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DECIDUOUS PLANT FAMILIES
HORT 108 – Edmonds C.C.
ACERACEAE
Maple Family
Trees & shrubs; leaves opposite, simple or compound, many palmately lobed; flowers regular,
mostly corymbose; fruit distinctly winged. Acer
ACTINIDIACEAE
Kiwi Family
Trees, shrubs & vines; stems with scales and hairs; leaves simple, alternate, petiolate; flowers
on old wood, regular, 5-merous w/ many stamens & pistils; fruit a berry. Actinidia
ANACARDIACEAE
Cashew Family
Trees, shrubs, vines; leaves alternate usually (pinnately) compound; flowers small, regular,
dioecious in a terminal, pyramidal inflorescence (thyrse); fruit a berry; resin often allergenic.
Cotinus, Rhus
AQUIFOLIACEAE
Holly Family
Trees and shrubs; leaves simple, mostly alternate, leathery occ. spiny; flowers usually dioecious,
4-parted; fruit a berry. Ilex
ARALIACEAE
Aralia Family
Trees, shrubs, herbs, some climbing; some dimorphic, monopodial ( stem or rhizome where
growth continues indefinitely from end bud with little secondary branching); leaves may be very
large, alternate, simple or compound, entire or lobed; flowers in spherical heads or panicles;
fruit a berry. Aralia
BERBERIDACEAE
Barberry Family
Trees, shrubs, herbs, some climbing; woody genera with yellow wood often spiny; leaves
alternate, simple or compound; flowers 3-merous, stamens open by pores w/ lids; fruit a berry
or capsule. Berberis
BETULACEAE
Birch Family
Trees (shrubs); lenticular bark; leaves alternate, simple, usually ovate and toothed; flowers
monoecious, pendant male catkins terminal; fruit a nut often w/ bracts. Alnus, Betula, Carpinus,
Corylus
BIGNONIACEAE
Bignonia Family
Trees, vines, shrubs; leaves opposite or whorled, pinnate, palmate compound or simple; flowers
large, perfect, irregular, often 2-lipped & 5 lobed; fruit a bivalved capsule w/ small, winged
seeds. Campsis, Catalpa
CAESALPINIACEAE (was part of Fabaceae/Leguminosae)
Trees, shrubs, or herbs; evergreen or deciduous, alternate; leaves simple or compound;
stipulate. Flowers solitary, or aggregated in ‘inflorescences’ in racemes, or corymbs, or fascicles,
or panicles. The terminal inflorescence unit racemose. Irregular, commonly zygomorphic.
Flowers ‘pseudo-papilionaceous’ (usually, the corolla ‘ascending’), pentamerous. Fruit a
2
legume.
Cercis, Gleditsia
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
Honeysuckle Family
Trees, shrubs, herbs; leaves opposite, simple or pinnately compound; flowers with fused
corolla, stamens stick out , fragrant, often irregular; fruit a berry or capsule. Kolkwitzia,
Leycesteria, Lonicera, Sambucus, Symphoricarpos, Viburnum, Weigela
CELASTRACEAE
Spindle Tree Family
Trees, shrubs, vines; green stems; leaves opposite, simple, often obovate; flowers small,
greenish in axillary clusters; fruit lobed, colored capsule splitting to show colored berry (aril
w/ seed). Euonymus
CLETHRACEAE (or Cyrillaceae, Mabberly)
White-Alder Family
Shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, simple. Flowers regular in terminal racemes or panicles,
white or pinkish. Fruit a capsule. Stamens opening by terminal pores.
Monotypic family containing only Clethra
CORNACEAE
Dogwood Family
Trees, shrubs, occasionally herbs; leaves opposite, simple, entire, parallel veined; flowers
small in showy, flat, terminal clusters or tight heads surrounded by showy bracts or apetalous
with 2 large bracts (Davidia); fruit a berry (Cornus) or a drupe (Davidia). Cornus, Davidia
(Some authorities place Davidia in the Nyssaceae)
ELAEAGNACEAE
Oleaster Family
Trees & shrubs; stems armed and w/ hairs and scales; leaves alternate, simple, entire,
scaly/glandular; flowers axillary, solitary or small umbels, fragrant, perfect, tubular, whitish;
fruits a berry. Roots with nitrogen-fixing nodules. Elaeagnus
ERICACEAE
Rhododendron Family
Trees and shrubs; leaves alternate some appearing whorled, often leathery, simple, entire, often
hairy, tomentose, and/or scaly; flowers urn or funnel-shaped, 5-merous; fruit a capsule or
berry. Enkianthus, Oxydendrum, Rhododendron, Vaccinium
EUCRYPHIACEAE
Eucryphia Family
Evergreen or deciduous trees and shrubs; pinnate or simple leaved, paired and opposite, with
stipules. Flowers bisexual; white, usually solitary, axillary, four-petaled, attractive; males with
numerous stamens. Monotypic family containing only Eucryphia.
FAGACEAE
Oak Family
Trees and shrubs; leaves alternate, simple, lobed and/or toothed; male flowers in catkins;
fruit a nut surrounded or covered by a scaly or prickly husk (acorn, chestnut, beechnut).
Castanea, Fagus, Quercus
GINKGOACEAE
Ginkgo Family
Tree, resinous. Alternate or in clusters of 3-5 on spurs, fan-shaped, parallel-veined leaves.
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3
Dioecious. Fruit drupe-like. Monotypic family containing only Ginkgo
GROSSULARIACEAE
Trees and shrubs; leaves alternate, simple, often glandular-hairy; flowers regular, with a central
disk, petals often appearing fused in tube, in racemes; fruit a capsule or berry. Ribes
HAMAMELIDACEAE
Witch-hazel Family
Shrubs & trees; stems often w/ hairs; leaves alternate, simple, uneven base, w/ stipules; flowers
axillary clusters or spikes, perfect, regular, 4-5 merous, petals arachnoid (thin, crumpled) or
inconspicuous; fruit a capsule. Corylopsis, Fothergilla, Hamamelis, Liquidambar, Parrotia
HIPPOCASTANACEAE
Horsechestnut Family
Trees & shrubs; leaves opposite, palmate compound; flowers large in terminal racemes or
thyrses, perfect, irregular, 5-merous; fruit a large capsule (nut). Aesculus
HYDRANGEACEAE
Hydrangea Family
Trees, shrubs, some herbs; leaves opposite, simple, usually toothed; flowers complete, regular,
4-5 parted, marginal flowers may be sterile, in dome-shaped or pyramidal clusters; fruit
usually capsule. Deutzia, Hydrangea, Philadelphus (sometimes put in a separate family:
Philadelphaceae).
JUGLANDACEAE
Walnut Family
Trees & shrubs; aromatic; leaves alternate, pinnate compound; flowers small, imperfect, males
in catkins; fruit large, berry-like opening to release walnut. Juglans
LAMIACEAE (LABIATAE)
Mint Family
Herbs, shrubs; aromatic; stems 4-angled; leaves opposite or whorled; simple or compound
(Vitex). Flowers bilateral, 2-lipped; small, white, in axillary clusters, dioecious (Callicarpa);
terminal cymes or panicles, white (Clerodendrum); panicled cymes, lavendar, late-blooming
(Vitex). Fruit a drupe or berry (Clerodendrum: blue berry and fleshy pink calyx). Callicarpa,
Caryopteris, Clerodendrum, Vitex (Note: these genera had been in the Verbenaceae)
LARDIZABALACEAE
Shrubs and vines; leaves alternate, palmate / pinnate compound, simple; flowers 3-merous,
stamens opposite petals; fruit a fleshy pod (follicle) with seeds embedded in mucilaginous gel.
Akebia
LEGUMINOSAE
Pea Family
Trees, shrubs, vines, herbs; often armed; leaves alternate, compound or simple, stipules present
or spiny, petiole swollen at base; flowers in racemes, spikes, or heads, irregular/regular; fruit a
pod (legume). Albizia, Argyrocytisus, Cercis, Cladrastis, Cytisus, Genista, Gleditsia, Laburnum,
Robinia, Sophora, Spartium, Wisteria
LOGANIACEAE
Logania Family
Trees, shrubs, vines, herbs; leaves opposite, simple, entire to lobed; flowers perfect, various
inflorescence, various shape, 4-5 merous, stamens on petals; fruit a capsule or berry. Buddleia
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4
LYTHRACEAE
Loosestrife Family
Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite (or upper ones alternate), entire, simple with deciduous
stipules. Flowers bisexual, in terminal panicles. Fruit a dehiscent capsule.
Lagerstroemia
MAGNOLIACEAE
Magnolia Family
Trees, shrubs, vines; leaves alternate, simple, leathery, leaf buds and flowers covered with
large bud scales - often fuzzy buds; flowers with large, waxy tepals in 3s,large deciduous
stipules enclosing terminal bud; many stamens and pistils on central horn or torus, solitary;
fruit berries or samaras.Cercidiphyllum, Liriodendron, Magnolia
(CERCIDIPHYLLACEAE – Now submerged into Magnoliaceae; see above.
Tree; leaves opposite, simple, oval; dioecious; fruit a small, longitudinal capsule. Monotypic
family containing only Cercidiphyllum.
MALVACEAE
Mallow Family
Herbs, shrubs, trees; stems hairy; leaves alternate, simple, palmately veined, some dissected,
stipules; flowers large, regular, perfect, 5-merous, stamens/pistils united in central column;
fruit a capsule. Hibiscus
MIMOSACEAE (was part of Fabaceae/Leguminosae)
Trees, shrubs or herbs. Evergreen or deciduous; alternate. Leaves simple or compound
(bipinnate in Albizia); alternate, stipulate. Flowers aggregated in ‘inflorescences’; in racemes, or
spikes, or in heads. Terminal inflorescence unit racemose. Flowers small; corolla polypetalous,
white or pink; stamens numerous (12-100). Fruit a legume.
Albizia
MORACEAE
Mulberry Family
Trees, shrubs, vines, herbs; milky sap; leaves alternate or opposite, simple, stipules; flowers
perfect in axillary head; fruit a fig. Ficus
NYSSACEAE
Nyssa Family
Trees. Leaves alternate, simple. Flowers small and axillary. Fruit a drupe. Nyssa (Some
authorities place Cornus in the Nyssaceae)
OLEACEAE
Olive Family
Trees and shrubs; leaves opposite, simple or pinnate compound; flowers regular, small, often
fragrant, 4-merous, 2 stamens, in axillary clusters; fruit a berry, capsule, or samara. Forsythia,
Fraxinus, Jasminum, Ligustrum, Syringa
ONAGRACEAE
Evening Primrose Family
Herbs, shrubs; leaves opposite or whorled, simple; flowers regular, 4-merous, sepals colored,
inferior ovary at base of tube; fruit a capsule with hairy seeds or a berry. Fuchsia
PAEONIACEAE
Peony Family
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5
Herbs, shrubs; leaves large, alternate, binately lobed or dissected; flowers large, perfect,
regular, solitary, many stamens; fruit a cluster of pod-like follicles w/ large seeds. Paeonia
PAPILIONACEAE (was part of Fabaceae/Leguminosae)
Trees, shrubs, or herbs; evergreen or deciduous. Leaves minute to large, simple to
compound; usually alternate, stipulate. Flowers aggregated in ‘inflorescences’ (usually) or
solitary; in panicles, fascicles, racemes, spikes and in heads. The terminal inflorescence unit
cymose, or racemose, but frequently paniculate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary. Flowers
minute to large, usually zygomorphic. Flowers usually papilionaceous (posterior petal raised to
form a flag/standard, lower petals housing the stamens and pistil – the keel). Fruit usually a
legume.
Argyrocytisus, Cladrastis, Cytisus, Genista, Laburnum, Robinia, Sophora (Styphnolobium),
Spartium, Wisteria
PLATANACEAE
Plane Tree Family
Trees; bark mottled, scaly; leaves alternate, palmately lobed, coarsely toothed, downy/hairy;
flowers in pendulous, round heads, monoecious; fruits hairy nutlets. Platanus
PINACEAE
Pine Family
Trees, resinous. Leaves spirally arranged, solitary (or fascicled in Pines), or crowded clusters on
short spurs (in Larix). Flowers borne in cones (persistent in Larix)
Larix
PROTEACEAE
Trees or shrubs with alternate, entire, or divided leaves, no stipules, leathery and often hairy.
Flowers irregular tubes in parts of four. Flowers borne in sometimes showy racemes, spikes
or heads. Fruit a follicle, drupe or nut; seeds often winged.
Embothrium
RANUNCULACEAE
Buttercup Family
Herbs, shrubs; leaves alternate, simple or compound, entire or deeply lobed, petiole swollen at
base; flowers regular, 3-many colored sepals, many stamens and pistils, center swollen; fruit a
capsule. Clematis
RHAMNACEAE
Buckthorn Family
Trees and shrubs; aromatic; stiffly branched; leaves alternate, simple, often very coriaceous
(leathery or tough but smooth and pliable in texture) ; flowers small often in dense
inflorescences; fruit a berry or capsule. Ceanothus, Rhamnus
ROSACEAE
Rose Family
Trees, shrubs, herbs; some thorny; leaves simple or compound, w/ stipules; flowers regular, 5merous, with a central disk; fruit usually fleshy with small seeds. Amelanchier,
Chaenomeles, Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Holodiscus, Kerria, Malus, Oemleria, Potentilla, Prunus,
Pyrus, Rosa, Rubus, Sorbaria, Sorbus, Spiraea
SALICACEAE
Willow Family
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6
Trees & shrubs; brittle; leaves alternate, simple, entire, stipules usually present ; flowers
dioecious in catkins (pendant in males); fruit a small capsule, seeds minute with tuft of hairs,
short-lived. Populus, Salix
SAPINDACEAE
Soapberry Family
Trees, shrubs, vines, herbs; leaves alternate, compound (pinnate, trifoliate) or simple; flowers
small, regular, terminal inflorescences; fruit fleshy or dry, sometimes bladder-like.
Koelreuteria
SAXIFRAGACEAE
Saxifrage Family
Shrubs, herbs; alternate leaved, without stipules and often fleshy; flowers regular, perfect.
Sepals are 5(4) united into a cup and the petals are inserted on the floral cup and free. Styles are
free and as many as the locules (2). Itea (sometimes put in a separate family: Iteaceae).
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Snapdragon Family
Herbs, shrubs, trees; leaves opposite, simple, some 2-ranked; flowers 2-lipped and 5-lobed,
stamens 2+2; fruit a capsule with small winged seeds. Paulownia
STACHYURACEAE
Violales
Small trees & shrubs; lvs. simple, toothed, spirally arranged; stipules small, deciduous;
flws. small, 4-merous, in axillary spikes or racemes; fr. a dry berry. Stachyurus
STYRACACEAE
Storax Family
Trees & shrubs; leaves alternate, simple, entire or toothed; flowers white, regular, perfect, 4-5
merous, in pendant racemes or cymes; fruit a pendant, egg-shaped capsule. Halesia, Styrax
TAMARICACEAE
Tamirisk Family
Shrubs or small trees with very slender terete branches. Leaves alternate, mostly small, sessile,
scale-like. Flowers regular, dense racemes gathered in terminal panicles. Fruit a capsule.
Tamarix
TAXODIACEAE – Taxodium Family
Trees, resinous. Evergreen or deciduous. Leaves spirally arranged, needle-like (Metasequoia &
Taxodium) or scale-like. Branchlets deciduous. Cones woody.
THEACEAE
Camellia Family
Trees and shrubs; leaves alternate, simple, entire or toothed; flowers large, regular, solitary, 5merous, many stamens; fruit a capsule. Franklinia, Stewartia
THYMELAEACEAE
Mezereum Family
Trees and shrubs; poisonous; leaves simple, alternate, entire, obovate, clustered; flowers 4merous, star-like, fragrant. Daphne
TILIACEAE
Linden Family
Trees, shrubs, herbs; leaves alternate, simple, toothed; flowers perfect, regular, usually w/out
petals, many stamens & pistils, inflorescence sometimes w/ bract; fruit a capsule or berry.
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Tilia
URTICACEAE
Stinging Nettle Family ( ULMACEAE now part of Urticaceae
Elm Family
Most are herbs or small shrubs with one tribe having trees with watery juice, sometimes
equipped with stinging hairs. Leaves alternate or opposite, with stipules (shed as leaves unfold).
Cymose flowers, often condensed into heads. Flowers greenish, regular, unisexual (male and
female flowers on same individual). Pinnately veined leaves; fruit an achene or drupe.
(Ulmaceae characteristics: Trees & shrubs; leaves alternate, simple, toothed, uneven base;
greenish flowers small, regular, perfect, axillary; fruit a circular, flat samara or berry.) Ulmus,
Zelkova
VERBENACEAE – See Lamiaceae/Labiatae
VITACEAE
Grape Family
Vines w/ tendrils opposite leaves; leaves alternate, simple, palmately lobed; flowers regular,
perfect, inflorescence opposite leaves; fruit a berry (grape). Parthenocissus, Vitis
As cited in The Plant Book by John Mabberly
Vascular Plant Families by James Payne Smith, Jr.
For further details on Fabaceae, see ‘The Families of Flowering Plants’ by L. Watson
and M.J. Dallwitz. http://biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/angio/index.htm
2/23/05
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