Funds and Budget for 2002
Year 2002 (Final)
Sources
SCOR Funds
IGBP Secretariat Funds
IGBP Secretariat 2001 carryover
IOC funds
IOC funds
IOC final instalment (Ocean Transport)
LOICZ funds
SCOR residual form 2001
SCOR residual form 2000
Subtotal
Activities
SSC Meeting (11)
Executive Meeting (5)
CMTT (10-12)--Subpolar workshop
CMTT (10-12)--Global Synthesis workshop
JGTT
NASG
DMTT
DMTT
DMTT
PJTT
IOSG
SOSG
EPSG
NPSG
GSWG (+ JGTT))
Other meetings and expenses
IGBP Book managing editor
OSC Planning Committee (Haugan)
SCOR Secretariat
JGOFS Synthesis Book/IOSG Book
JGOFS Reports Series
Corrections to the SCOR account 2001
JGOFS SSC, SG and TT Activities
Expected
Confirmed
(USD)
(USD)
Purpose
85 000
85 000 JGOFS SSC meeting and group activities
20 145
20 145 SSC meeting
2 000
2 000 Springer-Verlag Publication/Technical
9 100
7 761 CMTT regional workshop (returned the balance)
13 000
13 000 CMTT Global Synthesis Workshop
895 JGOFS WOCE Workshop (2001)
15 000
15 000 CMTT workshop & Global Synthesis
8 332
8 332 held at the SCOR Secretariat
20 173
20 173 held at the UiB
172 750
172 306
Budgeted
40 000
10 000
5 000
20 000
10 000
deferred
10 000
5 000
deferred
cancelled
10 000
10 000
20 000
6 000
2 000
Subtotal
Balance
148 000
24 750
Expenses
20 392
cancelled
7 923
13 927
10 000
0
3 654
4 142
0
724
364
13 438
9 140
Comments
Concepción, Chile
Joint c/ LOCIZ and IOC
Joint c/ LOCIZ and IOC
Workshop_Ispra_Joint with GSWG
3 meetings
Business Mtg
Ispra_Dataset Rescue
Bremerhaven_Pangaea
Joint c/ PAGES (expenses pd in 2002)
Ad hoc Mtg in Hawaii
Synthesis Workshop, Honolulu, Hawaii
Modeller workshop & business mtg, misc (full budget
34K)
3 208 Meeting and Session @ PICES IX
18 695 Workshop_Ispra_Joint c/ JGTT
849
1 270
6 000
0
Fasham's request for Angela Bayfield
Feb Meeting in Honolulu/ASLO OSM
travel expenses for gov’t employees
IGBP-$2K, Technical layout @ Springer-Verlag
UiB Funds
4 415 Double accounting on 2001 budgets IGBP & SCOR
118 141
54 165
38
Appendix XV.
JGOFS Funds and Budget for 2003 (in progress)
Year 2003 (as of May 2003)
SOURCES
SCOR Funds
IGBP Secretariat Funds
SCOR carryover from 2000
SCOR carryover from 2001
SCOR carryover from 2002
LOICZ and IGBP carryover from 2001 and
2002
Fund raising for LDC scientists_OSC
Subtotal
ACTIVITIES
SSC Meeting (16) plus OSC Participation
Executive Meeting (5)
Executives and Sponsors Banquet
CMTT (5-8)
JGTT
NASG
DMTT
DMTT
PJTT
IOSG
SOSG
EPSG
NPSG
GSWG
Other meetings and expenses
GLOBEC Workshop
IGBP Congress (Banff)
Budget
Expected
(USD)
Funds (USD)
Purpose
85 000
85 000 JGOFS SSC meeting and
Committee activities
20 145
20 145 SSC meeting
20 173
20 173 held at UiB
8 332
8 332 held at the SCOR Secretariat
~2 000
~2 000 held at the SCOR Secretariat
18 650
18 650 held at UiB
33 000
187 300
Budgeted
40 000
15 000
10 000
0
11 000
10 000
3 000
0
5 000
0
10 000
10 000
cancelled
2 000
10 000
IGBP/SCOR OCEANS OSC
CMTT Book (manager/supplies)
JGOFS Synthesis Book/IOSG Book
NASG
3 000
2 000
3rd JGOFS OSC_speakers
3rd OSC Receptions
3rd OSC Invitees from IPO
3rd OSC Eastern European Scientists
20 000
LDC Scientists for the 3rd OSC
DM DVD Production/copying
JGOFS Reports Series
SpringerVerlag_Fasham book_bulk order
33 000
Subtotal
Balance
7 500
2 000
198 500
-11 200
33 000 IOC, SCOR, IAI, APN, and
START
187 300
Expenses
Comments
Washington DC
Bergen (Solstrand Hotel)
Bergen (Solstrand Hotel)
Book Meeting, Technical Layout
0
3 200 Mtg in Toulouse and Paris
7 000 BODC Meeting
2 980 Pangaea Meeting (technical)
0
Book Editors Mtg
0
Chai, Murray, Mackey
meeting and CD ROM production
0 Meeting cancelled (14 Feb)
Trophic foodweb modelling/Chai
Bychkov, Lowry, Avril, Hanson,
and Lochte
Paris, France_David Siegel
3 000 Book Manager, part-time, Taipei
IGBP-$2K, Technical layout @
Springer-Verlag
NAS and Smithsonian
Johannessen, Sakshaug
Oguz (Turkey), Ahmed (Oman)
and Kutub (Israel)
IAI, APN, SCOR, and START
OSC hand out
2 000 OSC and SSC gifts, best poster
gifts, etc
18 180
169 120
39
Appendix XVI.
JGOFS Calendars for 2002 and 2003
Year 2002
29-30 January, Washington DC, USA. Data Management Task Team Meeting. Contact:
Margarita Conkright, Ocean Climate Laboratory, E/OC5, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver
Spring, MD 20910, USA. Tel.: +1 301 713 3290 ext 193, Fax: +1 301 713 3303. The report
for this meeting is now available within the International JGOFS Report No. 37, entitled
"Data Management Task Team Meeting Minutes, January 2002 & June 2000" edited in
August 2002.
11-15 February 2002, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. During the 2002 Ocean Sciences Meeting
organised by AGU and ASLO, special sessions or meetings were sponsored by JGOFS for the
SOSG (OS04. The Cycle of Carbon in the Southern Ocean", chaired by Paul Tréguer, Ulrich
Bathmann, Tom Trull, Phillip Boyd, and Stéphane Blain), the EPSG (Robert Le Borgne) and
the NASG (Véronique Garçon).
16-17 February 2002, Honolulu, HI, USA. SOSG Synthesis Workshop: "The Cycle of Carbon
in the Southern Ocean". Contact: Paul Tréguer and Ulrich Bathmann. A short Report prepared
after this SOSG Meeting is now available.
16-18 April, Southampton, UK. Continental Margin Task Team Workshop on Subpolar
Regions. Contact: Jonathan Sharples, School of Ocean and Earth Science, Southampton
Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom. Tel. +44
23 8059 649; Fax +44 23 8059 3059
22-26 April, Nice, France. During the forthcoming European Geophysical Society 27th
General Assembly, a special session "OA8. Biogeochemistry of the carbon cycle of the
Atlantic Ocean", chaired by W. Koeve, J. Aiken and V. Garçon was sponsored by JGOFS for
the NASG.
24-27 June, EU-JRC, Ispra, Italy. Joint Workshop entitled "Global Ocean Productivity and the
Fluxes of Carbon and Nutrients: Combining Observations and Models" organized by the
Global Synthesis Working Group and JGOFS/GAIM Task Team, in Ispra, June 2002.
Contact: Reiner Schlitzer and Patrick Monfray. A short Report after this joint Modelling
workshop is now available.
28 June, EU-JRC, Ispra, Italy. Data-Rescue / Capacity-Building Meeting
Contact: Bernard Avril or Margarita Conkright. An unofficial Report prepared after this
"Data-Rescue" Meeting is now available online.
17-19 September, Orono, ME, USA. Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Meeting and Workshop
Contact: Robert Le Borgne, Centre IRD, B.P. A5, F-98848 Nouméa Cedex, Tel. +33 4 9104
1657, Fax. +33 4 9104 1635, FRANCE; Fei Chai, School of Marine Sciences, University of
Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5741, USA, Tel. +1 207 581 4317, Fax. +1 207 581 4388. A short
Report after this workshop is now available.
23-25 September, Concepción, Chile. 17th JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee Meeting
Contact: Roger Hanson, JGOFS International Project Office, SMR, University of Bergen, PO
Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, NORWAY. Tel: +47 555 84244, Fax: +47 555 89687. The minutes
from the 16th JGOFS SSC meeting (Amsterdam, July 2001) have been approved and are now
on-line.
40
1-2 October, Sapporo, Japan. North Pacific Synthesis Group Meeting and Symposium for the
North Pacific synthesis. Contact: Toshiro Saino, Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric
Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chigusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8601, JAPAN, Tel. +81 52
789 3487, Fax. +81 52 789 3436.
late Fall, Sidney, B.C., Canada. North Pacific Synthesis Group editorial meeting for an issue
of the Journal of Oceanography on JGOFS NP synthesis. Contact: Toshiro Saino, Institute for
Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chigusa-Ku, Nagoya 4648601, JAPAN, Tel. +81 52 789 3487, Fax. +81 52 789 3436
18-22 November 2002, San Antonio, Texas, USA. World Ocean Circulation Experiment
(WOCE) and Beyond Conference. Contact: WOCE International Project Office, Southampton
Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH,
UK, Tel: +44 2380 596789, Fax: +44 2380 596204, [email protected] or
[email protected].
25-27 November 2002, Brussels, Belgium. Colour of Ocean Data: a symposium on
oceanographic data and information management with special attention to biological data
Contact: c/o Edward Vanden Berghe, The Colour of Ocean Data, Vismijn, Pakhuizen 45-52,
8400 Oostende, Belgium, Fax: +32-59-34 21 31.
4-6 December, Washington DC, USA. Continental Margin Task Team Workshop for the
Global Synthesis of the 5 Regional Syntheses. Contact: Larry Atkinson, Center for Coastal
Physical Oceanography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0276, USA, Tel. +1
757 683 4926, Fax. +1 757 683 5550; Renato Quiñones, Departamento de Oceanografia,
Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, CHILE, Tel. +56 41 203861, Fax.
+56 41 256571.
Year 2003
7-10 January, Paris, FRANCE. International Open Science Meeting "OCEANS: Ocean
Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems Analysis", co-sponsored by IGBP and SCOR. Contact:
SCOR Secretariat, [email protected] or IGBP Secretariat, Wendy Broadgate.
7 January, Toulouse, France. 4th North Atlantic Synthesis Group Meeting. Contact:
Véronique Garçon, LEGOS/GRGS/CNRS, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31055 Toulouse Cedex FRANCE - Tel. (33) 56 133 2957
20-24 January, Punta Arenas, CHILE. 18th SC-IGBP Meeting. Contact: Clemencia Widlund,
IGBP Secretariat or Roger Hanson, JGOFS International Project Office, SMR, University of
Bergen, PO Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, NORWAY. Tel: +47 555 84244, Fax: +47 555 89687
27-29 January, MARUM, Bremen, GERMANY. PANGAEA-JGOFS Data Management
Workshop. Contact: Bernard Avril, JGOFS International Project Office, University of Bergen,
Post Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY. Tel.: +47 5558 4249, Fax: +47 5558 9687
24-25 February 2003, Goa, INDIA. International Workshop on Biogeochemical Processes in
the Northern Indian Ocean. Contact: Venugopalan Ittekkot, Centre for Tropical Marine
Ecology (ZMT), University of Bremen, Fahrenheitsstrasse - 1, D-28359 - Bremen,
GERMANY, Tel. +49 421 23800 21, Fax. +49 421 23800 30
41
3-7 March 2003, UNESCO HQs, Paris, FRANCE. 17th Session of the IOC Committee on
International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE). Contact: Peter
Pissierssens, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, 1 rue Miollis,
75732 Paris Cedex 15, FRANCE or Bernard Avril, JGOFS International Project Office,
University of Bergen, Post Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY. Tel.: +47 5558 4249, Fax:
+47 5558 9687
13-15 March 2003, BODC, Merseyside, UK. Data Management Task Team Meeting.
Contact: Margarita Conkright, Ocean Climate Laboratory, E/OC5, 1315 East-West Highway,
Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. Tel.: +1 301 713 3290 ext 193, Fax: +1 301 713 3303 or
Bernard Avril, JGOFS International Project Office, University of Bergen, Post Box 7800, N5020 Bergen, NORWAY. Tel.: +47 5558 4249, Fax: +47 5558 9687
7-11 April 2003, Nice, FRANCE. European Geophysical Union (EGS/EUG) / American
Geophysical Union Joint Assembly. Contact: EGS Office, EGU Office or AGU Member
Service Center. During the forthcoming 2003 EGU / AGU Joint Assembly, several special
sessions are dedicated to themes related to JGOFS: BG1.04 Biogeochemistry of dissolved
organic matter in marine and freshwater environments -- Rochelle-Newall E., McKnight D.,
Carlson C. / BG1.05 Metabolic balance of biogeochemical fluxes in the global ocean.
Perspectives and problems -- Rivkin R., Legendre L., Robinson C. / BG1.06 Coastal
biogeochemistry and its response to anthropogenic perturbations: inputs, gas exchange,
carbon and nutrient cycling -- Gattuso J., Frankignoulle M., Thomas H., Smith S. / BG3.03
Response of marine organisms and ecosystems to global environmental change -- Riebesell
U., Karl D., Gattuso J. / CL11.18 The Southern Ocean's role in present and past climate -Gersonde R., Tréguer P., Schofield O. / OS10 Open Session on the Biogeochemistry of the
Oceanic Carbon Cycle -- Follows M., Koeve W. / OS11 Eddy and frontal scale processes in
ocean biogeochemistry: observations and models -- Mémery L., McGuillicuddy D., Williams
R. / OS12 Iron resources and oceanic nutrients: advancement of global environment
simulations -- De Baar H., Lancelot C., Maier-Reimer E.
4 May, Washington DC, USA. 18th JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee Meeting. Contact:
Roger Hanson, JGOFS International Project Office, SMR, University of Bergen, PO Box
7800, 5020 Bergen, NORWAY. Tel: +47 555 84244, Fax: +47 555 89687
5-8 May, Washington DC, USA. Final JGOFS Open Science Conference. Contact: Roger
Hanson, JGOFS International Project Office, SMR, University of Bergen, PO Box 7800, 5020
Bergen, NORWAY. Tel: +47 555 84244, Fax: +47 555 89687 or Ken Buesseler, Department
of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, WHOI, MS 25, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA, Tel:
+1 508 289 2309 Fax: +1 508 457 2193
26 September 2003, Bergen, NORWAY. JGOFS Executive Meeting. Contact: Roger Hanson,
JGOFS International Project Office, SMR, University of Bergen, PO Box 7800, 5020 Bergen,
NORWAY. Tel: +47 555 84244, Fax: +47 555 89687
16-19 November 2003, Trieste, ITALY. Young Global Change Scientists Conference. See
updated START Young Scientists' Global Change Conference -- 1st Announcement
NPSG meeting (To be determined), IOSG meeting (To be determined), CMTT meeting (To
be determined)
42
Appendix XVII. Tasks remaining to closing the International Project Offices
Mailing and Email Lists (organizations, scientists)
Office documents (historical papers, letters, etc.)
Originals documents (and copies)
How much physical space is required for storage?
How should office documents be maintained or archived?
What is the weight of hard copies?
Shipment Expense
Financial Files
Official Documents (originals)
Core Project Folder (copies)
Administrative Contact Point (details)
Core Project Reports and Newsletters (transferred to)
Host Institution
National Libraries
Institute Libraries
Research Database (transferred to the World Data Centre system)
National Datasets (Metadata and observations)
International Datasets (Metadata and observations)
Cruise Report from Chief Scientists
JGOFS Website
Past and acting Web Administrators (contact details)
What is the size (Mb)?
Hard copy availability
Electronic files (CD ROM or DVD)
Copying Expense
Executive Officer and Assistant Executive Officer transfer
International Moving Expense (home)
µgChl. a l-1
m-1
µmol kg-1
µmol l-1
Autoanalyzer, Spectrophotometer (manual)
Autoanalyzer, Spectrophotometer (manual)
Autoanalyzer, Spectrophotometer (manual)
Autoanalyzer, Spectrophotometer (manual)
Autoanalyzer, Spectrophotometer (manual)
Fluorescence
Beam Attenuation Coefficient
Dissolved Oxygen
Nitrite
Nitrate + Nitrite
Ortho-Phosphate
Silicate
Nitrate
Discrete
measurements
when appropriate, the
conversion factor for unit
per “kg-1” or per “l-1”
should be included for each
depth, along with the
calculated potential density
excess (kg m-3) and the
measurement temperature
°C
. (no unit)
pCO2/fCO2 measurement temperature
pH
°C
µatm
seawater pCO2/fCO2
pH measurement temperature
µmol kg-1
Total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)
seawater scale, NBS scale, TRIS scale
µmol kg-1
Total alkalinity (TAlk)
µmol l-1
µmol l-1
µmol l-1
µmol l-1
. (practical salinity units)
Downwelling Irradiance (PAR)
Salinity
W m-2, µEinstein m-2 s-1
Dissolved Oxygen
m (positive)
°C
µmol l-1
Temperature
Scalar (2-π), Vector (cosine collector)
dbar
Unit
Pressure
Method (see also JGOFS Report 19)
Depth in water
CTD
Appendix XVIII. JGOFS Core Parameter List
(This list has been further updated after the SSC meeting)
Group
Parameter
43
Pigments
ng l-1
ng l-1
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
HPLC
Chlorophyll c3
Chlorophyll c1+c2 & Chl. Mg 3,8DVP
a5
Peridinin
19' - Butanoyloxyfucoxanthin
Fucoxanthin
19' - Hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin
Prasinoxanthin
Pyrophaeophorbide a
Diadinoxanthin
Alloxanthin
Diatoxanthin
Lutein
Zeaxanthin
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
Phaeophytin b
Phaeophytin a
α - Carotene
β - Carotene
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
ng l-1
HPLC
Chlorophyllide a
ng l-1
HPLC
Chlorophyllide b
44
nmol-N l-1 d-1
CHN
HTCO
UV, Persulfate, HTC
method to be specified
NaOH digestion
15
14
14
Particulate Nitrogen
Dissolved Organic Carbon
Total Dissolved Nitrogen
Dissolved Organic Phosphorus
Particulate Biogenic Silica
New Production
Primary Production
Integrated Primary Production
µmol-C l-1 d-1
microscopy
biomass
herbivory
phytoplankton grazing rate
Microzooplankton
methodology should include
specifications on size range
and sampling depth
mg m-3
ml m-3
mg m-3
biomass
displacement volume
wet mass
Mesozooplankton
methodology should include
specifications on size range
and sampling depth
dry weight, ash-free dry weight, carbon
m
µmol-C l-1
sampling depth layer range
dilution technique
µmol-C l-1 d-1
Tritiated Leucine
Bacteria Production
pmol l-1 h-1
pmol l-1 h-1
Methyl-tritiated Thymidine
Bacteria
Bacteria Production
mmol-C m-2 d-1
µmol-C l-1 d-1
nmol-P l-1
µmol-N l-1
µmol-C l-1
µmol-N l-1
µmol-C l-1
cells l-1
C
C
N
nmol-Si l-1
CHN
Particulate Organic Carbon
Bacteria Plankton Abundance
Production
Phytoplankton
Mass
µg l-1
Fluorometric
Phaeopigments
µg l-1
Fluorometric
Chlorophyll a
45
Iron
continuous
measurements
CO2 system
Sediment Traps
gut fluorescence
Sediment trap (dry weight)
Sediment trap
Sediment trap
Phosphorus excretion rate
Rate of phytoplankton ingestion
Mass Flux
Particulate Organic Carbon Flux
Particulate Nitrogen Flux
°C
. (practical salinity units)
kPa
°C
µatm
. (no unit)
intake or in situ temperature
pressure in equilibrator
temperature in equilibrator
pH
µmol kg-1
nmol l-1
pmol (µg-Chl a)-1 h-1
Total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)
dissolved Fe concentration
specific Fe uptake
Total alkalinity (TAlk)
°C
µmol kg-1
pH measurement temperature
air pCO2/fCO2
intake or in situ salinity
µatm
µmol-N m-2 d-1
µmol-C m-2 d-1
mg m-2 d-1
ng-Chl mg-C d-1
µmol-C mg-C d-1
µmol-P mg-C d-1
seawater pCO2/fCO2
seawater scale, NBS scale, TRIS scale
ammonium or total nitrogen concentration
variation
phosphate or total phosphorus concentration
variation
particle concentration variation
Nitrogen excretion rate
Ingestion rate
µmol-O mg-C d-1
oxygen concentration variation
Respiration rate
µmol-N mg-C d-1
m
sampling depth layer range
46
47
Appendix XIX.
Data Rescue Report
48
Appendix XX.
JGOFS-Pangaea Meeting Report
49
Appendix XXI.
Letters to the Agencies
[date]
[address, see Appendix XXI]
Ref. JGOFS/…
Subject: Data Management for future ocean biogeochemistry/climate programmes: Lessons
learned from JGOFS
Dear Dr. …,
This letter concerns the issue of data management for ocean biogeochemistry in new research
programmes being planned under the auspices of IGBP and SCOR. We believe that this matter is
highly relevant for you, but if you know of a colleague who is more directly responsible with
support and funding as well as management of ocean data in your institution, we would be
grateful if you could also pass our letter to that person.
The JGOFS Project has been highly successful in providing new insights into global
biogeochemical cycling in the oceans through a multi-national effort. A considerable effort was
invested in new measurements of ocean properties during JGOFS. Yet a much smaller stress was
directed toward ensuring the accessibility and ultimate stewardship of these expensive and
irreplaceable data through a coordinated international data management effort. As new
programmes are being designed and implemented, we must learn from the JGOFS data
management experience. The following list is a set of recommendations for new programmes to
consider:
•
Establishment and support of a centralized International Project Data Centre responsible
for: acquisition of data, data access, and distribution of data to the World Data Centres system to
ensure its long-term archival;
•
Establishment and support of experienced/full-time national data coordinators who will:
identify cruises and Principal Investigators (PIs) associated with the national programmes, work
with PIs to ensure data and metadata are complete and in common file and data formats and
submit data to the International Project Data Centre;
•
Setting of a time limit before which all countries participating in the programme must
submit their data to the Data Centre;
•
Establishment of a coherent set of standards for reporting data and metadata;
•
Working with funding agencies to ensure compliance with programme data policies.
These recommendations are designed to ensure the rapid dissemination of data and its long-term
preservation and accessibility.
During the JGOFS Project, key biological and chemical variables were sampled by over 20
countries at the regional scale (process studies in the North Atlantic, Arabian Sea, Equatorial
Pacific, Southern Ocean and North Pacific), global scale (carbon survey) and from long-term
measurements at key ocean sites. As we proceed with the final synthesis and modelling phases of
JGOFS, it is likely that JGOFS may fall short in providing a satisfactory data legacy for future
generations.
50
The JGOFS data management plan was set up so each nation had a data coordinator responsible
for that nation’s data. Data are either managed by a national JGOFS data manager (e.g.,
Australia, Canada, France, Germany, India, Japan, U.K. and U.S.), or reside with individual PIs.
A Data Management Task Team (DMTT) was formed to coordinate the data management
efforts, but in effect, the DMTT does not represent all nations involved in JGOFS activities, and
does not have the manpower or financial resources to go far beyond coordination and
cataloguing of data collections carried out nationally. The lack of a centralized International
Project Data Centre severely hampers the use of JGOFS data for synthesis and model validation,
now and in the future.
Additional problems identified with the current JGOFS Data Management are:
•
Ambiguity in many countries as to what constitutes a JGOFS cruise;
•
No time limit, and in most countries, no requirement for delivery of data to a Data Centre
from where it can be properly archived and disseminated;
•
Reluctance by PIs to share data;
•
Data in diverse formats with incomplete documentation or missing key core JGOFS
parameters.
Efforts to acquire funds to compile all JGOFS international data into a common file and data
format, to be distributed internationally, have thus far failed in the U.S. Other national funding
agencies have also been approached, in vain. These efforts failed mainly because such
supporting activities, although extremely important to make optimal use of the scientific data,
have fared poorly in competition with proposals to initiate new science projects. This is very
unfortunate, since the acquisition of data is very costly compared to the small cost of effective
data management.
JGOFS was proactive in setting a data policy and establishing an international data management
committee very early in the Project, and the JGOFS system became a model for other
programmes (e.g., GLOBEC). Yet, in spite of this effort and because of the complexity of
interdisciplinary data and of JGOFS itself, much remains to be done to secure the accessibility of
all data collected in the Project. We offer these recommendations to the planners of the next
generation of ocean programmes, to help all move toward a new and better, integrated data
management system in the next few years.
We are very interested in your views on the data management issue facing future programmes
and invite you to share your thoughts with us. We will be passing on a more comprehensive view
of the JGOFS experience to planners of the next generation of ocean research programmes and
look forward to your input.
Sincerely,
[signature]
Hugh Ducklow
(Chair, JGOFS SSC)
[signature]
Margarita Conkright
(Chair, JGOFS DMTT)
[signature]
Bernard Avril
(Asst. Exec. Officer, JGOFS IPO)
51
Appendix XXII. Agencies’ Addresses
Charles Allen, CSIRO, PO Box 225, Dickson
ACT 2602, Australia
Robin Batterham, Chief Scientist, Dept. of
Education, Science and Training, Location Code
742, GPO Box 9880, Canberra ACT 2601,
Australia
Geoff Garrett, CSIRO Chief Executive,
CSIRO, PO Box 225, Dickson, ACT 2602,
Australia
Nan Bray, Chief, CSIRO Marine Research
Division, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania 7001,
Australia
Veronica Sakell, Director, National Oceans
Office, GPO Box 2139, Hobart, Tasmania
7000, Australia
The Director, Australian Antarctic Division,
Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050,
Australia
Neil Williams, Chief Executive Officer,
Norbury Rogers, Chairman, Australian Institute of
Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378 Canberra, Marine Science (AIMS), PMB No. 3, Townsville
ACT 2601, Australia
MC, Queensland, 4810, Australia
Tom Brzustowski, President, Natural Sciences
and Engineering Research Council of Canada
(NSERC), 350 Albert Street, Ottawa, Ontario,
K1A 1H5, Canada
Peter Doherty, Research Director, Australian
Institute of Marine Science, PMB No. 3,
Townsville MC, Queensland 4810, Australia
Dave Graham, President, Australian Marine
Conservation Society, P.O. Box 3139,
Yeronga, Queensland 4104, Australia
Wendy Watson-Wright, Dept. of Fisheries and
Oceans Canada, House of Commons, Parliament
Buildings, Wellington Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A
0A6, Canada
Denis D'Amours, Acting Director,
Oceanography and Climate Branch, Fisheries
& Oceans Canada, 200 Kent Street, Ottawa,
Ontario K1A 0E6, Canada
Arthur J. Carty, President, National Research
Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa,
Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
Cheryl Lambert, Director, Research Program
André Isabelle, Environm. Natural Resources Res.
Support Office, National Research Council of Partners., NSERC, 350 Albert Street, Ottawa,
Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Ontario, K1A 1H5, Canada
K1A 0R6, Canada
Jean-Louis Fellous, Director, Direction des
Recherches Océaniques, IFREMER, 155, rue
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 92138 Issy-lesMoulineaux cedex, France
Janet Walden, Vice-President Research
Partnerships Programs Directorate, NSERC, 350
Albert Street, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 1H5, Canada
Philippe Busquin, Research Commission.,
European Commission, Rue de la Loi 200, B1049 Brussels, Belgium
Achilleas Mitsos, Director-General, Directorate
General Research, European Commission, Rue de
la Loi 200, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium
Christian Patermann, Director, Directorate I,
Directorate General Research, EC, Rue de la
Loi 200, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium
Jean-François Minster, P.D.G., IFREMER, 155,
rue Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 92138 Issy-lesMoulineaux cedex, France
52
Gérard Mégie, Président, CNRS, 3, rue
Michel-Ange, 75794 Paris cedex 16, France
Serge Calabre, Directeur général, Institut de
Recherche pour le Développement, 213, rue La
Fayette, 75 480 Paris Cedex 10, France
Geneviève Berger, directrice générale, Centre
national de la recherche scientifique, 3, rue
Michel-Ange, 75794 Paris cedex 16, France
Philippe Gillet, Directeur, Institut National des
Sciences de l'Univers, 3, Rue Michel-Ange, B.P.
287, 75766 Paris cedex 16, France
Jean-Luc Clément, Directeur, Direction des
relations internationales (DIR), INSU, 3, Rue
Michel-Ange, B.P. 287, 75766 Paris cedex 16,
France
Gérard Brachet, Directeur Général, Centre
National d'Etudes Spatiales, 2 place Maurice
Quentin, 75 039 Paris cedex 01, France
Gerhard Hahn, Bundesministerium für Bildung Ehrlich Desa, Director, National Institute of
+ Forschung, Dept. of Environm. Res. and
Oceanography (NIO), Dona Paula, 403 004 Goa,
Social Sciences, Heinemannstrasse 2, D-53175 India
Bonn, Germany
Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan, Chairman,
Department of Space (DOS), ISRO, Bala
Nagar, Hyderabad, 500 037 Andhra Pradesh,
India
Amélie Mummendey, Wissenschaftsrat, Brohler
Straße 11, D-50968 Köln, Germany
R.A. Mashelkar, Director General, Council of Harsh K. Gupta, Secretary, Department of Ocean
Scientific and Industrial Research, Anusandhan Development, Mahasagar Bhavan, CGO Complex,
Bhavan, 2, Rafi Marg, New Delhi - 110 001,
Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003, India
India
Meinhard Schulz-Baldes, Wissenschaftliche
Beirat Bundesregierung Globale
Umweltveränderungen, Reichpietschufer 6062, D-10785 Berlin, Germany
Ernst-Ludwig Winnacker, Präsident, Deutsche
Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Kennedyallee 40,
D-53175 Bonn, Germany
Karl Max Einhäupl, Wissenschaftsrat, Brohler
Straße 11, D-50968 Köln, Germany
Jaak Sinnaeve, Executive Secretary, INTAS,
Avenue des Arts 58/8, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
Johannes Karte, Deutsche
Tei-ichi Sato, Director General, Japan Society for
Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Kennedyallee the Promotion of Science, 6 Ichibancho, Chiyoda40, D-53175 Bonn, Germany
ku, Tokyo 102-8471, Japan
Mr. Hayashida, International Affairs, Ministry
of Science & Technology, 3-2-2
Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8959,
Japan
Shuichiro Yamanouchi, President, National Space
Development Agency Japan, World Trade Center
Bldg., 2-4-1, Hamamatsu-cho, Tokyo 105-8060,
Japan
Daisuke Yoshida, Dir. Ocean & Earth Div.,
Ministry of Edu., Culture, Sports, Sci. Techn.,
3-2-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 1008959, Japan
Hiroyuki Yoshikawa, Chairman, Science Council
of Japan, Minato-ku Roppongi 7-22-34, Tokyo,
Japan
Kiyoshi Suyehiro, Director, Japan Marine
Science & Technology Centre, 2-15
Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
Michio Kuriyagawa, Director-General, National
Institute Resources & Environment, 16-3
Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569 , Japan
53
Kazuhiro Kitazawa, Div. Ocean & Earth, Japan Nobuyuki Shibayama, Director, Japan
Marine Science & Technology Centre , 2-15
Oceanographic Data Center, Hydrographic and
Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
Oceanographic Dept., 5-3-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku,
Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
Yohichi Gohshi, President, National Institute
for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa,
Tsukuba-Shi, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
David Pugh, Inter-Agency Committee Marine Sci.
Techn., Southampton Oceanography Centre,
European Way, Empress Dock, Southampton,
SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
Yutaka Nagata, Director, Marine Information
Research Center, Mishima Bldg. 5F, 7-15-4,
Ginza, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0061, Japan
John Lawton, Chief Executive, Natural
Environment Research Council, Polaris House,
North Star Avenue, Swindon SN2 1EU, United
Kingdom
Peter Collins, Director Science Policy, The
Royal Society, 6-9 Carlton House Terrace,
London SW1Y 5AG, United Kingdom
Phil Newton, Head of Marine Sci. Team, Natural
Environment Research Council, Polaris House,
North Star Avenue, Swindon SN2 1EU, United
Kingdom
Peter Boyle, Natural Environment Research
Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue,
Swindon SN2 1EU, United Kingdom
David King, Chief Scientific Adviser, Office of
Science and Technology, 1 Victoria Street, London
SW1H 0ET, United Kingdom
Fiona Carse, Marine Sci. Progr. Officer,
Natural Environment Research Council,
Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon
SN2 1EU, United Kingdom
Margaret Davidson, Director, National Ocean
Service (NOS), SSMC4, 13th floor, 1305 E.W.
Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States
Stephen Cox, Executive Secretary, The Royal
Society, 6-9 Carlton House Terrace, London
SW1Y 5AG, United Kingdom
Bud Ehler, Dir. Int. Program Office, National
Ocean Service (NOS), SSMC4, 13th floor, 1305
E.W. Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United
States
Louis Brown, International Sci. Affairs,
Ken Mooney, Acting Director, Office of Global
Directorate of Geosciences (GEO), NSF, 4201 Programs, NOAA, 1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite
Wilson Blvd., room 705 N, Arlington, Virginia 1210, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States
22230, United States
David Evans, Dep. Assistant Adm., Office of
Oceanic & Atmosph. Res., NOAA , Silver
Spring Metro Center, Bldg 3, 11627, 1315
E.W. Highw., Silver Spring, MD20910, United
States
Aristides Patrinos, Associate Director, Office of
Biol. and Environm. Res., DoE, 19901
Germantown Road, Germantown, MD 208741290, United States
René Eppi, Director, NOAA Research
International Activities, 1315 E.W. Highway,
SSMC 3, Rm 11424, Silver Spring, MD 20910,
United States
Margaret Leinen, Assist. Dir. Geosciences,
Directorate of Geosciences (GEO), NSF, 4201
Wilson Blvd., room 705 N, Arlington, Virginia
22230, United States
Raymond Orbach, Director, Office of Science,
Department of Energy, 19901 Germantown
Road, Germantown, MD 20874-1290, United
States
Jane Alexander, Dir. Sci. & Techn., U.S. Office of
Naval Research, Ballston Centre Tower One, 800
North Quincy Street, Arlington, VA 22217-5660,
United States
54
Warren Washington, Chair, National Science
Board, 4201 Wilson Blvd., room 1225 N,
Arlington, Virginia 22230, United States
Charles Trees, Head, Biol. Oceanogr. Program,
NASA HQ, Office of Earth Science, 300 E Street.
SW, Washington DC 20546, United States
Shannon Lucid, Chief Scientist, NASA,
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston,
Texas 77058, United States
Brad Arthur, Secretary for Int. Programs, Global
Change Research Program Office, 400 Virginia
Avenue, SW, Suite 750, Washington, DC 20024,
United States
Ghassem Asrar, Associate Administrator,
NASA Headquarters, Office of Earth Science,
300 E Street. SW, Washington DC 20546,
United States
Frank Herr, Department Head, Ocean, Atmosphere
and Space (OAS), ONR, Ballston Centre Tower
One, 800 North Quincy Street, Arlington, VA
22217-5660, United States
Richard Moss, Executive Director, Global
Donald Johnston, Secretary-General, OCDE, 2, rue
Change Research Program Office, 400 Virginia André Pascal, F-75775 Paris Cedex 16, France
Avenue, SW, Suite 750, Washington, DC
20024, United States
Su Jilan, Chaiman IOC of UNESCO , State
Oceanic Administration, Second Institute of
Oceanography, P.O. Box 1207, 9 Xixihexia,
Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
Wendy Broadgate, Dep. Dir. Natural Sci., IGBP,
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005,
S-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
Patricio Bernal, Executive Secretary, IOC
Secretariat, 1, rue Miollis, 75732 Paris Cedex
15, France
Franciscus Colijn, Chair OCC, ICES, 2-4
Palægade, DK-1261 Copenhagen K, Denmark
David Griffith, General Secretary, ICES, 2-4
Palægade, DK-1261 Copenhagen K, Denmark
Thomas Rosswall, Executive Director,
International Council for Science (ICSU), 51 Bd de
Montmorency, 75016 Paris, France
Josef Aschbacher, Chair Representative,
CEOS, European Space Agency, 8-10, rue
Mario Nikis, 75738 Paris Cedex 15, France
Directorate STI, OCDE, 2, rue André Pascal, F75775 Paris Cedex 16, France
José Achache, Directorate of Earth Obs.
Programmes, ESA, 8-10, rue Mario Nikis,
75738 Paris Cedex 15, France
Edward Urban , Executive Director, SCOR, Dept.
of Earth + Planetary Sci., Johns Hopkins
University, Olin Hall, San Martin Drive,
Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
Will Steffen, Exec. Dir., IGBP Secretariat,
IGBP, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,
Box 50005, S-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
Julio Alberto Luna, President, COFECYT, Avda.
Córdoba 831 - 2º piso, of. 206/207, (C1054AAH)
Buenos Aires, Argentina
ESF Director, European Science Foundation
(ESF), 1, quai Lezay-Marnésia, F-67080
Strasbourg Cedex, France
L.R. Fontana, Scientific Coordinator, Instituto
Antártico Argentino, D.N. Antártico, Cerrito 1248,
C1010AAZ Capital Federal, Argentina
Eduardo Hernán Charreau, Presidente,
Martine Vanderstraeten, OSTC, Rue de la Science
CONICET, Avda. Rivadavia 1917 - CP
8, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
C1033AAJ, Cdad. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
55
Eric Beka, Secretary General, OSTC, Rue de la Antônio M.A. MacDowell, IAI, Agencia Espacial
Science 8, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
Brasileira, SPO - Area 5 - Quadra 3 - Bloco B Terreo, 70610-200 Brasília D.F., Brazil
M.J. Simoen, Secrétaire générale, FNRS, rue
d’Egmont 5, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
Ximena Gómez de la Torre, Jefe, Departamento de
Relaciones Internacionales, CONICYT, Bernarda
Morín 551, Piso 2 - Providencia, Santiago, Chile
Eric Goles Chacc, Presidente, CONICYT,
Canadá 308 - Providencia, Santiago, Chile
Peter Heffernan, CEO, Marine Institute, Galway
Technology Park, Parkmore, Galway, Ireland
Oscar Pinochet de la Barra, Director, Instituto
Antartico Chileno (INACH), Casilla 16521
Correo 9, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
Lucio Bianco, Presidente, Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazzale Aldo Moro, 7,
00185 Roma, Italy
Director, National Development Plan (NDP),
15 Lower Hatch Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
Giovanni d'Addona, Direttore Generale,
Dipartimento per la programmazione; Ministero
della Ricerca, Piazza Kennedy, 20, 00144 Roma,
Italy
Piero Marini, Direttore Generale, Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazzale
Aldo Moro, 7, 00185 Roma, Italy
Jaime Parada Ávila, Director General, CONACYT,
Av. Constituyentes 1046, Col. Lomas Altas, C.P.
11950, México, D.F., Mexico
Carlo Rubbia, Commissario Straordinario,
ENEA, Via Anguillarese 301, I-00060 S.
Maria di Galeria, Roma, Italy
Matthew Everett, Manager Oceans Policy,
Ministry for the Environment, PO Box 10362,
Wellington, New Zealand
Neil Richardson, Chairperson, FRST, P O Box Paul Hargreaves, Chief Executive, National
12-240, Wellington, New Zealand
Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research
(NIWA), Private Bag 99940, Newmarket,
Auckland, New Zealand
James Buwalda, Chief Executive, Ministry of
Research, Science & Technology, PO Box
5336, Wellington, New Zealand
Grete Ek Ulland, Director General, Department of
Research, Ministry of Education and Research, PB
8119 Dep, 0032 Oslo, Norway
Rachel Wilson, Responsible, New Zealand
Climate Change Programme, PO Box 55,
Wellington, New Zealand
Karin Refsnes, Direktør, Området for miljø og
utvikling, Norges forskningsråd (NFR), PO Box
2700 St. Hanshaugen, 0131 Oslo, Norway
Christian Hambro, Director General, Norges
forskningsråd (NFR), PO Box 2700 St.
Hanshaugen, 0131 Oslo, Norway
YuCheng Chai, Department of Earth Sciences, 35
(E Gate), Huayuanbei Rd, Haidian Distric, Beijing
100083, P.R. China
Sun Shu, Director Div. of Earth Sciences,
Xu Yukun, Director, Department of International
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 52 Sanlihe Rd., Cooperation, State Oceanic Administration, No.1
Beijing, 100864, P.R. China
Fuxingmenwai Avenue, 100860 Beijing, P.R.
China
Wang Shaoqi, Director, Department of
International Cooperation, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 52 Sanlihe Rd., Beijing, 100864,
P.R. China
Chen Jia'er, President, NSFC, 83 Shuangqing
Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, P.R. China
56
Xiang Jianhai, Director, Institute of
Oceanology (IOCAS), Chinese Academy of
Sciences, No.7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071
ShangDong, P.R. China
Shahid Amjad, Director General, National Institute
of Oceanography, St. 47, Block-1, Clifton, Karachi
75600, Pakistan
Zhang Dengyi, Administrator, State Oceanic
Administration, No.1 Fuxingmenwai Avenue,
100860 Beijing, P.R. China
Czesław Druet, Komitet Badań Morza, Institute of
Oceanology, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, P.O.
Box 68, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
S. T. K. Naim, Scientific Secretary, Pakistan
Council for Science and Technology (PCST),
Shahrah-i-Jamhuriat, G-5/2, Islamabad,
Pakistan
Sergei S. Lappo, Director, P.P. Shirshov Institute
of Oceanology (SIO), Russian Academy of
Sciences (RAS), Nakhimovsky prospect 36,
Moscow, 117851, Russia
President, Fundação para a Ciência e a
Tecnologia , Av. D. Carlos I, 126 -1º e 2º,
1249-074 Lisboa, Portugal
Monde Mayekiso, Chief Director, Chief
Directorate Marine + Coastal Mgmt, National
Science and Technology Forum, PO Box 9823,
Pretoria, Gauteng 0001, South Africa
Boris V. Levin, Dir. Dept of Geosciences,
Russian Foundation for Basic Research,
Leninsky Prospekt 32a, 117334 Moscow,
Russia
C.J. Scheffer, Director S&T Cooperation,
Department of Arts, Culture, Science and
Technology (DACST), Private Bag X894, Pretoria,
0001, South Africa
Nok C. Frick, Director, Council for
Daya Reddy, Chair of the Board, National
Geoscience, Private Bag X112, Pretoria, 0001, Research Foundation (NRF), PO Box 2600,
South Africa
Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
Rob Adam, Director-General, Department of
Arts, Culture, Science and Technology
(DACST), Private Bag X894, Pretoria, 0001,
South Africa
Lee Kwang-Ro, Director General, National
Oceanographic Research Institute, 1-17 7a Hangdong, Jung-go, Incheon, South Korea
Sang-Kyung Byun, President, Korea Ocean
General Director, Sci. Techn. Policy Off., Ministry
Res. & Development Institute, Ansan P.O. Box of Science and Technology, Government
29, Seoul 425-600, South Korea
Complex-Gwacheon, Gwacheon City, Kyunggi-Do
427-760, South Korea
Director, Planning and Management Off.,
Ministry of Science and Technology,
Government Complex-Gwacheon, Gwacheon
City, Kyunggi-Do 427-760, South Korea
Álvaro Fernández García, General Dir., Instituto
Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Avenida de Brasil,
31, 28020 Madrid, Spain
Rolf Tarrach Siegel, Presidente, Consejo Sup.
de Investigaciones Científicas , c/ Serrano,
117, 28071 Madrid, Spain
Dick Hedberg, Exec. Sec., Environm. Res. + Polar
Res. Committee, Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien,
P.O. Box 50005, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
Ramon Marimon Suñol, Secretario, Secretaría
de Estado de Política Científica Ministerio de
Ciencia y Tecnología, Paseo de la Castellana,
160, 28071 Madrid, Spain
Björn Sjöberg, Chairman, Swedish Committee for
Oceanic Research, Göteborgs Universitet,
Geovetarcentrum, Oceanografi, SE-405 30
Göteborg, Sweden
Janne Carlsson, President, Kungliga
Vetenskapsakademien, P.O. Box 50005, SE104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
Heidi Diggelmann, President, Fonds national
suisse de la recherche sci., Wildhainweg 20, CH3012 Bern, Switzerland
57
Pär Omling, Generaldirektör, Vetenskapsrådet
(VR), Regeringsgatan 56, 103 87 Stockholm,
Sweden
Daniel R. Ariztegui, President, Commission suisse
océanogr. & limnologie, Swiss National Science
Foundation, Université de Genève, Rue des
Maraîchers 13, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
Christian Körner, Swiss National Science
Foundation for the promotion of scientific
research, ProClim, Bärenplatz 2, 3011 Bern,
Switzerland
Pei-Fen Chen, Resp. for Oceanography, National
Science Council (NSC), 106 Hoping E. Road Sec.
2, Taipei, Taiwan RoC
Hung-Duen Yang, Director, National Science
Council (NSC), 106 Hoping E. Road Sec. 2,
Taipei, Taiwan RoC
John Marks, general director, Gebied Aard- en
Levenswetenschappen , NWO, Postbus 93510,
2509 AM Den Haag, The Netherlands
B. P. Th. Veltman, Chairman, Adviesraad voor
het Wetenschaps- en Technologiebeleid
(AWT), Javastraat 42, 2585 AP The Hague,
The Netherlands
Peter Nijkamp, voorzitter, Nederlandse Organisatie
voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO),
Postbus 93138, 2509 AC Den Haag, The
Netherlands
Chris H. Moen, General Director, KNAW, Het Ivan Danilo López, Presidente, FONACIT, Final
Trippenhuis, Kloveniersburgwal 29, Postbus
Av. Los Cortijos de Lourdes, Edificio Maploca,
19121, 1000 GC Amsterdam, The Netherlands Caracas, Venezuela
W.J.M. Levelt, Pres. Executive Board,
Jürg Pfister, Head International Relations, Fonds
Nederlandse Organisatie voor
national suisse de la recherche sci., Wildhainweg
Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Postbus 20, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
93138, 2509 AC Den Haag, The Netherlands
Egidio Romano Roselli, Director, Instituto
Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas
(IVIC), Apartado Postal 21827, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela
58
Appendix XXIII. Oceanographic Data and Information Management
Bernard Avril and Nicolas Dittert prepared the following draft data policy (21 February 2003) at
the request of the IMBER (formerly OCEANS) Transition Team, based on their experience with
JGOFS and other project data and information management and in an informal meeting in
conjunction with the OCEANS Open Science Meeting in Paris in January 2003. This document
provided useful information for discussions of oceanographic data management at the IGBP
Congress
in
Banff,
Canada
in
June
2003
(see
session
B2,
www.igbp.kva.se/congress/wgabstracts.html#B2).
(This text has been further modified for the IGBP Congress in Banff, Canada, in June 2003)
Suggested Statements by the Transition Team:
a.- Understanding that at the international level, the project Scientific Steering Committee (SSC)
makes data management recommendations, that assist the implementation and enforcement
at the national level of a data management policy together with the relevant (national and
international) funding agencies,
b.- Considering that the International Council for Science (ICSU) recommends as a general
policy, the fundamental principle of full and open exchange of data and information for
scientific and educational purposes. Scientific data is defined as the recorded factual material
commonly accepted in the scientific community as necessary to validate research findings, but
not any of the following: preliminary analyses, drafts of scientific papers, plans for future
research, peer reviews, or communications with colleagues. Datasets are regarded as a valuable
resource in their own right,
c.- Considering that the minimum requirements are that scientific data are complete (for global
integration), accurate (through quality control and analysis) and authentic (trustworthy);
timely released; identifiable, documented thanks to associated metadata records (i.e.,
“description of data and including method and references”); ethically retrievable when needed
and properly secured, and preserved on the long-term,
d.- Noting that raw data, which are undocumented and uncertain in their quality have
the least value, whereas complete, accurate, well documented and organised data, as
used in publications, have the highest value,
Æ Recommends full and open access to well documented and organised data and
required information for all parties involved in the project.
e.- Noting that the ultimate success in data retrieval and exchange, and accompanying
advancements in knowledge rely on the scientists’ participation, which does not consistently
occur unless there are appropriate incentives to do so.
f.- Understanding that a data management plan improve the efforts dedicated to scientific
analysis and new discoveries, by easing those devoted to exploration and manipulation of
datasets.
g.- Considering that the project also depends on historical records and knowledge.
59
h.- Considering that during the project, it is expected the development of new concepts and
visions, together with a great expansion in marine, biogeochemical and ecological data flow
of very large, distributed, heterogeneous datasets, associated with advances in technologies
and scientific concepts.
Æ Recommends a major effort for the project data and metadata management, to be
internationally coordinated, based on a full, coherent data management plan, along with
first, a attractive and rewarding system sustaining the voluntary participation of scientists, and
second, some fair enforcement procedures, including a data management policy, to be
prepared and implemented in coordination with the funding agencies
Æ Recommends a multiplicity of approaches within a semi-distributed, scalable and
flexible data management system in order to address the increasingly important and
complex issue of data and knowledge management, taking into consideration the multiplicity
of the cultures, international work experiences, national particularities, and constrained
relationships that scientists are willing or required to work with.
Æ Recommends the establishment and continuous support of an International
Information Management Office (IIMO) and of a Data Management Committee (DMC)
designed to assist the SSC and to coordinate in close liaison with the International Project
Office (IPO) all information and data management aspects for the entire project duration
(evaluation, guidance, support of the various partners in data management; evaluation of the
data flows and usages), and to facilitate the integration of the project data management system
within the frameworks already existing nationally (NDC, NCP, etc.) and internationally (e.g.,
WDCs, GCMD/CEOS-IDN, other projects and programmes). The IIMO and DMC
investigate or adapt new tools and strategies and appropriate standards (Internet protocols,
data and metadata standards, approved protocols for data quality assurance or control) in
order to facilitate and promote the data flows, especially for future observations from new
sensors, new satellites, new platforms (autonomous underwater or remotely operated vehicles,
inexpensive, low-maintenance monitoring systems and sophisticated buoys), for continuous
measurements, global survey, ships of opportunity operations, video recordings, and for
systems of data delivery in near real-time and delayed modes or for on-time, push data and
information delivery; for model output dissemination, etc. The IIMO and DMC investigate or
adapt new tools and strategies for data rescue, data archeology, data mining and data
integration in relation to the needs of the project. The IIMO and DMC follow developments
and review existing governmental, commercial, and legal constraints on data access and
intellectual property issues (including published articles, CD-ROMs) for purposes of
scientific research.
i.- Recognizing that the project core science is specific and different in its goals and strategies
from the already existing initiatives and other core projects sponsored by IGBP and SCOR.
Æ Recommends the establishment and the regular revision of a list of project core
parameters (with related methodological standards and appropriate metadata, as required),
which related closely to the project core science, in coordination with all relevant project
partners and other external initiatives.
j.- Recognizing that to insure the highest possible quality in the project datasets, a system similar
to the peer reviewing for the publications should be adopted for the datasets and associated
metadata
60
Æ Recommends the establishment and basic, continuous support of several Data
Evaluation Units (DEUs), reporting (activity with performance evaluation) to the SSC and
the IIMO. Their primary missions are first, to quality control independently and fairly, to
check against historical records and to validate the contributed datasets and associated
metadata relevant to a specific group of the OCEAN core parameters; second, to deliver
appropriately official project-labelled certificates for the datasets and to publicly acknowledge
the scientists’ contributions to the project, and third, to create project-labelled data
collections. Each DEU is flexible in its working structure and is community-oriented (more
than the national agencies already existing, such as NODCs), and is led by a voluntary
scientist with strong inter-personal skills and high scientific expertise and recognition, chosen
by the SSC, after a call for proposals and some possible direct solicitations. The most
experienced scientists are expected to participate both as data producers and as data evaluators
or as builders of specific data collections. The DEU use the delivered datasets and associated
metadata only for the tasks defined by the SSC and IIMO.
Æ Recommends that the IIMO, DMC and DEUs provide all project scientists with
support, recommendations, guidelines and priorities regarding information and data
management plans. They coordinate the establishment of a specific metadata portal for the
project or programme with the help of GCMD – CEOS / IDN. They promote the project data
policy and assist in the development of national project data management efforts (possible
national Data Management Offices, DMO) and the cooperation with national data centres
(NDCs).
Æ Recommends that the IIMO, assisted by an ad-hoc Publications Committee (PC),
attribute an OCEAN-label and consecutive number for the relevant peer-reviewed
publications when they are submitted to a science journal, and provided that the related
datasets and associated metadata are delivered within the project data management system,
and project-certified by a DEU, identifiable through a unique Digital Object Identifier (DOI),
and the publication acknowlegded the project in an appropriate manner.
Æ Recommends that the shortest data flow from the scientists to the most adequate
ICSU’s World Data Centre (WDC), through the DEUs, be promoted (especially for the
countries with a less advanced, developed infrastructure). The WDCs represent the best
international framework for the long-term preservation and the worldwide, continuous
dissemination of all data. Æ Figure 1
Æ Recommends that data and information flow be initiated as soon as possible and
maintained until the project’s end, in order to insure a timely, continuous delivery of the
datasets to the community, and also to increase the quality of those datasets and subsequently
of the fieldwork strategy and the synthesis themselves.
Æ Recommends that a preliminary report be established as soon as possible after the
fieldwork or the experiment, that includes preliminary, basic information related to the
datasets acquired or the experiences conducted, such as location and timing of stations;
sampling strategy; inventory of all parameters acquired; time frame and specifications for data
delivery and for restricted and open data accessibilities, etc.
Æ Recommends that the data and metadata be delivered to the relevant DEUs as soon
as possible and within a maximum of two years after the completion of the fieldwork or
of the experiment, and before open public dissemination. Some datasets and information
are available as soon as the fieldwork or experience ends (hydrology, meteorology, etc.), or
61
soon after some basic data quality control (dissolved nutrients, etc.). The datasets to be
delivered later (from 3-month to 2-year delays) and those not acquired in accordance to the
initial cruise or experience plans, are also identified.
Æ Recommends that the project-labelled datasets and related metadata be both placed
on-line (provisionally, with a password-controlled access until the end of the 2-year period)
and published as project data products as soon as possible, either by the DEU or another
entity (IIMO, WDC…), after full delivery and quality check, and as appropriate or required
(with a clear edition date or version number, to avoid confusion), even if they are later revised
or reworked in a more convenient, integrated way (e.g., in a “data collection”), in order to
increase the work flexibility and the visibility of each achievement.
k.- acknowledging that a new or specific science field relevant to the project is, exceptionally,
not properly covered by any DEU.
Æ Recommends that the datasets relevant to the project science but not covered by the
expertise of any DEU be transmitted with their associated metadata preferably directly to
the IIMO and possibly to a national institution (preferably, national DMO), in agreement
with the SSC or IIMO.
l.- recognizing that “education” is one of the most useful strategies to ensure data delivery and
metadata generation
Æ Recommends that the DEUs and NDCs be fully involved in the project, including
participations to fieldwork, experiments and science workshops when appropriate, in
order to increase the interactions with the scientists and to promote the excellence in data
management practises and the utilization of data management / data analysis / data
visualization tools as needed.
m.- noting that “full recognition and acknowledgement” of the contributing scientists is another of the
most useful strategies to ensure data delivery and metadata generation
Æ Recommends that all ”data publishing” and “data citation index” initiatives and
mechanisms be promoted
n.- Recognising that the project is a part of a larger science system,
Æ Recommends that each national and international project efforts fully support and
promote the project data management system above-described and that those abovementioned project recommendations be fully endorsed and implemented nationally and
internationally by all relevant funding agencies, research institutions and international
bodies.
Final Remarks
The scientists should clearly benefit of the project data management system, because:
They receive privileged and rapid access facilities to new datasets, through the project
data management system
They can increase the added values of their datasets, either through new scientific
collaborations / co-authorship in publications.
62
They access faster and more efficiently the datasets and hidden patterns thanks to data
management / data analysis / data visualization tools, as developed by the project data
managers / data users.
Their recognition and professional status are promoted by their participations to the
project, as data producers, when their datasets and related peer-reviewed publications are
officially project-labelled and designated with an unique Digital Object Identifier (DOI), or as
data evaluators (within the DEUs) or as data collections builders.
Technical Annex – Conventions and terms
The data management design refers to the guidelines of “Good scientific practice in research”1,2,
the WIPO copyright treaty3, and the DOE-NIH Guidelines for Sharing Data and Resources4.
Accordingly, data generated by the project are a substantial resource, which enable later
verification of scientific interpretation and conclusions. They may also be the starting point for
further studies5,6.
Data
The term “data” embraces the analytical value (number, parameter/variable, unit) and its entire
meta-information (i.e. any information that describes the analytical value: reference, method,
gear, site, campaign, project, etc.). Data comprise real time data (e.g., ARGO profiling floats)
and delayed mode data (e.g., biology, chemistry, geology). In contrast to previous programs
(e.g., WOCE, JGOFS), the project comprises a highly complex data heterogeneity.
Data producer (in a broader sense) is the scientist (Principal Investigator, PI). The PI signs
responsible for a data set (i.e. the smallest data entity). Usually, a PI is an individual. In
exceptional cases a PI can be an institution.
Data flux
Anytime data are produced under the project umbrella, the PI shall follow the Information Flux
Model (Fig. 1). This routine shall insure that any scientist benefits to a maximum from each
other with a minimum of effort - besides other positive effects (e.g., data availability).
A project Data Management Committee (DMC) shall track and update any data activity. Data
producers are indentured to submit any meta-information and analytical data produced under the
project umbrella and to announce the current data status during the entire processing period to
the DMC.
Data evaluation shall be carried out by Data Evaluation Units (DEUs). DEU describes a
functionality rather than an institution and adopts the responsibility of quality assessment
(completeness and trustworthiness of data). DEUs can be individuals, research centers, academic
departments, or industrial laboratories standing out by their excellence in a particular research
topic. They are recruited by expertise through regular calls for proposals.
Data storage and public access shall be performed by World Data Centers (WDCs). WDCs are
institutions that are bound to the rules and are supervised by the Panel on World Data Centers
and the International Council for Science7.
Scientists may be committed to national data management regulations, too. However, funding
received through the project structure indentures the PI to follow the project data policy.
However, subordinate data activities (e.g. through national data centers) are welcome. In any
case, for the reason of data consistency WDC are preferred to other data centers.
Data sharing
The project promotes and encourages the rapid sharing of data that are generated. Such sharing is
essential for progress toward the goals of the project – and to expedite research in other areas -
63
and to avoid unnecessary duplication. Although it shall be the policy of the project to maximize
outreach to the scientific community, it is also necessary to give investigators time to verify the
accuracy of their data and to gain some scientific advantage from the effort they have invested.
Furthermore, intellectual property protection may be needed for some of the data. Timely data
provision by Principal Investigators (PI) involved in the field program is crucial to the
achievement of the project goals: Consensus shall be the concept that a 6-month period from the
time the data or materials are generated to the time they are made available publicly is a
reasonable mean value in almost all cases. However, more rapid sharing is encouraged.
Data publication
The IIMO assisted by a project Publications Committee (PC) shall award a label “Project
Publication” and attribute a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) to publications whose data (1) have
been evaluated by a DEU; (2) are available through a WDC; and (3) who acknowledge the
project in an appropriate manner.
Data standards
Any unit shall be committed to implement standards and protocols that have been evaluated by a
Project International Information Management Office (IIMO). An entire family of international
standards and protocols has been (and is still being) developed to (a) increase availability,
access, integration, and sharing of digital geographic information; (b) permit inter-operability of
geospatially enabled computer systems; (c) contribute to a unified approach to addressing global
ecological and humanitarian problems; (d) ease the establishment of geospatial infrastructures on
local, regional and global levels. These standards comprise the ISO 19100/TC 211 family
(standardization of digital geographic information8), the FGDC-STD-001-1998 (digital
geospatial meta-data9), the ANSI/NISO Z39.50 protocol (a unifying interface that allows diverse
information systems for coexistence while maintaining a consistent user interface10), the AAPCNRI DOI (digital object identifier for communication between communities11), among many
others. Widespread use of the Internet has revolutionized data distribution and availability in the
past few years. For the maximum benefit of the scientific community data providers (WDC and
other archives) shall keep abreast of changes in computing and data distribution and storage and
stay at the forefront of new approaches. Software provided publicly for data handling and
products should be platform-independent12.
Data management funding
SSC shall decide to require all applicants expecting to generate significant amounts of data or
materials to describe in their application how and when they plan to make such data and
materials available to the community. Grant solicitations shall specify this requirement. These
plans in each application will be reviewed in the course of peer review and by staff to assure they
are reasonable and in conformity with program philosophy. If a grant is made, the applicant's
sharing plans shall become a condition of the award and compliance will be reviewed before
continuation funding is provided. Progress reports shall be asked to address the issue. The
project recommends that scientists and funding agencies ensure that sufficient funds are included
in project proposals to support data management.
64
References
1.
ICSU/CODATA. Access to databases: A set of principles for science in the Internet era,
www.icsu.org/Library/Central/Statem/access.html, 2000.
2.
European Science Foundation. Good scientific practice in research and scholarship,
www.esf.org/medias/ESPB10.pdf, 2000.
3.
World Intellectual Property Organization. WIPO copyright treaty,
www.wipo.org/eng/diplconf/distrib/94dc.htm, 1996.
4.
HGMIS Staff. NIH, DOE Guidelines Encourage Sharing of Data, Resources. Human Genome News 4(5):4,
www.ornl.gov/hgmis/publicat/hgn/v4n5/04share.html, 1993.
5.
JOI/U.S. Science Support Program. Acknowledgement and Keyword Policy, www.joiodp.org/USSSP/acknowledge.htm, 2002.
6.
PAGES. PAGES Data Policy, www.pages.unibe.ch/data/policies.html, 2003.
7.
ICSU Panel on World Data Centers. Principles and Responsibilities of ICSU World Data Centers,
www.ngdc.noaa.gov/wdc/guide/gdsystema.html, 2002.
8.
International Organization for Standardization. ISO/TC211 Geographic Information/Geomatics. (2003).
9.
Federal Geographic Data Committee. Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (version 2.0) FGDCSTD-001-1998, www.fgdc.gov/metadata/contstan.html, 1998.
10.
American National Standard Information/National Information Standards Organization, A. N. S. I. N. I. S.
American National Standard Information Retrieval Application Service Definition and Protocol
Specification for Open Systems Interconnection, www.cni.org/pub/NISO/docs/Z39.50brochure/50.brochure.part01.html, 1988.
11.
International DOI Foundation. The Digital Object Identifier system, www.doi.org, 2002.
12.
WOCE Synthesis and Modeling Working Group. WOCE observations, data analysis and data products,
www.cms.udel.edu/woce/wocedocs/aims/aims3.htm, 1997.
Examples of Further Readings
ANZLIC Policy Statement on Spatial Data Management – April 1999 –
awww.anzlic.org.au/policy/data_mgt.htm
International Argo Data Management, User’s Manual – July 2002 – www.coriolis.eu.org/coriolis/cdc/argo/argodm-user-manual.pdf
BENEFIT Data Policy – March 2002 – www.benefit.org.na/datamgmt/policy.html
Canada-JGOFS Data Submission Policy – February 1997 – www.meds-sdmm.dfompo.gc.ca/jgofs/Docs/management/policy.html
CoOP Data Policy – January 2002 – www.skio.peachnet.edu/coop/datapol2.html
Digital Object Identifier Handbook, Metadata – December 2002 – www.doi.org/handbook_2000/metadata.html
Dublin Core Metadata Initiative, Guidelines for implementing Dublin Core in XML – September 2002 -dublincore.org/documents/2002/09/09/dc-xml-guidelines/
GLOBEC Data Policy – February 2001 – www.pml.ac.uk/globec/Data/DataPolicy_June21st.PDF
Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA), scientific access to data and information –
February 2002 – www.codata.org/data_access/index.html
Joint Committee on Antarctic Data Management (JCADM) documents and reports – August 2002 –
www.jcadm.scar.org/docs1.html
MAST: A Guideline for Project Data Management – March 1997 – www.sea-search.net/guidelinespractices/welcome.html
NSF-Margins Data Policy – January 2002 – www.ldeo.columbia.edu/margins/MARGINSnet4/DataPolicy.html
OSDM Commonwealth spatial dataset access policy – February 2003 –
www.osdm.gov.au/osdm/data_acc_policy.html
US-GCRIO Policy Statements on Data Management for Global Change Research (US-GCRIO) – July 1991 –
www.gcrio.org/USGCRP/DataPolicy.html
US-JGOFS Data Policy – ioc.unesco.org/oceanteacher/resourcekit/Module1/DataPolicy/u_s_jgofs.htm
WOCE Data Policy and Practices 1995 – December 2002 – www.cms.udel.edu/woce/WOCEDOCS/datapol.htm
Figure 1: Schematic diagram representing the interaction between the project partners and external parties,
and the main fluxes of data and information.
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Acronyms Used
CEOS – Committee on Earth Observation Satellite – www.ceos.org/
DEU – project Data Evaluation Unit
DMC – project Data Management Committee
DMO – project Data Management Office (national or regional level)
DOE-NIH – Department of Energy - National Institutes of Health
DOI – Digital Object Identifier – www.doi.org/
GCMD – NASA’s Global Change Master Directory – gcmd.nasa.gov/
GSDI – Spatial Data Infrastructure
ICES – International Council for the Exploration of the Sea – www.ices.dk/
ICSU – International Council for Science – www.icsu.org/
IDN – CEOS’ International Directory Network – idn.ceos.org/
IDMU – International Data Management Unit
IGBP – International Geosphere Biosphere Programme – www.igbp.kva.se/
IIMO – project International Information Management Office
IOC – UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission – ioc.unesco.org
IPO – project International Project Office
NCP – project National Contact Points
NODC – National Oceanographic Data Centre – ioc.unesco.org/iode/contents.php?id=97
OCEANS – Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems Analysis – www.igbp.kva.se/obe/
PC – Publications Committee
PI – Principal Investigator
PS – project Publications Committee
SCOR – Scientific Council of Oceanic Research – www.jhu.edu/~scor/
SSC – project Scientific Steering Committee
WDC – ICSU’s World Data Center System – www.ngdc.noaa.gov/wdc/wdcmain.html
WIPO – World Intellectual Property Organization – www.wipo.org/
The JGOFS Report Series includes the following:
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Report of the Second Session of the SCOR Committee for JGOFS. The Hague, September 1988
Report of the Third Session of the SCOR Committee for JGOFS. Honolulu, September 1989
Report of the JGOFS Pacific Planning Workshop. Honolulu, September 1989
JGOFS North Atlantic Bloom Experiment: Report of the First Data Workshop. Kiel, March 1990
Science Plan. August 1990
JGOFS Core Measurement Protocols: Reports of the Core Measurement Working Groups
JGOFS North Atlantic Bloom Experiment, International Scientific Symposium Abstracts. Washington, November 1990
Report of the International Workshop on Equatorial Pacific Process Studies. Tokyo, April 1990
JGOFS Implementation Plan. (also published as IGBP Report No. 23) September 1992
The JGOFS Southern Ocean Study
The Reports of JGOFS meetings held in Taipei, October 1992: Seventh Meeting of the JGOFS Scientific Steering
Committee; Global Synthesis in JGOFS - A Round Table Discussion; JGOFS Scientific and Organizational Issues in the
Asian Region - Report of a Workshop; JGOFS/LOICZ Continental Margins Task Team - Report of the First Meeting.
March 1993
Report of the Second Meeting of the JGOFS North Atlantic Planning Group
The Reports of JGOFS meetings held in Carqueiranne, France, September 1993: Eighth Meeting of the JGOFS
Scientific Steering Committee; JGOFS Southern Ocean Planning Group - Report for 1992/93; Measurement of the
Parameters of Photosynthesis - A Report from the JGOFS Photosynthesis Measurement Task Team. March 1994
Biogeochemical Ocean-Atmosphere Transfers. A paper for JGOFS and IGAC by Ronald Prinn, Peter Liss and Patrick
Buat-Ménard. March 1994
Report of the JGOFS/LOICZ Task Team on Continental Margin Studies. April 1994
Report of the Ninth Meeting of the JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee, Victoria, B.C. Canada, October 1994 and The
Report of the JGOFS Southern Ocean Planning Group for 1993/94
JGOFS Arabian Sea Process Study. March 1995
Joint Global Ocean Flux Study: Publications, 1988-1995. April 1995
Protocols for the Joint Global Ocean Flux studies (JGOFS) core measurements (reprint). June, 1996
Remote Sensing in the JGOFS programme. September 1996
First report of the JGOFS/LOICZ Continental Margins Task Team. October 1996
Report on the International Workshop on Continental Shelf Fluxes of Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus. 1996
One-Dimensional models of water column biogeochemistry. Report of a workshop held in Toulouse, France, NovemberDecember 1995. February 1997
Joint Global Ocean Flux Study: Publications, 1988-1996. October 1997
JGOFS/LOICZ Workshop on Non-Conservative Fluxes in the Continental Margins. October 1997.
Report of the JGOFS/LOICZ Continental Margins Task Team Meeting, No 2. October 1997
Parameters of photosynthesis: definitions, theory and interpretation of results. August 1998
Eleventh meeting of the JGOFS SSC; Twelfth meeting of the JGOFS SSC; and the Second meeting of the North Pacific
Task Team. November 1998
JGOFS Data Management and Synthesis Workshop, 25-27 Sept. 1998, Bergen, Norway. Meeting Minutes. January 1999
Publications 1988-1999. January 2000
Thirteenth meeting of the JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee. Fourteenth meeting of the JGOFS Scientific Steering
Committee. Fifteenth meeting of the JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee. October 2001
Meeting of the Southern Ocean Synthesis Group, Year 1998. October 2001.
Joint IGBP EU-US Meeting on the Ocean Component of an integrated Carbon Cycle Science Framework. October 2001
First Meeting of the North Atlantic Synthesis Group, 1998; Second Meeting of the North Atlantic Synthesis Group,
1999; Third Meeting of the North Atlantic Synthesis Group, 2001. October 2001
Report of the Indian Ocean Synthesis Group on the Arabian Sea Process Study. January 2002
Photosynthesis and Primary Productivity in Marine Ecosystems: Practical Aspects and Application of Techniques. July
2002
Data Management Task Team Meeting Minutes; 29-30 January 2002 and 5-6 June 2000. August 2002
Global Ocean Productivity and the Fluxes of Carbon and Nutrients: Combining Observations and Models. July 2003
The following reports were published by SCOR in 1987 - 1989 prior to the establishment of the JGOFS Report Series:
• The Joint Global Ocean Flux Study: Background, Goals, Organizations, and Next Steps. Report of the International
Scientific Planning and Coordination Meeting for Global Ocean Flux Studies. Sponsored by SCOR. Held at ICSU
Headquarters, Paris, 17-19 February 1987
• North Atlantic Planning Workshop. Paris, 7-11 September 1987
• SCOR Committee for the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. Report of the First Session. Miami, January 1988
• Report of the First Meeting of the JGOFS Pilot Study Cruise Coordinating Committee. Plymouth, UK, April 1988
• Report of the JGOFS Working Group on Data Management. Bedford Institute of Oceanography, September 1988