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Download 1770 Capt. James Cook, accompanied by botanist Joseph Banks
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1770 Capt. James Cook, accompanied by botanist Joseph Banks, accurately charts coast of New Zealand and eastern Australia during 1768-71 Endeavour voyage, claiming British possession 1770 +Ludwig van Beethoven born in Bonn 1773 +Society of Jesus suppressed by Pope 1773 +Boston Tea Party 1774 +Karl Scheele discovers chlorine 1774 +Joseph Priestley discovers oxygen 1775 +Lexington: first battle in American War of Independence 1776 +American Declaration of Independence 1776 +Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations" published 1777 +Saratoga: British army under Burgoyne surrenders to Americans 1779 +Samuel Compton invents spinning mule 1779 British parliamentary committee considers need for penal settlements--Joseph Banks recommends Botany Bay 1780 +Armed neutrality of maritime nations to restrain British interference with shipping 1781 +Yorktown: British under Cornwallis surrender to American and French forces 1783 +Treaty of Versailles recognises American independence 1784 +Dr Samuel Johnson dies 1785 +Samuel Cartwright invents power loom 1786 Lord Sydney orders preparation of fleet to convey 750 convicts to Botany Bay 1787 +American Constitution drafted 1787 William Eden, Lord Auckland's "Discourse On Banishment" 1787 First Fleet of 11 ships with more than 1,000 aboard (757 convicts) sails for Botany Bay, 13 May 1788 First Fleet arrives; Govnr Arthur Phillip finds Botany Bay unsuitable; raises flag at Sydney Cove 26 Jan 1789 Watkin Tench's "A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay" published in London 1789 +George Washington first US President 1789 +Storming of Bastille--French Revolution begins 1790 Second Fleet reaches Port Jackson--267 convicts die on the voyage 1790 Bounty mutineers, led by Fletcher Christian, arrive at Pitcairn Island 1791 Tobacco grown in Australia 1791 Ships of the Third Fleet arrive 1791 Whaling begins off Australia's east coast 1791 +Guillotine introduced in France 1792 Citrus trees planted along Parramatta River 1792 Derwent River discovered 1792 +France declared Republic 1792 Arthur Phillip ends term as first Governor 1792 Three-year "Rum Corps" rule begins under NSW Corps principal officers Grose and Paterson 1793 Watkin Tench's "A Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson" published in London 1793 Exploration of Blue Mountains west of Sydney 1793 First free immigrants settle at Liberty Plains 1793 +King Louis XVI of France executed 1793 NSW Corps officer, John Macarthur, receives his first land grant of 100 acres near Parramatta 1794 Macarthur begins breeding sheep for wool 1794 Fertile Hawkesbury River area opened for settlement 1794 +King Kamehameha of Polynesia cedes Hawaii to Britain's King George III 1794 +Fall of Robespierre and end of Jacobin Republic 1795 Horses from Cape of Good Hope arrive in Sydney 1795 Capt. John Hunter RN arrives as second Governor of colony 1795 +Founding of first Orange lodge follows conflict between Catholics and Protestants in Armargh, Ireland 1795 +Napoleon Bonaparte disperses Paris mob with "whiff of grapeshot" 1796 +British conquer Ceylon 1797 Coal found on banks of Hunter River 1797 +British take Trinidad and Santa Lucia in the West Indies 1798 Severe drought destroys the colony's wheat and maize crops 1798 +Last session of independent Irish Parliament 1798 +British naval victory at Battle of the Nile cuts off French forces in Egypt 1799 Hawkesbury River floods--wheat stacks and animals washed away, one man drowns 1799 +J.M.W. Turner, age 24, elected associate of the Royal Academy 1800 Lt Philip Gidley King RN, replaces Hunter as Governor 1800 Colonial population 5995 with half living in Sydney--rest at Parramatta, Toongabbie and Hawkesbury area 1800 +Irish Parliament passes Act of Union with England 1801 Macarthur, in London, obtains grant of 5000 acres at Camden and returns to Australia with Merino sheep 1801 Penal station established to mine coal at Newcastle NSW 1801 Linen manufacture using locally grown European flax begins on Hawkesbury River 1801 +French garrison at Cairo capitulates to British force 1801 +Thomas Jefferson becomes USA president 1801 +Lord Elgin begins bringing "Elgin marbles" from Pantheon in Greece to London 1802 Matthew Flinders circumnavigates Australia 1802 +Madame Tussaud's first waxworks exhibition 1803 Six bags of hop-plants arrive in NSW 1803 Lt John Bowen establishes first settlement in Van Diemen's Land at Risdon Cove on the Derwent 1803 Governor King founds Australia's first newspaper, "The Sydney Gazette" 1803 Earliest record of cricket being played in Australia 1803 +France sells Louisiana to USA for $15 million 1803 +Britain renews war with France 1803 +Insurrection in Ireland under Robert Emmet 1804 Hobart established 1804 Castle Hill rebellion of mostly Irish convicts; "Battle of Vinegar Hill" 1804 Consignment of 200 cattle arrives in Hobart from India 1804 +Napoleon proclaimed Emperor of France 1804 +First steam train in England 1804 +Turner opens private gallery and enjoys success in London 1805 Hops introduced into the Tamar River settlement, Van Diemen's Land 1805 First Australian-built deep sea whaler, King George, launched 1805 +Battle of Trafalgar--Nelson defeats Franco-Spanish fleet but mortally wounded 1806 Launceston settlement established in Van Diemen's Land 1806 Capt. William Bligh RN, replaces King as Governor 1806 Massive flooding of Hawkesbury River destroys crops 1806 +Formal end of Holy Roman Empire 1806 +Death of British statesman William Pitt 1807 Samuel Marsden takes Australian-grown wool to England for testing 1807 +Slave trade abolished in British Empire 1807 +Treaty of Tilsit: Napoleon controls all Europe 1808 Colonial government begins buying fresh beef and mutton from local farmers - previously imported 1808 +French armies occupy Spain 1808 Macarthur deposes Governor Bligh in "Rum Rebellion", and initiates two-year rule by junta 1809 Severe drought in NSW destroys crops and causes water shortages 1809 +Electric telegraph invented by Samuel Sommering 1809 +Rama II, King of Siam, makes cautious beginnings of contact with west 1809 +Sale-of-patronage scandal embroils Duke of York 1810 Caterpillar plagues destroy crops of wheat, barley and vegetables in Hawkesbury area, NSW 1810 James Wishart, sealing in the cutter Fairy, establishes Port Fairy - first settlement in Victoria 1810 Earliest record of horse race in Australia, held at Parramatta, NSW 1810 Lt-Col. Lachlan Macquarie begins 11-year term as Governor 1810 +University of Berlin founded 1810 +Mary Anne Clarke publishes "The Rival Princes" 1811 Locally made salt available at 2 pence a pound 1811 +Jane Austen writes "Sense and Sensibility" 1811 +Prince of Wales appointed regent for King George III of England, ill with porphyria 1811 +Luddite riots in England 1812 NSW begins buying wheat grown in Van Diemen's Land 1812 +Napoleon invades Russia; Grande Armée destroyed in retreat from Moscow 1812 +Large scale ship building begins on the Clyde in Britain 1812 +Earthquake in Venezuela - 20,000 dead 1812 +Charles Dickens born Portsmouth 1813 Ship building and whaling industries expand in Van Dieman's Land 1813 Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth begin expedition to cross the Blue Mountains 1813 +Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice" published 1813 +Russia occupies Warsaw, then all Poland; end of Grand Duchy of Poland 1814 Supreme Court set up 1814 William Bland, destined to become the colony's first full-time doctor, arrives in NSW as a convict 1814 First recorded prize fight in Australia between John Berringer (winner) and Charles Lifton, over 56 rounds 1814 +First permanent British settlement in New Zealand 1814 +Napoleon exiled to Elba 1814 +Congress of Vienna 1814 +Philharmonic Society founded in London develops a key role in Beethoven's popularity 1815 First free immigrants arrive in Van Diemen's Land 1815 First Australian-built deep sea whaler, King George, launched 1815 +Napoleon escapes Elba; finally defeated at Waterloo 1815 +Americans defeat British at New Orleans 1816 Wheat first grown near Bathurst, NSW 1816 +Argentina declares independence from Spain 1817 First Jewish organisation in Australia 1817 Captain James Wallis paints "Corroboree at Newcastle" 1817 +Partial famine in Ireland 1817 +Serbia granted autonomy by Turkey 1818 New quarters completed for Female Orphan School at Parramatta 1818 Four-oared boat stroked by John Piper wins rowing race from Bradleys head to Sydney Cove. 1818 +British East India Company becomes effective ruler of India 1818 +Chile becomes independent from Spain 1818 +Shaka establishes Zulu empire In southern Africa 1819 First book of verse published in Australia--Baron Field's "First Fruits of Australian Verse" 1819 +Singapore founded for East India Co. by Stamford Raffles 1820 First Russian Orthodox service held in Sydney 1820 English pedigree pigs arrive Australia 1820 +King George III of England dies 1821 Port Macquarie opened as a penal settlement for convicts 1821 Horse numbers in colony estimated at 4,564 1821 Sir Thomas Brisbane succeeds Macquarie as Governor 1821 +Maori civil wars begin 1821 +Greek war of independence begins 1821 +Napoleon I dies on St Helena 1822 Agricultural Society of NSW founded 1822 Sugar cane planted on banks of Wilson River near Port Macquarie 1822 Black northern European bees successfully introduced into Australia 1822 Government lime kiln and brickworks built at Newcastle, NSW 1822 +Liberia set up as country for freed slaves 1822 +Brazil gains independence from Portugal 1823 Cultivation of lower Hunter River district begins 1823 +Traditional date when football originated at Rugby School 1824 First appointed Council to advise Governor 1824 Crops fail due to severe drought in NSW 1824 Sugar made from sugar cane for the first time in NSW 1824 James Busby arrives in NSW with French and Spanish vine cuttings 1824 'Young' Kable, of Windsor, NSW, knocks out visiting English boxer Sam Clark in 10 minutes 1824 +Royal Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) set up in England 1824 +Beethoven's Ninth Symphony first performed in Vienna with great success 1824 Hume and Hovell overland from Lake George to Western Port 1825 Van Diemen's Land becomes a separate colony 1825 Sir Ralph Darling succeeds Brisbane as Governor 1825 British shorthorn cattle introduced 1825 Sydney Turf Club formed 1825 Mounted police formed to pursue bushrangers 1825 +Egypt invades Greece 1825 +First steam locomotive railway opens in Britain--Stockton to Darlington 1826 Hereford cattle and English and Flemish carthorse breeds arrive in NSW 1826 Severe two-year drought begins --many crops fail 1826 +British influence increases in Siam 1826 +Dutch ship Curacao makes first Atlantic crossing assisted by steampower 1827 Cunningham discovers Darling Downs and explores Moreton Bay district 1827 Yachting regattas held on Derwent at Hobart, and Sydney Harbour 1827 +Treaty of London--Britain, France and Russia agree to coerce Turkey into granting Greek autonomy 1827 +British, French and Russian navies destroy Turkish and Egyptian fleet at Navarino 1827 +Beethoven dies in Vienna 1828 Bay whaling starts at Twofold Bay, NSW 1828 Australian Racing and Jockey Club formed in Sydney 1828 +Russia at war with Turkey 1828 +Death of Zulu leader, Shaka 1829 Increase in powers of appointed Council advising Governor 1829 Roy Cooper manufactures gunpowder in Sydney 1829 Five bay-whaling stations now established in Van Diemen's Land 1829 Earliest record of a football game in Australia 1829 +Stephenson's Rocket wins Rainhill Locomotive Speed Trials near Liverpool 1830 South African double gee weed brought to Australia to be grown as spinach, becomes a pest to cereals 1830 Bushranging Act as emergency measure 1830 Liverpool-Manchester Railway opens, starting speculative railway boom in 1830s and 1840s 1830 +Revolution in Paris leads to election of Louis Philippe as King of France 1830 +Liberal revolts in Belgium, Italy, Germany and Poland 1830 +Death of George IV 1831 Land grant system abolished 1831 The Sydney Herald newspaper (later SMH) founded as a weekly 1831 Start of government-assisted free migration from Britain to Australia 1831 Sir Richard Bourke succeeds Darling as Governor 1831 Whaling station set up at Portland Bay, Vic 1831 +Revolt in Russian Poland 1831 +Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction 1831 Transportation of convicts to Australia attacked in England 1832 +Revolt in Russian Poland 1832 +Cholera outbreak in London 1832 Bushranging Act renewed 1833 Charles Booth appointed commandant of Port Arthur penal settlement builds prison 1833 First horse-race meeting at Randwick racecourse, Sydney 1833 +Falkland Islands formally annexed by Britain 1833 Convict revolt on James Mudie's "Castle Forbes" at Patrick Plains 1834 Colony of Port Phillip established 1834 Apple trees planted in Victoria 1834 Bushranging Act again renewed 1834 +Tolpuddle Martyrs: suppression of British working class political aspirations 1834 +Slaves throughout British Empire become legally free 1835 +First public consecration of Roman Catholic chapel in England since Reformation 1835 Settlers led by John Batman select land at Port Phillip, buying 600,000 acres from Aborigines for yearly tribute under a private contract 1836 Colony of SA established 1836 Grants of land north of Singleton to Robert Dawson form nucleus of later Goorangoola Station 1836 +South African Boers trek north to escape British domination 1836 +First instalment of Dickens's "Pickwick Papers" published 1836 +John Constable's "The Cenotaph at Coleorton" in Royal Academy exhibition--his last painting shown in his lifetime 1837 Sir George Gipps succeeds Bourke as Governor 1837 James Mudie's "The Felonry of New South Wales" published 1837 Crown land first sold in Melbourne and Williamstown - average price of half-acre lots, 35 pounds 1837 Worst drought since settlement begins - many rivers dry up 1837 +Queen Victoria accedes to British throne 1837 +Tory radical Benjamin Disraeli elected MP for Maidstone 1837 +Dickens begins two-year serialisation of "Oliver Twist" in monthly magazine, Bentley's Miscellany 1837 +Charles Wheatstone and William Cooke patent electric telegraph 1838 Myall Creek massacre--12 settlers murder 28 Aborigines--leads to hanging of seven murderers and Government crackdown 1838 Melbourne Cricket Club founded 1838 Caroline Chisholm visits Sydney, decides to set up female refuge 1838 +First crossing of Atlantic Ocean by ship fully under steam power 1839 First shipload of immigrants, mostly Scots, arrives at Port Phillip 1839 Aborigines Protection Society formed 1839 Henry Parkes arrives as assisted immigrant 1840 Strzelecki climbs and names Australia's highest mountain, Mount Kosciusko 1840 First Aboriginal reserves 1840 Transportation of convicts to NSW ends 1840 +Treaty of Waitangi signed in New Zealand 1840 +Morse Code invented 1840 +Queen Victoria marries Prince Albert 1840 The Sydney Herald newspaper begins daily publication 1840 +Penny postage instituted in Britain 1840 Budgerigars first exported to Britain 1841 First government building for postal services opens in Melbourne 1841 Australia's first gas lighting turned on in Sydney 1841 Silver-lead deposits found near Adelaide 1841 +New Zealand proclaimed a British colony 1841 +Britain acquires Hong Kong 1841 +Vulcanised rubber invented 1841 Kemp-Fairfax partnership acquires The Sydney Herald 1842 German immigrants settle at Lobethal, SA 1842 Sydney Herald newspaper renamed Sydney Morning Herald 1842 A native police force is established in the Port Phillip district 1842 Copper and gold discovered in Australia 1842 New Legislative Council elected by property-based franchise 1842 Four buildings destroyed by fire in Collins Street, Melbourne 1842 +China and Britain sign the treaty of Nanking ending the First Opium War 1843 Hops cultivated along the Derwent River in Van Diemen's Land 1843 First coal mined in Van Diemen's Land, at Colebrook 1843 +Agitation in Ireland for independence 1843 +Revolution in Greece 1843 +Slavery abolished in India 1844 First permanent synagogue established in Sydney 1844 Butter and cheese exports from Sydney to Californian goldfields 1844 First Catholic school established in Perth 1844 Regular monthly sea mail service between Britain and Sydney instituted 1844 +Maori revolt against the British, North Island of New Zealand 1844 +Factory Act forbids children in England working more than six and a half hours a day 1845 Whaling off southern Australian coast 1845 Victoria's first Fire Brigade organised 1845 Emigrant ship Cataraqui wrecked off King Island--406 people die 1845 +The Great Potato Famine begins in Europe-- Ireland among worst effected, forcing mass migration 1846 Copper ore discovered in SA 1846 Sir Charles Fitzroy, first Governor-General 1846 Benedictine monks establish mission for Aborigines in WA 1846 First bridge over Yarra River completed 1846 +German astronomer Johann G. Galle discovers planet Neptune 1846 +US conquers half of Mexico 1846 Water police established 1847 Melbourne proclaimed a city 1847 +British Museum opens 1847 First iron smelters in Australia established 1847 Beginning of period of severe drought in NSW 1847 +Scottish physician Sir James Simpson first uses chloroform as an anaesthetic 1847 +Charlotte Bronte's "Jane Eyre", Anne Bronte's "Agnes Grey", and Emily Bronte's "Wuthering Heights" published 1848 First government-assisted migrants arrive at Moreton Bay 1848 +Gold found in California 1848 +Revolutions across Europe in response to economic hardship 1848 +Karl Marx publishes "The Communist Manifesto" 1849 First groups of German migrants arrive in Melbourne 1849 Caroline Chisholm forms Family Colonisation Loan Society 1850 Caroline Chisholm publishes "The A.B.C. of Colonisation" 1850 +Agrarian unrest in China fuels Taiping Rebellion 1851 Gold discovered in Australia 1851 Australian population 437,665 1851 Australia exports 30 million pounds of wool to British textile mills 1851 Separate colonial administrations formalised for Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia 1851 +First satisfactory submarine telegraph cable laid Dover-Calais 1852 +Napoleon III Emperor of the French 1852 +Death of Duke of Wellington 1852 Control of Crown lands ceded to colonies 1852 W.C. Wentworth and James Macarthur lobby for hereditary colonial noblesse--lampooned as "the bunyip aristocracy" 1853 Chinese gold rush to Australia begins 1853 +Commodore Perry lands in Japan 1854 Melbourne and Hobson's Bay Railway company, first to begin operating in Australia 1854 Eureka Stockade on gold diggings at Ballarat 1854 +Anglo-French expedition lands in Crimea 1854 +Boers set up Orange Free State 1855 Poll tax on Chinese entering Colony of Victoria 1855 Sydney Railway Company opens first line 1855 +Fall of Sebastopol and end of Crimean War 1856 Adelaide City and Port Railway Co. line opens 1856 +Livingstone completes journey across Africa 1857 +Indian Mutiny; relief of Lucknow 1858 Australian population passes one million, due mainly to gold 1858 +I.K. Brunel launches 32,160-ton precursor of modern ocean liner, the Great Eastern 1859 +Charles Darwin's "Origin of Species" published 1859 +Charles Dickens's "A Tale of Two Cities" published 1860 Australian population 1,145,585 1860 Government takeover of all private rail companies 1860 +Garibaldi and Thousand Redshirts in Sicily and Naples 1861 +Abraham Lincoln US President; American Civil War starts 1861 +First Italian parliament proclaims King Victor Emmanuel 1862 +"Cotton famine" in Lancashire due to American Civil War 1862 +Bismarck becomes leading Prussian minister 1863 +Confederate defeat at Gettysburg turns tide of American Civil War 1863 +Maximilian of Austria Emperor of Mexico 1865 +Lee surrenders to Grant, ending American Civil War 1865 +Lincoln assassinated 1865 +Lister introduces antiseptic surgery 1865 +William Booth founds Salvation Army 1865 +Mendel experiments in heredity 1867 +Russia sells Alaska to US for $7m 1867 +Maximilian of Mexico shot 1867 +Dominion of Canada established 1868 +Shogunate abolished in Japan, beginning Meiji era 1868 +In Britain, Disraeli succeeds Derby as PM, and is beaten by Gladstone at election 1869 +French-built Suez Canal opens 1870 +Education Act enables elementary education for all British children 1870 +Napoleon III declares war on Prussia 1870 +Charles Dickens dies and is buried in Westminster Abbey --------------------------------------------Provided by Rebecca Witt Last updated: 15 Sep 2007
