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•1300’s-1600’s: Revitalization of Greek/Roman arts •Machiavelli’s The Prince: Guideline for rulers “It is better to feared than loved” •2 •Da Vinci and Michelangelo became influential artists •Shakespeare wrote plays/poems that are still popular •Printing Press: 1455, Johann Gutenberg created the printing press using movable type •Motives = Cheaper trade routes, Wealth, Spread Christianity •In late 15th century, Portuguese explorers Dias and Vasco de Gama sailed around Africa to start Asian Empire •Exploration led to eventual colonization resulting in disease to natives, exploitation of land, wars between Europeans •Joint-Stock Companies: Investors bought stock in traders banking on a large return 122 •Many believed Roman Catholic Church was getting too large and powerful •Indulgence: Pardon of sin by the Church that were being sold •Martin Luther: In 1517, Luther, upset at the Church, nailed a list of questions called the 95 theses on the door of a German church •Luther continued to challenge the Church by saying that the Bible had ultimate authority over the Church •Predestination: Popular idea proposed by John Calvin that God had determined one’s fate prior to birth •Monarchs began regaining power from feudal lords around the 1500-1700’s in France, Spain and Prussia •Absolute Monarch: Ruler with total and complete authority in gov. and over the lives of the people •Divine Right: Ruler’s authority came from God as they were chosen to rule •The Sun King (Louis XIV): French ruler from 1643-1715 who expanded borders and promoted trade for his lavish lifestyle •Magna Carta: (1215) English nobles forced King John to sign this charter that subjected him to the law •Parliament: Enacted after Magna Carta that created a House of Lords and Commons to regulate power •Scientific Method: Step by step approach that emphasized experimentation and observation •Copernicus: Polish mathematician who used math to prove the Earth revolved around the sun •Galileo: Italian scientist who perfected the telescope and was put on the trial by the Catholic Church for challenging their teachings •Newton: English scientist who invented calculus and discovered the idea of gravity through the use of calculus •In the 1700’s, this movement emphasized the use of reason and logic •Natural Rights: Belief that all humans have the right to life, liberty, and prosperity and that there was a contract between the ruler and the ruled •Locke = Natural Rights •Voltaire =Freedom of speech/religion •Montesquieu = Separation of powers •Rousseau: All men are created equal •American revolution was influenced by Enlightenment philosophers •France was split into 3 classes: clergy, nobles, and commoners (only ones taxed) •Robespierre: In 1793, he helped unleash the Reign of Terror leading to up to 40,000 execution by guillotine including Louis XVI •Napoleon: Gained control of France in 1799 and became “Emperor” •Napoleonic Code: Kept reforms from revolution •Conquered almost all of Europe but was stopped and exiled by European leaders •1750-1850 Britain led the way and from 1850-1914 Western Europe and US caught up •Farmers began to merge land, better technology was used, better health occurred •Factory System: Workers and machines working together to manufacture goods •Assembly Line: Complex jobs were broken down into small tasks performed by individuals •Inventions like the iron plow, steam engine, Bessemer process, electricity, automobile • =Led to more women working, provided more jobs, changed class system • = Led to pollution, disease, poor working conditions, and imperialism New Ideas emerged like… •Franchise: right to vote •Socialism: Did not like Capitalism and wanted government control of industry •Marxism: Karl Marx’s “Communist Manifesto” predicted a worker’s uprising Nationalism • (Strong sense of pride in one’s nation) rose in Europe after Napoleon… •Italy unified in 1870 and joined the colonial race •Germany unified in 1871 after Otto von Bismarck won the Franco-Prussian War 4 MAIN CAUSES •M ilitarism: Better weapons •A lliances: Complex alliances •I mperialism: Race for colonies •N ationalism: Pride/Self-rule •Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated sparking WWI •Central Powers: Germany, AustriaHungary, Ottoman Empire •Triple Entente: Britain, France, Russia (US) •First Modern War: Tanks, Planes, Automobiles, Submarines, Machine Gun Poison Gas, Trench Warfare •Treaty of Versailles: Central Powers formally surrender in June of 1919 leading to punishment of Germany •Treaty of Versailles left Germans poor and vengeful •Fascism: Political philosophy of there being a superior race/people with a dictator •Fascism began popping up in Germany, Spain, Italy, and Japan •Hitler emerged and took over power in Germany and then took the Sudetenland and annexed Austria •Appeasement: Foreign policy adopted by Britain and other allies that tried to avoid war at all costs •Sept. 1, 1939: Hitler invades Poland sparking WWII •Blitzkrieg: “Lightning War” enacted by the Germans meaning quick offensives •Allies: Britain, France, USSR, USA •Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan •D-Day: (June 6, 1944) First major Allied land offensive to recapture German occupied France •Battle of Stalingrad: Defeat of invading German troops leading to the Soviet counter-offensive and eventual German defeat •VE Day: May 8, 1945