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Richard Fikes
Professor (Research) Emeritus, Computer Science Department
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
Stanford University
Summary
Richard Fikes has a long and distinguished record as an innovative leader in the
development of techniques for effectively representing and using knowledge in computer
systems. He is best known as co-developer of the STRIPS automatic planning system,
KIF (Knowledge Interchange Format), the Ontolingua ontology representation language
and Web-based ontology development environment, the OKBC (Open Knowledge Base
Connectivity) API for knowledge servers, and IntelliCorp's KEE system. At Stanford, he
led projects focused on developing large-scale distributed repositories of computerinterpretable knowledge, collaborative development of multi-use ontologies, enabling
technology for the Semantic Web, reasoning methods applicable to large-scale
knowledge bases, and knowledge-based technology for intelligence analysts. He was
principal investigator of major projects for multiple Federal Government agencies
including the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the
Intelligence Community’s Advanced Research and Development Activity (ARDA).
Academic History
Colleges and universities attended, degrees received, and dates:
Ph.D. Computer Science Carnegie-Mellon University 1968
M.A. Mathematics
University of Texas at Austin 1965
B.A. Mathematics
University of Texas at Austin 1963
Employment History
Academic
July 2006 – present
June 1991 – June 2006
January 1999 – June 2006
July 1991 - January 1999
March 1991 to July 1991
Professor (Research) Emeritus, Computer Science
Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
Professor (Research), Computer Science
Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
Director, Knowledge Systems Laboratory,
Computer Science Department, Stanford University,
Stanford, CA
Co-Scientific Director, Knowledge Systems
Laboratory, Computer Science Department,
Stanford University, Stanford, CA
Associate Director, Heuristic Programming Project,
Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Computer Science
Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
March 1991 - May 1991
1982
1970 – 1971
September 1968 - September 1969
Consulting Professor, Computer Science
Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
Visiting Professor, University of California at
Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
Visiting Professor, Computer Science Department,
Stanford University, Stanford, CA
Research Associate, Computer Science Department,
Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
Non Academic
Ongoing

Multiple consulting projects focused on design
and development of and needs analysis for
knowledge representation and reasoning
technology;
 Expert witness assignments for cases
involving disputed patents in the areas of
knowledge-based configuration systems,
deductive data bases, object-oriented knowledge
representation systems, and systems to support
intelligence analysts;
 Consulting assignments to promote mutually
supportive interactions between academic and
commercial enterprises.
September 1990 to February 1991 Chief Scientist, Price Waterhouse Technology
Centre, Menlo Park, CA
June 1989 to August 1990
Director, Knowledge-Based Systems Program,
Price Waterhouse Technology Centre, Menlo Park,
CA
November 1987 to May 1989
Principal Scientist, Price Waterhouse Technology
Centre, Menlo Park, CA
April 1986 to October 31, 1987
Vice President of Research, IntelliCorp Inc.,
Mountain View, CA
November 1983 to April 1986
Director of Research and Development, IntelliCorp
Inc., Mountain View, CA
November 1976 to November 1983 Member of Research Staff, Computer Science
Laboratory (1976-79), System Sciences Laboratory
(1979-80), Cognitive and Instructional Sciences
Group (1980-83), Xerox Palo Alto Research Center,
Palo Alto, CA
September 1969 to November 1976 Senior Mathematician, Artificial Intelligence
Laboratory, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
Professional Service
Stanford Committees
Awards, 2001-2006
MS program and admissions committee, 2000-2006
Gates Building Space Czar, 1999-2006
Ph.D. Program Committee, 1996-1999
Gates Building Committee, 1993-1995, 1999
Ph.D. Admissions Committee, 1992-1995, 1999
Web Site Committee, 1997-1998
SST Faculty Search Committee, 1997-1998
Research Administration Advisory Group (RAAG), 1997-1998
AI Ph.D. qualifying exam committee, 1997
Computer Forum symposium program committee, 1993-1994
Proposal Review Committee, Stanford Center for Integrated Facility Engineering (CIFE),
1991-93.
Editorships
Member, Editorial Board of International Journal of Intelligent Systems in Accounting
Finance & Management, 1992-present
Referee for Artificial Intelligence Journal, IEEE Expert, and Journal of Automated
Reasoning, 1988-2006
Member, Editorial Board of AAAI Press, 1989
Member, Editorial Board of Decision Support Systems Journal, 1984
Newsletter Editor, SIGART, 1972-1974
Conference, workshop and professional society participation
Co-Chairman, Ontologies for the Semantic Web workshop, AAAI 2002 National
Conference, 2002.
Organizing Committee, AAAI Spring Symposium on “Mining Answers from Texts and
Knowledge Bases”, March 2002.
Member, program committee, “2nd International Semantic Web Conference
(ISWC2003)”, 2003.
Member, program committee, “1st International Semantic Web Conference
(ISWC2002)”, 2002.
DARPA ISAT Analyst’s Associate ad hoc working group, 2002.
Member, program committee, “Eighth International Conference on Principles of
Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR2002)”, 2002.
Member, program committee, “Seventh International Conference on Principles of
Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR2000)”, 2000.
Member, program committee, "Autonomous Agents '98" conference, 1998.
Member, program committee, "International Conference on Formal Ontology in
Information Systems (FOIS’98)", 1998.
Member, organizing committee of symposium on "Formalizing Contexts", AAAI 1995
Fall Symposium Series, 1995.
Member, International Honorary Committee, First World Congress on Intelligent
Manufacturing Processes & Systems, 1995.
Co-Chair, ARPA workshop on Ontology Development and Use, 1994.
Program co-chair, 11th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 1993.
Member, program committee, International Conference on Principles of Knowledge
Representation and Reasoning; 1992, 94, 96.
Member, IFIP Working Group 12.1 on Knowledge Representation; 1991 – .
Member, advisory board, Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning,
Incorporated, 1991 – .
Program co-chair, 2nd International Conference on Principles of Knowledge
Representation and Reasoning, 1991.
Organizer and chair of session on "Qualitative and Causal Models", Third International
Symposium on Expert Systems in Business, Finance, and Accounting; 1990.
Member, AAAI Executive Council, 1990-93.
Working group co-chair, DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort, 1990-.
Member, program committee, Sixth IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence
Applications, 1990.
Member, Distinguished Panel of Experts for the Advanced Technologies in Information
Systems Program of the University of Southern California School of Business
Administration School of Accounting, 1989-91.
Organizer and chair of symposium on "Knowledge System Development Tools and
Languages", AAAI 1989 Spring Symposium Series, 1989.
Referee for Artificial Intelligence Journal, IEEE Expert, and Journal of Automated
Reasoning, 1988 – .
Organizer and chair of session on "Financial Applications of Expert Systems", Artificial
Intelligence and Advanced Computer Technology Conference and Exhibition, 1988.
Member, program committee, AAAI National Conference; 1984, 88.
Secretary-Treasurer, AAAI, 1983-86.
Organizer, program committee member, and session chair; SIGOA Conference on Office
Information Systems, 1982.
National Chairman, Special Interest Group on Artificial Intelligence (SIGART) of the
Association for Computing Machinery, 1976-77.
Presentations
An AI Challenge Problem Subject Domain – U.S. Government and Politics; presentation
at the Linked Data Meets Artificial Intelligence Spring Symposium of the Association
for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence; March 22-24, 2010; Stanford
University.
Interoperable Knowledge Representation for Intelligence Support (IKRIS); project
progress report at the TOPSAIL Principal Investigators Meeting; June 28, 2006.
Knowledge Representation Languages – Just Right For Topic Maps; presentation at the
Topic Maps workshop; SRI International; May 24, 2006.
Knowledge Associates for Novel Intelligence (KANI) Retrospective Overview; NIMD
Principal Investigators Meeting; April 17, 2006.
Foundation Technology and Lessons Learned from Community Interoperability Efforts;
AAAI Spring Symposia; March 27, 2006.
Interoperable Knowledge Representation for Intelligence Support (IKRIS); project
progress report at the KANI site visit; March 15, 2006.
Interoperable Knowledge Representation for Intelligence Support (IKRIS); project
overview; Palo Alto Research Center (PARC); February 7, 2006.
Interoperable Knowledge Representation for Intelligence Support (IKRIS); project
progress report at the NIMD Principal Investigators Meeting; December 1, 2005.
Knowledge Associates for Novel Intelligence (KANI); project progress report at the
NIMD Principal Investigators Meeting; November 29, 2005.
Interoperable Knowledge Representation for Intelligence Support (IKRIS); project
overview at the NIMD Principal Investigators Meeting; June 15, 2005.
Knowledge Associates for Novel Intelligence (KANI); project progress report at the
NIMD Principal Investigators Meeting; June 15, 2005.
Interoperable Knowledge Representation for Intelligence Support (IKRIS); project
overview at the IKRIS Kickoff Meeting; April 25, 2005.
Key Roles for Knowledge Representation in Text Analysis; DHS Text Analysis
Workshop; May 26, 2005.
Hypothesis Generation and Tracking; NIMD Principal Investigators Meeting; December
3, 2004.
Prior and Tacit Knowledge About Time Dependent Relationships, Events, and
Typicality; NIMD Principal Investigators Meeting; December 1, 2004.
Query Manager API; presentation at the CALO project meeting; SRI International;
November 18, 2004.
Semantic Integration: Assuring the Coherence of Integrated Information; ROME Air
Force Laboratories; June 16, 2004.
Knowledge Associates for Novel Intelligence (KANI); project status overview
presentation at the NIMD (Novel Intelligence from Massive Data) Principal
Investigator meeting; Washington D.C.; May 27, 2004.
Multiple presentations on research being conducted in the “Knowledge Associates for
Novel Intelligence (KANI)” project; sponsor site visit; Stanford University; February
12, 2004.
Semantic Integration: Assuring the Coherence of Integrated Information; IBM-Stanford
Day; Stanford University; November 7, 2003.
JTP: A System Architecture and Component Library for Hybrid Reasoning; 7th World
Multiconference on Systemics, Cybernetics, and Informatics (SCI-2003); Orlando,
Florida; July 29, 2003.
Answer Determination and Explanation for the AQUA Question-Answering System;
AQUAINT 18 Month Workshop; San Diego, CA; June 12, 2003.
Novel Intelligence from Semi-Structured Knowledge – Status Report; NIMD Principal
Investigators Meeting; Portland OR; May 19, 2003.
DAML Query Breakout Session Out-brief, DAML Principal Investigators Meeting;
Miami, FL; April 10, 2003.
DAML Query Language (DQL); DAML Query Breakout Session, DAML Principal
Investigators Meeting; Miami, FL; April 9, 2003.
DAML Query Language (DQL) Overview; DAML Principal Investigators Meeting;
Miami, FL; April 7, 2003.
Novel Intelligence from Semi-Structured Knowledge; Launching NIMD Workshop;
Vienna VA; December 10, 2002.
Temporal Reasoning for the AQUA Question-Answering System; AQUAINT 12 Month
Workshop; Arlington VA; December 4, 2002.
Real World Reasoning; DARPA REAL Workshop; Arlington, VA; November 18, 2002.
Semantic Web Tools for Authoring and Using Analysis Results; NSF Kickoff Workshop;
Herndon, VA; September 4, 2002.
A Reusable Time Ontology; Ontologies for the Semantic Web workshop; AAAI 2002
National Conference; July 29, 2002.
Justification and Explanation Evaluation Breakout Session Out-brief; AQUAINT MidYear Workshop; Monterey, CA; June 13, 2002.
Answer Determination for the AQUA Question-Answering System; AQUAINT MidYear Workshop; Monterey, CA; June 11, 2002.
Knowledge Technology; DARPA ISAT Analyst Associate Workshop; May 14, 2002.
Tools for Distributed Development, Integration, and Use of Large Scale Knowledge
Bases; Concurrent Technologies Corporation; Annapolis Junction, MD; April 25,
2002.
Tools for DAML-Based Services, Document Templates, and Query Answering – Status
Report; DAML Principal Investigators Meeting; St. Petersburg, FL; February 13,
2002.
Ontology Engineering for the Semantic Web; Knowledge Discovery and Dissemination
Workshop; Leesburg VA; December 6, 2001.
KSL’s Role in Development of the AQUA Question-Answering System; AQUAINT
program kickoff meeting; Leesburg VA; December 3, 2001.
Knowledge Base Quality Analysis; RKF Principal Investigators Meeting; McLean, VA;
October 19, 2001.
Partition-Based Logical Reasoning; RKF Principal Investigators Meeting; McLean, VA;
October 18, 2001.
Knowledge Base Diagnostics; RKF Principal Investigators Meeting; McLean, VA;
October 18, 2001.
Reasoning Breakout Session Out-brief, DAML Principal Investigators Meeting; Nashua,
NH; July 20, 2001.
Reasoning for the Semantic Web; Reasoning Breakout Session, DAML Principal
Investigators Meeting; Nashua, NH; July 20, 2001.
Tools for DAML-Based Services, Document Templates, and Query Answering – Status
Report; DAML Principal Investigators Meeting; Nashua, NH; July 19, 2001.
Steps Toward the Semantic Web: Putting Computer Interpretable Knowledge on Your
Web Page; Computer Forum Annual Workshop; Stanford University; March 21,
2001.
An Axiomatic Semantics for RDF, RDF-Schema, and DAML+OIL; DAML Principal
Investigators Meeting; Washington D.C.; February 13, 2001.
Creating, Maintaining, and Integrating Understandable Knowledge Bases – Status
Report; DARPA RKF Program Kickoff Meeting; New Orleans, Louisiana; January
24, 2001.
Tools for DAML-Based Services, Document Templates, and Query Answering; DAML
Kickoff Meeting; Boston, MA; August 14, 2000.
Creating, Maintaining, and Integrating Understandable Knowledge Bases; DARPA RKF
Program Kickoff Meeting; New Orleans, Louisiana; June 7, 2000.
Large-Scale Repositories of Highly Expressive Reusable Knowledge; Air Force
Scientific Advisory Board; Stanford University; May 19, 1998.
Deductive Retrieval from the World Fact Book Knowledge Base; DARPA Command and
Control Workshop; Monterey, CA; May 4, 1998.
Large-Scale Repositories of Highly Expressive Reusable Knowledge; AI Seminar;
Stanford University; February 12, 1998.
Expert System Technology Today and Tomorrow; Price Waterhouse; Tokyo, Japan;
1988.
Planning and Managing Successful Expert System Projects; Price Waterhouse; Hong
Kong and Sydney, Australia; 1988, 1989.
Lectureships
Tutorial lecturer on Managing Expert System Projects, IJCAI Conference; 1989.
Half day customer seminar on Expert System Technology Today and Tomorrow and
Planning and Managing Successful Expert System Projects; Price Waterhouse;
Melbourne, Australia; 1989.
Tutorial lecturer on Artificial Intelligence Programming; AAAI National Conference;
1986.
Tutorial lecturer on Knowledge System Development Tools; Institute for Artificial
Intelligence; 1985.
Post-Degree Honors and Awards
Elected as a Founding Fellow of the America Association for Artificial Intelligence,
1990.
Major Invited Papers and Addresses
An AI Challenge Problem Subject Domain – U.S. Government and Politics; invited talk
given at the AAAI Spring Symposium on Linked Data Meets Artificial Intelligence;
Stanford University; March 22-24, 2010.
Knowledge Representation and Reasoning; invited lecture given at the Cognitive Systems
Conference celebrating the 40th anniversary of the DARPA Information Processing
Technology Office (IPTO); Arlington, VA; November 12, 2003.
Knowledge Associates for Novel Intelligence (KANI); invited presentation at the
Advanced Research and Development Activity’s ARDA Day Conference; Fort
Meade, MD; September 23, 2003.
Ontologies and the Semantic Web; keynote address, Ontologies for the Semantic Web
workshop; AAAI 2002 National Conference; July 29, 2002.
Steps Toward the Semantic Web: Putting Computer Interpretable Knowledge on Your
Web Page; invited talk, PARC Forum Address; Xerox Palo Alto Research Center;
March 22, 2001.
Member of panel on Teaching KR: Challenges and Proposals; Seventh International
Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR2000);
Breckenridge, CO; April 14, 2000.
OKBC: A Programmatic Foundation for Knowledge Base Interoperability; invited
speaker; Knowledge Representation and Data Base workshop, in associated with the
SIGMOD/PODS’98 conference; May 31, 1998.
Member of panel on SHAKEY the Robot, Bay Area Computer History Perspective; SRI
International; Menlo Park, CA; 1995.
The Stanford How Things Work Project; invited speaker, DARPA SISTO Symposium;
1995.
Member of panel on Knowledge Sharing, AAAI Spring Symposium on Modeling Mental
States; 1995.
Operator Procedure Verification with a Rapidly Reconfigurable Simulator; invited
speaker, 3rd International Symposium on AI, Robotics, and Automation for Space;
1994.
The Stanford How Things Work Project; invited speaker, NASA's Seventh Annual
Workshop on Space Operations Applications and Research; 1993.
Member of panel on The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: a Progress Report; 11th
National Conference on Artificial Intelligence; 1993.
Member of panel on What's Next in Knowledge Based Systems Technology for
Industrial Usage; Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence 5; 1993.
The Stanford How Things Work Project; invited speaker, Autodesk Inc.; San Rafael, CA;
1993.
Technology for Reusing Encoded Knowledge; invited speaker, SRI International; 1993.
Member of panel on The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: a Progress Report; 3rd
International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning;
1992.
Member of panel on The DARPA Knowledge Representation Standards Effort; 2nd
International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning;
1991.
AI and Software Engineering -- Managing Exploratory Programming; panel on AI and
Software Engineering; AAAI National Conference; 1990.
Using New Technologies in Auditing; invited speaker, Fifth Canadian Conference on
Auditing and Computer Technology; 1990.
Modeling and Analyzing Businesses: A High Payoff Challenge for AI; invited speaker,
Sixth IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications; 1990.
The Business Understander; member of panel on "Intelligent Technologies in Accounting
and Auditing" at the Second International Symposium on Expert Systems in
Business, Finance, and Accounting; 1989.
Building a Foundation for Tomorrow's Expert Systems: Advances in Object-Oriented
Modeling; keynote address at the Fifth Australian Conference on Applications of
Expert Systems; Sydney Australia; 1989.
Author's Critique of KEE; panelist at the symposium on "Knowledge System
Development Tools and Languages", AAAI 1989 Spring Symposium Series; 1989.
Beyond the Current Plateau; invited speaker at New Science's Third Annual AI Forum,
"Information Technology: The Commercial Frontier"; 1989.
Expert Systems; invited lecture at the Price Waterhouse High Technology Industry
Specialty seminar; Cambridge Massachusetts; 1988.
The Role of Representation Languages in Acquisition; member of panel on knowledge
acquisition at the AAAI National Conference; 1986.
Panelist; SIGOA Conference on Office Information Systems; 1982.
Bibliographical Information
Student authors appear in boldface.
Refereed Articles in Journals and Books
1. R. Fikes, P. Hayes, and I. Horrocks; OWL-QL – a Language for Deductive Query
Answering on the Semantic Web; submitted to the Journal of Web Semantics; October
2003.
2. Robert McCool, Richard Fikes, and Deborah McGuinness; Semantic Web Tools for
Enhanced Authoring; Journal of Intelligence Community Research and Development;
May 2003. Also available as Stanford Knowledge Systems Laboratory Technical
Report KSL-03-07. http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-03-07.html
3. Deborah McGuinness, Richard Fikes, James Hendler, Lynn Stein; DAML+OIL: An
Ontology Language for the Semantic Web; IEEE Intelligent Systems, September
2002, pp. 72-80. http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-02-06.html.
4. Deborah L. McGuinness, Richard Fikes, Lynn Andrea Stein, and James Hendler;
DAML-ONT: An Ontology Language for the Semantic Web; in Dieter Fensel, Jim
Hendler, Henry Lieberman, and Wolfgang Wahlster, editors; Spinning the Semantic
Web: Bringing the World Wide Web to Its Full Potential; MIT Press; 2002.
http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/people/dlm/papers/daml-ont-semantic-web.htm.
5. R. Fikes, A. Farquhar; Large-Scale Repositories of Highly Expressive Reusable
Knowledge; IEEE Intelligent Systems, Vol. 14, No. 2; March/April 1999. Also,
Stanford Knowledge Systems Laboratory Technical Report KSL-97-02.
http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-97-02.html
6. G. Frank, A. Farquhar, R. Fikes; Building a Large Knowledge Base from a
Structured Source: The CIA World Fact Book; IEEE Intelligent Systems, Vol. 14, No.
1; January/February 1999; pp 47-54. Also, Stanford Knowledge Systems Laboratory
Technical Report KSL-98-16. http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-9816.html
7. A. Farquhar, R. Fikes, & J. Rice; The Ontolingua Server: a Tool for Collaborative
Ontology Construction; International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol. 46,
No. 6, June 1, 1997, pp. 707-727. Also, Proceedings of the Tenth Knowledge
Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop; Banff, Canada; November 914, 1996. Also, Stanford Knowledge Systems Laboratory Technical Report KSL-9626. http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-96-26.html
8. A. Levy, Y. Iwasaki, R. Fikes; Automated Model Selection for Simulation Based on
Relevance Reasoning; Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 97, No 2; pp. 351-394. Also,
Stanford Knowledge Systems Laboratory Technical Report KSL-95-76.
http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-95-76.html
9. A. Levy, R. Fikes, and Y. Sagiv; Speeding Up Inferences Using Relevance
Reasoning: A Formalism and Algorithms; Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 97, No. 1-2; pp.
83-136. Also, Stanford Knowledge Systems Laboratory Technical Report KSL-9366. http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-93-66.html
10. Y. Iwasaki, M. Vescovi, R. Fikes, and B. Chandrasekaran; "Causal Functional
Representation Language With Behavior-Based Semantics"; Applied Artificial
Intelligence; Vol. 9 No. 1; Taylor & Francis; 1995; pp. 5-32. Also, Stanford
Knowledge Systems Laboratory Technical Report KSL-94-10.
http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-94-10.html
11. M. Cutkosky, R. Engelmore, R. Fikes, M. Genesereth, T. Gruber, W. Mark, J.
Tenenbaum, J. Weber; "PACT: An Experiment in Integrating Concurrent Engineering
Systems"; IEEE Computer Special Issue on Concurrent Engineering; January 1993;
pp 28-37. Also Stanford Knowledge Systems Laboratory Technical Report KSL-9321. http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-93-21.html
12. R. Nado and R. Fikes, Saying More with Frames: Slots as Classes, Computers and
Mathematics with Applications special issue on Semantic Networks in Artificial
Intelligence, Vol. 23, No's 6-9, pp. 719-731, 1992. Reprinted in Semantic Networks
in Artificial Intelligence; Fritz Lehman, editor; Pergamon Press; Tarrytown, New
York; 1992.
13. R. Neches, et al; Enabling Technology for Knowledge Sharing; AI Magazine, Volume
12, Number 3; fall 1991; pp. 36-56. Also, Stanford Knowledge Systems Laboratory
Technical Report KSL-93-22 (http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-9322.html).
14. T. Malone, R. Fikes, K. Grant, & M. Howard, Enterprise: A Market-like Task
Scheduler for Distributed Computing Environments. In B. A. Huberman (Ed.), The
Ecology of Computation, Amsterdam: North Holland, 1988.
15. R. Fikes, A Representation System User Interface for Knowledge Base Designers, AI
Magazine, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Fall 1982), pp. 28-33. Reprinted in Readings From The AI
Magazine, Volumes 1-5, 1980-1985; edited by R. Engelmore; American Association
for Artificial Intelligence, Menlo Park, California; 1988; pp 378-383.
16. R. Brachman, R. Fikes, and H. Levesque; KRYPTON: A Functional Approach to
Knowledge Representation; IEEE Computer; October 1983. Reprinted in Readings in
Knowledge Representation; edited by R. J. Brachman and H. J. Levesque; Morgan
Kaufmann, Los Altos, California; 1985, pp 411-429.
17. R. Fikes, A Commitment-Based Framework for Describing Informal Cooperative
Work, Cognitive Science Journal, Vol. 6 (1982), pp. 331-347. Also appears in the
Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society;
Berkeley, California; August 1981.
18. R. Fikes, Odyssey: A Knowledge-Based Assistant; Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 16
(1981), pp 331-361.
19. R. Fikes and A. Henderson, On Supporting the Use of Procedures in Office Work;
Proceedings of the First Annual National Conference on Artificial Intelligence,
Stanford California, August 1980.
20. R. Fikes and G. Hendrix, A Network-Based Knowledge Representation and its
Natural Deduction System, Proceedings of the 5th International Joint Conference on
Artificial Intelligence, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1977, pp. 235-246.
21. R. Fikes, P. Hart, and B. Raphael; Themes in Automatic Problem Solving; IEEE
Computer; May 1973; pp. 10-17.
22. R. Fikes, P. Hart, and N. Nilsson; Learning and Executing Generalized Robot Plans;
Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 3, No. 4 (1972). Reprinted in Readings in Artificial
Intelligence, edited by B. L. Webber, and N. J. Nilsson, Tioga Publishing Company,
Palo Alto, California, 1981. Reprinted in Readings in Machine Learning, edited by J.
W. Shavlik and T. G. Dietterich, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo,
California, 1990. Reprinted in Readings in Planning, edited by J. Allen, J. Hendler,
and A. Tate, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, California, 1990. Reprinted
in Readings in Knowledge Acquisition and Learning, edited by B. G. Buchanan and
D. C. Wilkins, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, California, 1993.
23. R. Fikes and N. Nilsson, STRIPS: A New Approach to the Application of Theorem
Proving to Problem Solving, Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 2 (1971), pp 189-208.
Reprinted in Readings in Planning, edited by J. Allen, J. Hendler, and A. Tate,
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, California, 1990. Reprinted in
Computation and Intelligence: Collected Readings, edited by George F. Luger, AAAI
Press, 1995.
24. R. Fikes, REF-ARF: A System for Solving Problems Stated as Procedures, Artificial
Intelligence, Vol.1 (1970), pp. 27-120.
Conference Proceedings
25. Vinay K Chaudhri, Bert Bredeweg, Sheila McIlraith, Richard Fikes and Michael
Wellman;
A Categorization of KR&R Methods for Requirement Analysis of a Query
Answering Knowledge Base; Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on
Formal Ontology in Information Systems; Toronto, Canada; May 11-14, 2010.
26. H. Zeng, M. Alhossaini, L. Ding, R. Fikes, D.L. McGuinness; Computing Trust from
Revision History; The 2006 International Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust
(PST 2006); Markham, Ontario, Canada October 30 -- November 1, 2006.
ftp://ftp.ksl.stanford.edu/pub/KSL_Reports/KSL-06-12.pdf
27. H. Zeng, M. Alhossaini, R. Fikes, D.L. McGuinness; Mining Revision History to
Assess Trustworthiness of Article Fragments; The 2nd International Conference on
Collaborative Computing: Networking, Applications and Worksharing
(collaboratecom'06); Atlanta, Georgia, USA; November 17th - 20th, 2006.
http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-06-16.html
28. C. Welty, J.W. Murdock, P. Pinheiro da Silva, D.L. McGuinness, D. Ferrucci, R.
Fikes; Tracking Information Extraction from Intelligence Documents; In Proceedings
of the 2005 International Conference on Intelligence Analysis (IA 2005); McLean,
VA, USA; 2-6 May, 2005. http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-0505.html
29. Paulo Pinheiro da Silva, Deborah L. McGuinness, and Richard Fikes; Portable
Proofs; Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on the Principles of
Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR2004); Whistler, Canada; June 2-5,
2004.
30. R. Fikes, J. Jenkins, and G. Frank; JTP: A System Architecture and Component
Library for Hybrid Reasoning; Proceedings of the 7th World Multiconference on
Systemics, Cybernetics, and Informatics (SCI-2003); Orlando, Florida; July 27-30,
2003. http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-03-01.html.
31. R. Fikes, J. Jenkins, & Q. Zhou; Including Domain-Specific Reasoners with Reusable
Ontologies; Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Information and
Knowledge Engineering (IKE’03); June 23-26, 2003; Las Vegas, Nevada.
http://ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-03-05.html
32. Deborah L. McGuinness, Richard Fikes, James Rice, and Steve Wilder; The
Chimaera Ontology Environment; Proceedings of the Seventeenth National
Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI 2000); Austin, Texas, July 30 - August
3, 2000. http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/people/dlm/papers/dmcguinness-aaai00camera-ready.doc.
33. D. L. McGuinness, R. Fikes, J. Rice, & S. Wilde; An Environment for Merging and
Testing Large Ontologies; Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on
Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR2000), Breckenridge,
Colorado; April 2000. Also, KSL Technical Report KSL-00-16.
http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-00-16.html
34. V. K. Chaudhri, A. Farquhar, R. Fikes, P. D. Karp, & J. P. Rice; OKBC: A
Programmatic Foundation for Knowledge Base Interoperability; Proceedings of the
Fifteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence; Madison, Wisconsin; July
26-30, 1998. Also, KSL Technical Report KSL-98-08.
http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-98-08.html
35. Y. Iwasaki, A. Farquhar, R. Fikes, J. Rice; Web-Based Compositional Modeling
System for Sharing of Physical Knowledge; Proceedings of the Fifteenth International
Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence; NAGOYA, Aichi, Japan; August 23-29,
1997. Also, KSL Technical Report KSL-98-17.
http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-98-17.html
36. R. Fikes, A. Farquhar, J. Rice; Tools For Assembling Modular Ontologies in
Ontolingua; Proceedings of the Fourteenth National Conference on Artificial
Intelligence; Providence, Rhode Island; July 1997. Also, KSL Technical Report
KSL-97-03. http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-97-03.html
37. R. Fikes, A. Farquhar, W. Pratt; Information Brokers for Gathering Information
from Heterogeneous Information Sources; Proceedings of the Ninth Florida Artificial
Intelligence Research Symposium (FLAIRS '96), John H. Stewman [ed.]; pp. 192197; Key West, Florida; May 1996. Also, KSL Technical Report KSL-96-18.
http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-96-18.html
38. S. Buvac and R. Fikes; A Declarative Formalization of Knowledge Translation;
Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Information and Knowledge
Management; Baltimore, Maryland; November 1995. Also, KSL Technical Report
KSL-94-59. http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-94-59.html
39. J. Van Baalen and R. Fikes; The Role of Reversible Grammars in Translating
Between Representation Languages; Proceedings of the 4th International Conference
on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning; Bonn, Germany; May
1994; pages 562-571. Also, KSL Technical Report KSL-93-67.
http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-93-67.html
40. Y. Iwasaki, R. Fikes, M. Vescovi, B. Chandrasekeran; How Things Are Intended to
Work: Capturing Functional Knowledge in Device Design; in Proceedings of the 13th
International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence; Chambery, France; August
1993. Also, KSL Technical Report KSL-93-39.
http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-93-39.html
41. M. Vescovi, Y. Iwasaki, R. Fikes, B. Chandrasekeran; CFRL: A Language for
Specifying the Causal Functionality of Engineered Devices" in Proceedings of the
Eleventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence; Washington, D.C.; July
1993. Also, KSL Technical Report KSL-93-38.
http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-93-38.html
42. R. Nado and R. Fikes, Semantically Sound Inheritance for a Formally Defined Frame
Language With Defaults, Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial
Intelligence; Seattle Washington, 1987.
43. R. Brachman, R. Fikes, and H. Levesque; KRYPTON: Integrating Terminology and
Assertion; Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence;
Washington D.C.; 1983.
44. F. N. Tou, M. Williams, R. Fikes, A. Henderson, T. Malone; RABBIT: An Intelligent
Database Assistant; Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial
Intelligence; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania; 1982, pp 314-318.
45. M. Williams, F. Tou, R. Fikes, A. Henderson, and T. Malone; RABBIT: Cognitive
Science in Interface Design; Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference of the
Cognitive Science Society, 1982, pp. 82-85.
46. R. Fikes, Automating the Problem Solving in Procedural Office Work, in Proceedings
of the AFIPS Office Automation Conference, Houston Texas, March 1981.
47. R. Fikes, Deductive Retrieval Mechanisms for State Description Models, Proceedings
of the 4th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Tblisi USSR,
1975.
48. R. Fikes, P. Hart, and N. Nilsson; Some New Directions in Robot Problem Solving;
Machine Intelligence 7; Edinburgh University Press; November 1972; pp 405-430.
49. R. Fikes, Monitored Execution of Robot Plans Produced by STRIPS, Proceedings of
the IFIP Congress 71, Ljublijana Yugoslavia, 1971, pp 189-194.
50. R. Fikes, H. Lauer, and A. Vareha; Steps Toward a General Purpose Time-Sharing
System Using Large Capacity Core Storage and TSS/360; Proceedings 1968 ACM
National Conference; Las Vegas, Nevada; pp. 7-18.
Invited Papers
51. R. Fikes; Ontologies: What Are They, and Where's The Research?; Proceedings of the
Fifth International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and
Reasoning; Cambridge, Massachusetts; November 5-8, 1996.
52. R. Patil, R. Fikes, P. Patel-Schneider, D. Mckay, T. Finin, T. Gruber, R. Neches; The
DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: a Progress Report; in Proceedings of the Third
International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning;
Cambridge, Massachusetts; October 25-29, 1992. Also KSL Technical Report KSL
93-23. http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-93-23.html
53. R. Fikes, AI and Software Engineering -- Managing Exploratory Programming,
Proceedings of the Eighth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence; Boston,
Massachusetts, 1990.
54. R. Fikes, Beyond the Current Plateau: Knowledge Systems Futures, Artificial
Intelligence Research Industry Report, New Science Associates, May 1989.
55. R. Fikes, Building the Foundation for Tomorrow's Expert Systems: Advances in
Object-Oriented Modeling, Proceedings of the Fifth Australian Conference on
Applications of Expert Systems; Sydney Australia, May 1989.
56. R. Fikes and T. Kehler, The Role of Frame-Based Knowledge Representation in
Reasoning, Communications of the ACM, October 1985.
57. R. Fikes, Knowledge Representation in Automatic Planning Systems, in Perspectives
on Computer Science, edited by A. K. Jones, Academic Press, 1977, pp. 63-75.
Reprinted in Building Blocks of Artificial Intelligence, E. Feigenbaum editor,
Addison-Wesley.
Workshops, Symposia, Interviews, and Standards Documents
58. Zeng, H.; Fikes, R. Extracting Assumptions from Missing Data. Context
representation and reasoning 2005, proceedings of the first international workshop
2005. http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-05-07.html
59. Zeng, H.; McGuinness, D.L.; Pinheiro da Silva, P.; Fikes, R. Explaining Results from
Information Retrieval and Integration. International Symposium on Explanationaware Computing, AAAI Symposium, Washington, D.C., November 3-6, 2005 2005.
http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-05-08.html
60. Q. Zhou & R. Fikes; A Reusable Time Ontology; Proceedings of the Ontologies for
the Semantic Web Workshop, AAAI 2002 National Conference; July 2002.
http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-00-01.html
61. Richard Fikes and Deborah L. McGuinness; An Axiomatic Semantics for RDF, RDFS, and DAML+OIL; World Wide Web Committee (W3C) Note 18 December 2001.
Also available as Stanford Knowledge Systems Laboratory Technical Report KSL01-01, 2001. http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-01-01.html
62. T. Loeser, Y. Iwasaki, and R. Fikes; Safety Verification Proofs for Physical Systems;
Proceedings of the Twelfth International Workshop on Qualitative Reasoning; Cape
Cod, Massachusetts; May 26-29, 1998. Also, Stanford Knowledge Systems
Laboratory Technical Report 98-14.
http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-98-14.html
63. Y. Iwasaki, B. Choueiry, R. Engelmore, R. Fikes, T. Loeser, S. McIlraith, and T.
Neller; Preliminary Thoughts Towards a Practical Theory of Reformulation for
Reasoning About Physical Systems; Proceedings of the Twelfth International
Workshop on Qualitative Reasoning; Cape Cod, Massachusetts; May 26-29, 1998.
Also, Stanford Knowledge Systems Laboratory Technical Report KSL-98-18
(http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-98-18.html).
64. B. Choueiry, S. McIlraith, Y. Iwasaki, T. Loeser, T. Neller, R. Engelmore, R. Fikes;
Thoughts on a Practical Theory of Reformulation for Reasoning about Physical
Systems; Working Notes of the Symposium on Abstraction, Reformulation and
Approximation (SARA'98); Pacific Grove, USA; May 1998, pp. 25-36.
65. V. K. Chaudhri, A. Farquhar, R. Fikes, P. D. Karp, and J. P. Rice; Open Knowledge
Base Connectivity 2.0; available as Stanford Knowledge Systems Laboratory
Technical Report KSL-98-06; January 1998.
http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-98-06.html
66. Y. Iwasaki, R. Fikes, A. Farquhar, and R. Engelmore; Function-Based Engineering
Part Retrieval; Working Notes of AAAI Workshop on Modeling and Reasoning with
Function, August, 1996.
67. A. Farquhar, Y. Iwasaki, R. Fikes, D. Bobrow; A Compositional Modeling Language;
Proceedings of the Tenth International Workshop on Qualitative Reasoning; Fallen
Leaf Lake, California; May 21-24, 1996.
68. R. Fikes, R. Engelmore, A. Farquhar, & W. Pratt; Network-based Information
Brokers; AAAI Spring Symposium on Information Gathering from Distributed
Heterogeneous Environments; 1995. Also, Stanford Knowledge Systems Laboratory
Technical Report KSL-95-13. http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-9513.html
69. A. Farquhar, A. Dappert, R. Fikes, & W. Pratt; Integrating Information Sources
Using Context Logic; AAAI Spring Symposium on Information Gathering from
Distributed Heterogeneous Environment; 1995. Also, Stanford Knowledge Systems
Laboratory Technical Report KSL-95-12.
http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-95-12.html
70. A. Levy, R. Fikes, and Y. Sagiv; A Proof-Theoretic Approach to Irrelevance:
Foundations and Applications; AAAI Fall Symposium on Relevance; November
1994.
71. Y. Iwasaki, R. Engelmore, G. Fehr, R. Fikes, A. Farquhar, T. Gruber; Operator
Procedure Verification with a Rapidly Reconfigurable Simulator; Proceedings of the
3rd International Symposium on AI, Robotics, and Automation for Space, October
1994.
72. S. Buvac and R. Fikes; Semantics of Translation; Workshop on Knowledge Sharing
and Information Interchange at the 13th International Joint Conference on Artificial
Intelligence; Chambery, France; August 1993.
73. R. Fikes, T. Gruber, Y. Iwasaki; The Stanford How Things Work Project; Seventh
Annual Workshop on Space Operations Applications and Research; August 3-5,
1993. Earlier version also in proceedings of the AAAI Fall Symposium on Design
from Physical Principles; October 23-25, 1992; pp. 167-176.
74. R. Fikes, R. Hayes-Roth, and B. Chandrasekaran; Can AI Make Money?; interviews
in IEEE Expert, Volume 6, Number 5; October 1991; pp 3-14.
75. R. Fikes, Integrating Hypertext and Frame-Based Domain Models; AAAI-88
Workshop on AI and Hypertext: Issues and Directions; St. Paul, Minnesota; August
1988.
76. R. Nado, J. Van Baalen, and R. Fikes; JOSIE: An Integration of Specialized
Representation and Reasoning Tools; AAAI Spring Symposium; March 1991. Also
appears in SIGART Bulletin, vol. 2, no. 3; 1991.
77. R. Fikes, Highlights from KloneTalk: Display-Based Editing and Browsing,
Decompositions, Qua Concepts, and Active Role Value Maps; 1981 KL-One
Workshop; edited by J. G. Schmolze and R. J. Brachman; Bolt Beranek and Newman
Inc., Report No. 4842, June 1982.
Technical Reports
78. Makarios, S.; Heuer, K.; Fikes, R. Computational Context Logic and Species of $ist$.
2006. Technical Report KSL-06-07, Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford
University, USA; 2006.
79. Pinheiro da Silva, P.; Hayes, P.; McGuinness, D. L.; Fikes, R.; & Deshwal, P.
Towards Checking Hybrid Proofs. Technical Report, Knowledge Systems, AI
Laboratory, Stanford University., 2005. Technical Report KSL-05-01, Knowledge
Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, USA; 2005.
80. Zeng, H.; Fikes, R. Explaining Data Incompleteness in Knowledge Aggregation.
Technical Report, Knowledge Systems, AI Laboratory, Stanford University. 2005.
Technical Report KSL-05-04, Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University,
USA; 2005.
81. Paulo Pinheiro da Silva, Patrick Hayes, Deborah L. McGuinness and Richard Fikes;
“PPDR: A Proof Protocol for Deductive Reasoning”; Technical Report KSL-04-04,
Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, USA; 2004.
82. P. Pinheiro da Silva, D. L. McGuinness, & R. E. Fikes; “A Proof Markup Language
for Semantic Web Services”; Technical Report KS-04-01, Knowledge Systems
Laboratory, Stanford University; 2004.
83. R. Fikes and S. Makarios; “KANI Time Ontology”; Technical Report KS-04-05,
Knowledge Systems Laboratory; June, 2004.
84. R. Fikes, P. Hayes, & I. Horrocks (editors); DAML Query Language (DQL); The
Joint United States / European Union ad hoc Agent Markup Language Committee;
DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML) Program; April 2003. Also available as
Stanford Knowledge Systems Laboratory Technical Report KDL-03-12.
http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-03-12.html
85. Paulo Pinheiro da Silva, Deborah L. McGuinness, and Richard Fikes; Combinable
Proof Fragments for the Web; Technical Report KSL-03-04; Knowledge Systems
Laboratory, Stanford University; January 2003.
http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-03-04.html
86. R. Fikes, P. Hayes, & I Horrocks; DQL - A Query Language for the Semantic Web;
Technical Report KSL-02-05; Knowledge Systems Laboratory; November 2002.
http://ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-02-05.html
87. Richard Fikes, Deborah McGuinness, and Richard Waldinger; A First-Order Logic
Semantics for Semantic Web Markup Languages; Stanford Knowledge Systems
Laboratory Technical Report KSL-02-01 2002.
http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-02-01.html
88. Y. Sun & R. Fikes; Creating Open, Sharable XML DTDs for Knowledge
Representation And Bringing Enhanced Semantics to XML; Knowledge Systems
Laboratory, KSL-99-11; August 1999.
http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-99-11.html
89. S. McIlraith, G. Biswas, M. Fromherz, J. Howe, R. Fikes, D. Bobrow, M. Cutkosky,
R. Engelmore, & T. Neller; Model-Enabled Control of Hybrid Systems; Knowledge
Systems Laboratory, KSL-98-22; July 1998.
(http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-98-22.html)
90. V. K. Chaudhri, A. Farquhar, R. Fikes, P. D. Karp, and J. P. Rice; The Generic Frame
Protocol 2.0; Knowledge Systems Laboratory, KSL-97-05, 1997
(http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-97-05.html).
91. A. Farquhar, R. Fikes, W. Pratt, & J. Rice; Collaborative Ontology Construction for
Information Integration; KSL Technical Report KSL-95-63; August 1995
(http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-95-63.html).
92. B. Falkenhainer, A. Farquhar, D. Bobrow, R. Fikes, K. Forbus, T. Gruber, Y.
Iwasaki, B. Kuipers; Compositional Modeling Language (CML) Specification and
Reference Manual; KSL Technical Report KSL-94-16; 1994
(http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-94-16.html).
93. M. Genesereth and R. Fikes; Knowledge Interchange Format, Version 3.0 Reference
Manual; Technical Report Logic-92-1, Computer Science Department, Stanford
University, Stanford, CA, 1992. Also, KSL Technical Report 92-86
(http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-92-86.html)
94. R. Fikes, M. Cutkosky, T. Gruber, & J. Van Baalen; Knowledge Sharing Technology
Project Overview; KSL Technical Report KSL-91-71, November 1991
(http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-91-71.html).
95. R. Fikes, T. Gruber, Y. Iwasaki, A. Levy, & P. Nayak; How Things Work Project
Overview; KSL Technical Report KSL-91-70, November 1991
(http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/KSL_Abstracts/KSL-91-70.html).
96. W. Hamscher, R. Fikes, & A. Timmins, The Business Understander, Price
Waterhouse Technology Centre internal report, December 1989.
97. R. Fikes and M. Pease, An Interactive Management Support System for Planning,
Control, and Analysis; Computer Science Group Technical Report 12, SRI
International, Menlo Park, California, November 1975.