Download Kinesiology_Lab_files/Lab 3. Muscles and Biomechanics of the

Muscles and Biomechanics of the Trunk
3
M ATERIALS
• human torso model
•
vertebrae and bones
•
human skeleton
•
flexible spine model
•
Anatomage dissection table
•
various models
• textbook and lecture notes for
reference
O BJECTIVES
Upon the completion of these laboratory exercises, you should be able to:
1. Identify various anatomical structures of the axial skeleton.
2. Identify the muscles of the trunk.
3. Apply biomechanical principles to the muscle of the spine.
4. Identify origin, insertion, nerve innervation and actions of the muscles of the
trunk
5 . Apply kinisiological applications to common exercises.
Key Laboratory Muscles
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Serratus anterior
Rhomboid minor
Rhomboid major
Diaphragm
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transverse abdominis
Rectus abdominis
9. Erector spinae
10. Multifidis
11. Levator scapulae
12. Quadratus Lumborum
13. Trapezius
14. Latissimus dorsi
15. Psoas major and psoas
minor
Key Skeletal Anatomy
Vertebrae
• Atlas
• Axis
• Body of the vertebra
• Intervertebral foramen
• Vertebral foramen
• Spinous process
• Transverse process
• Articular facet joint
• Intervertebral disc
 Cervical vertebrae
 Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
Sternum
• Manubrium
• Body
• Xiphoid process
Ribs
• True ribs (ribs 1–7)
• False ribs (ribs 8–12)
• Floating ribs (ribs 11–12)
Costal cartilage
Consider the following key points in trying to identify the muscle’s action.
1. Look at both the muscle’s origin and insertion. Some skeletons in the lab will
have the origin labeled red and insertion blue. Once identified, bring the
insertion closer to the origin.
2. Notice how the joint of the skeleton naturally moves. When muscles contract
(shorten), they pull its insertion toward the origin.
3. Look at the direction of the muscle fibers and the joints the muscles cross. If a
muscle crosses the joint, it will have an effect on that joint.
4. Movements produced by the muscles are based on anatomical position.
5. Use the appropriate anatomical terminology for describing the muscle’s
function.
Exercise 1. Muscles of the trunk
1. Diaphragm:
a. Origin: ribs 7-12 and costal cartilage, xiphoid process, T12, L1-2
b. Insertion: central tendon which has attachments to the
pericardium
c. Nerve innervation: phrenic nerves (C3-5)
d. Actions:
2. External oblique
a. Origin: ribs 5-12
b. Insertion: iliac crest, pubic crest, linea alba
c. Nerve innervation: 8-12th intercostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal
d. Actions:
3. Internal oblique
a. Origin: inguinal ligament, iliac crest
b. Insertion: ribs 9-12, linea alba
c. Nerve innervation: 8-12th intercostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal
d. Actions:
4. Transverse abdominis
a. Origin: inguinal ligament, iliac crest, lower 6 ribs
b. Insertion: pubic crest,linea alba
c. Nerve innervation: 7-12th intercostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal
d. Actions:
5. Rectus abdominis
a.
b.
c.
d.
Origin: pubic crest
Insertion: xiphoid process, ribs 5-7
Nerve innervation: 7-12th intercostals
Actions:
6. Quadradus Lumborum
a. Origin: iliac crest
b. Insertion: 12th rib, transverse processes of L1-L4
a. Nerve innervation: ventral rami T12, L 1-4
b. Actions:
7. Trapezius
a. Origin: base of skull, supraspinatus ligament, spinous processes of
cervical and thoracic vertebrae
b. Insertion: clavicle, scapula spine and acromion
c. Nerve innervation: spinal accessory (11th cranial) (C3, 4)
d. Actions:
8. Latissimus dorsi
a. Origin: spinous process of T6-T12, thoracolumbar fascia , iliac
crest and lower 4 ribs. Inferior angle of scapula
b. Insertion: medial lip of intertubercular aka bicipital groove
c. Nerve innervation: thoracodorsal (C6-8)
d. Actions:
9. Levator scapulae
a. Origin: transverse processes C1-C4
b. Insertion: superior angle of scapula
c. Nerve innervation: dorsal scapular (C5)
d. Actions:
10. Rhomboid major
a. Origin: spinous processes T2-T5
b. Insertion: medial border of scapula
c. Nerve innervation: dorsal scapular (C5)
d. Actions:
11. Rhomboid minor
a. Origin: spinous processes C7-T1
b. Insertion: medial border of scapula
c. Nerve innervation: dorsal scapular (C5)
d. Actions:
12. Serratus anterior
a. Origin: Lateral surface of the 1st 9 ribs
b. Insertion: medial border of the scapula
c. Nerve innervation: long thoracic (C5-7
d. Actions:
13. Superficial posterior muscles of the spine
a) Erector Spinae Muscles (Iliocostalis, Longissimus , Spinalis)
14. Deep muscles of the spine (Interspinal-intertransverse group, multifidus,
rotatores, semispinalis, splenius muscle groups.
Exercise 2. Identify the above muscles on all the laboratory models and on the
Anatomage dissection table.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Serratus anterior
Rhomboid minor
Rhomboid major
Diaphragm
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transverse abdominis
Rectus abdominis
9. Erector spinae
10. Multifidis
11. Levator scapulae
12. Quadratus Lumborum
13. Trapezius
14. Latissimus dorsi
15. Psoas major and psoas
minor
Key Skeletal Anatomy
Vertebrae
• Atlas
• Axis
• Body of the vertebra
• Intervertebral foramen
• Vertebral foramen
• Spinous process
• Transverse process
• Articular facet joint
• Intervertebral disc
 Cervical vertebrae
 Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
Sternum
• Manubrium
• Body
• Xiphoid process
Ribs
• True ribs (ribs 1–7)
• False ribs (ribs 8–12)
• Floating ribs (ribs 11–12)
Costal cartilage
Exercise 3.
The Musculoskeletal Structures of the Thorax
1. List all the muscles that functions in flexing the lumbar spine.
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2. List all the muscles that function in extending the lumbar spine.
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3. Which muscles function in the frontal plane?
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4. Which muscles function in the transverse plane?
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Exercise 4. Application through common exercises
5. List all the muscles involved in performing the following exercise.
A
Exercise A
The plank
Muscles involved. Describe the action
based on anatomical motions.
Type of contraction:
Concentric/ Eccentric,
Isometric
B.
Exercise B
Up phase
Down Phas
Muscles involved. Describe the action based on
anatomical motions.
Type of
contraction:
Concentric/
Eccentric,
Isometric
C. What effect does added an unstable surface do to the following exercise?
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