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Lyme Disease
Lyme Disease
Shannon Ingraham
NAU
What is Lyme Disease?
•
Currently there are 300,000 cases of Lyme disease diagnosed each year in the
United States. Surprisingly, estimates are a staggering 10 times greater than
the number of cases that are reported. Just in the last few decades, 360,000
cases were reported in Western Europe annually, alarming most experts to the
real threat of Lyme disease (Kuehn, B. M., 2013).
•
There are two types of ticks that carry Lyme disease and are currently
spreading rapidly across the United States. Recent studies have shown
that over the past twenty years the two species of Lyme-caring ticks
have spread into half of all counties in United States (Asher, C., 2016,
January 28).
The LC. (2008, August). Retrieved from
http://thelc.typepad.com/the_lc/the_lc_guide/
The Deadly Bacteria Responsible for Lyme
Disease
•
The bacteria that causes Lyme disease is Borrelia burgdorferi, which is
essentially a type of corkscrew-shaped bacteria known as a spirochete
(OrganicOlivia., 2016).
•
There are different types of borrelia on each continent of North America and
Europe resulting in different forms of Lyme disease (due to B afzelii).
•
In North America, the infection is due to the subspecies B burgdorferi sensu
stricto and most often causes Erythema migraines and Lyme arthritis (due to B
afzelii).
•
In Europe however, the infection is due to the subspecies B burgdorferi sensu
stricto, B afzelii and B garinii, and can cause Erythema migraines, Borrelial
lymphocytoma, Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (due to B afzelii) and
Lyme neuroborreliosis (Trust, D. N. Z., 2016).
Signs to Look for
•
Ticks can attach and feed on and in any part of the human
body and may go unnoticed due to the fact that most tick
bites are painless (Trust, D. N. Z., 2016).
•
The first phase of Lyme disease is the infection due to
the bite. It is at this time where most cases of Lyme
disease can be cured. If caught right away, antibiotics
can rid Borrelia bacteria (Trust, D. N. Z., 2016).
•
A red ring or bull's-eye rash will appear in 75% of
those who have been bitten by a tick infected with
Lyme disease (Trust, D. N. Z., 2016).
Where Might you Find Ticks?
•
Animals like deer and rats perpetuate the spread
of ticks that transmit this infection.
Unfortunately, the spread of Lyme disease has
spread furiously from tree-filled woods to the
suburbs (Pearson, S., 2015).
•
Rates have been known to be much higher in
Scotland than in England possibly due to a
more moist and humid coastal climate (Kayne,
S., 2014).
•
In the US, Lyme disease predominantly lives
in the Northeast, invading areas all the way
through Main to Virginia (CDC., 2015, March
4).
Lyme Disease is a Real Threat
• Lyme disease is a debilitating flu-like illness that can often mimic ALS,
Myasthenia gravis and other autoimmune conditions (Kayne, S., 2014, July 18). .
• Mortality rates from chronic Lyme disease is hard to trace; however, Lyme
symptoms are responsible for numerous deaths such as debilitating heart
problems, paralysis and arthritis as well as neurological impairment and even
suicide (Kayne, S., 2014, July 18).
• Within the years of 2001 and 2010, the number of confirmed cases of Lyme
disease has sharply risen from 20 to 308; however, the real numbers reported by
experts say that the figures could be 10 times as high (Kayne, S., 2014, July 18).
Reported Cases of Lyme Disesase
•
There are currently 30,000 cases of confirmed Lyme
disease in 2008 and 60,000 cases occurring worldwide
affecting children mostly ages five to nine. 95% of all
cases in 2012 were reported in 13 states (Lyme
disease: Pharmacists can help., 2014).
•
The 13 states most effected states were Connecticut,
Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota,
New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania,
Vermont, Virginia, and Wisconsin (Lyme disease:
Pharmacists can help., 2014).
Cases of Lyme Disease reported in 2013. Map accessed via CDC website.
Cases of Lyme Disease in Europe
•
Understanding what to look for when diagnosing Lyme disease is essential for
fast treatment. Lyme disease can manifest with ailments ranging from
lymphocytic meningitis, painful cranial neuritis and peripheral neuropathy
(Makhani, N., Morris, S. K., Page, A. V., Brophy, J., Lindsay, L. R., Banwell,
B. L., & Richardson, S. E., 2010).
•
The sure tell signs of European Lyme borreliosis is different from US Lyme
disease. Erythema migrans is usually slower to effect European cases. More
commonly European neuroborreliosis exhibits three syndromes called the
Banworth’s syndrome which includes Lymphocytic meningitis, cranial neuropathy
and painful radiculitis. In the US, aseptic meningitis usually presents by it’s self
rather than the triad of Banworth’s syndrome. If untreated, European Borrelia
genospecies will develop into a chronic low grade encephalitis (Makhani, N.,
Morris, S. K., Page, A. V., Brophy, J., Lindsay, L. R., Banwell, B. L., & Richardson, S. E.,
2010).
Fig.1 Number of Lyme Cases in Europe as reported to WHO Centralized Data System for
Infectious Diseases (CISID)
Ways of Transmission
• After being bit by a tick caring Lyme disease, Borrelia bacteria can quickly
spread into the blood and lymphatic system causing a multisystem
inflammatory disease (Trust, D. N. Z., 2016). Borrelia bacteria spreads by
systemic dissemination. Systemic dissemination is an infection that enters a
single area of the body, spreads throughout the body and effects other
important areas of the body. Systemic dissemination of Borrelia bacteria is
crucial for the spread of numerous infectious diseases such as Lyme disease
and is responsible for most deaths due to bacterial infections (Ebady, R.,
Niddam, A. F., Boczula, A. E., Kim, Y. R., Gupta, N., Tang, T. T., … Moriarty, T. J.,
2016).
Fig.1. Lyme Disease Transmission. Accessed via CDC website
Ways of Transmission cont.
•
The second stage of Lyme disease usually happens somewhere within one month to
six months after the initial infection. At this time, neurological abnormalities can
arise like cranial neuritis, encephalitis and meningitis along with manifestations of
facial palsy. In some cases, Lyme can spread to the heart causing cardiac problems.
•
In the third stage of Lyme disease symptoms can take several months to
even years to manifest. Lyme disease can lay dormant inside the body and
become attached to intercellular spaces. In this stage, patients may develop
chronic arthritis, neurological and cardiac impairments and other
autoimmune-like symptoms that can lead to hospitalization and even
death (Liotta, J., Gathany, J., O, S. P. C., Library, T. B. A., Images, K., Phelps, J.,
& Society, N. G., 2014).
Retrieved November 29, 2016, from
https://columbiamosquitosquad.wordpress.com/tag/blacklegged-ticks-columbia-sc/
How to Protect Yourself From Lyme Disease
•
As it stands currently, there are no vaccines available for Lyme
disease. Long sleeves and protective clothing should be worn
as well as tick repellent when hiking in forest areas.
• Wearing protective clothing like trousers and long-sleeved
shirts as well as using repellents are the easiest ways to
prevent a tick bite.
• Long sleeves and protective clothing should be worn as well
as tick repellent when hiking in forest areas (European
Center for Disease Prevention and Control., 2016).
How to Protect Yourself From Lyme Disease cont.
• When a tick does attach itself to skin, remove as
soon as possible. Skin should be checked for
attached ticks periodically when traversing through
areas where ticks are found (European Center for
Disease Prevention and Control., 2016).
• When examining the body for ticks, the groin, armpits,
under breasts, back of knees and waist bands should be
checked. Permethrin coated clothing can be worn if one
is exposed to ticks on a regular basis (European Center
for Disease Prevention and Control., 2016).
Written, Roth, E., & CirinoMedically, E. (2005). Is it Lyme disease? Check your
symptoms. Retrieved November 29, 2016, from
http://www.healthline.com/health/lyme-disease-symptoms
How to Protect Yourself from Lyme Disease cont.
•
Tweezers should be used when
removing a tick and should be
pulled gently upwards so the
mouth of the tick doesn’t
separate. A disinfectant should be
used after a tick is removed to
prevent a pyogenic infection
(European Center for Disease
Prevention and Control., 2016).
Written, Roth, E., & CirinoMedically, E. (2005). Is it Lyme disease? Check your symptoms. Retrieved November
29, 2016, from http://www.healthline.com/health/lyme-disease-symptoms
How to Protect Yourself from Lyme Disease
cont.
•
Borrelia bacteria is transmitted from the middle of the
infected tick to the attached skin which usually takes
36–48 hours (Trust, D. N. Z., 2016).
• Most ticks carry 10-12 co-infections along with Lyme disease. Testing
can be difficult to accurately conclude that someone is infected with
Lyme disease. Lyme cells can alter their outer surface protein and
evade detection during testing. Also, different spirochetes can cause
symptoms that look like Lyme however, are not. Borrelia burgdorferi
has been found in both male and female secretions (Trust, D. N. Z.,
2016).
Ticked off about Lyme disease- natural remedies that healed my 9-Year-Old
nephew, 2016
Conventional Treatment for Lyme
• As it stands now, there is only one
pharmacological method in treating Lyme disease
which is Antibiotics. Sadly there are many cases
of Lyme disease that show that prolonged course
of antibiotics does not show effective results
(Palmieri, J., King, S., Santo, A., & Case, M.,
2013).
Retrieved 29, 2016, from http://ispNovemberectrummagazine.com/wp/?p=3810
Problems with Antibiotics
•
Antibiotics may be shown to be effective in some cases; however,
sometimes the potential cure can be life-threatening. In many cases,
prolonged even short term use of antibiotics can cause what is known
as a Herxheimer reaction. This reaction occurs when toxins and wastes
are released due to the death of bacteria (spirochetal pathogen) and
cell tissues. Endotoxins are released when antibiotics kill their target.
This may be too much for the body to take and flush out and even
more severe sickness can follow. In some cases, the spirochetal
pathogen will use healthy tissue like a shield as a defense against the
antibiotics therefore causing an autoimmune condition (Corriher, T. C.,
2014).
The LC. (2008, August). Retrieved from
http://thelc.typepad.com/the_lc/the_lc_guide/
Problems with Antibiotics cont.
The septic type of reaction from antibiotics may cause
patients with Lyme disease to discontinue their
antibiotics. The Herxheimer reaction has shown to
increase inflammatory cytokines. Anti-inflammatory
medication is often used; however, may not be enough
to stop patients with Lyme disease from discontinuing
their antibiotic therapy (Maloy, A. L., Black, R. D., &
Segurola, R. J., 1998).
The LC. (2008, August). Retrieved from
http://thelc.typepad.com/the_lc/the_lc_guide/
Lyme Disease Continues to Rise
•
Three types of epidemiological measures are used for tracking Lyme
disease have helped to reveal a more realistic number of Lyme cases.
The new methods of measuring and gathering information has helped
reveal the true number of Lyme cases (Kuehn, B. M., 2013).
•
Scientists from the CDC analyzed data from six years ago,
uncovering claims made to insurance companies regarding Lyme
symptoms as well as gathered information on the frequency of
how often Lyme disease tests are ordered in labs (Kuehn, B. M.,
2013).
• Lastly, the CDC analyzed data gathered in the national survey
regarding the reported cases of Lyme (Kuehn, B. M., 2013).
Fig.1. Cases of Lyme Disease reported in 2013. Map accessed via CDC website
Alternative Theories Regarding Lyme Disease's
Origins
• There are also some controversial findings that seem to suggest where Lyme disease
originated. There is some speculation that the emergence of the disease was released
at Plum Island Animal Disease Center on Long Island eight miles off the city Lyme. It
has been documented by high ranking authorities that post World War II experiments
on Plum Island involving ticks as disease vectors for germ warfare were tested and
carried out. Many discoveries and research findings have created more questions to
the origin, transmission and cures regarding Lyme disease (Liotta, J., Gathany, J., O, S.
P. C., Library, T. B. A., Images, K., Phelps, J., & Society, N. G., 2014).
• There is also compelling evidence showing the possibility that infections like Lyme
disease may be transmitted sexually like syphilis and produce a reaction that leaves
debris in the brain causing Alzheimer’s disease (Kolata, G., 2016). One thing is for
sure, Lyme disease has caused disastrous effects on human health.
Retrieved November 29, 2016, from
https://columbiamosquitosquad.wordpress.com/tag/black-legged-tickscolumbia-sc/
Alternative Solutions
•
Treating Lyme disease is not an easy task. There are
many different alternative approaches such as MSM,
Colloidal Silver, Parasite Cleanse and B vitamins.
Methylsulfonylmethane, or MSM, competes and
occupies receptor-sites located along mucous
membranes and binds with some proteins causing a
clearance of waste buildup and also relieves nerve
damage (Corriher, T. C., 2014, July 15). As it stands now,
Antibiotics are the number one conventional way in
treating Lyme disease.
THE END
References
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