Download STRUGGLE FOR THE MASTERY OF GREECE, 480

STRUGGLE FOR THE MASTERY OF GREECE, 480-338 B.C.
Kenneth W. Harl, Tulane University
Bright Horizons 29, May 7-18, 2016
COURSE OF GREEK HISTORY
2800-1400 B.C.
Bronze Age: Minoan Civilization, Crete
1900 B.C.
Arrival of Greek-Speakers (Achaeans)
1600-1225 B.C.
Mycenaean (Achaean) Civilization
1225-900 B.C.
Greek Dark Age: Sack of Mycenaean Palaces
Migration of Dorians
900-750 B.C.
Geometric (Early Iron Age)
750-480 B.C.
Archaic Age: Rise of Polis (city-state)
490-479 B.C.
Persian Wars
480-323 B.C.
Classical Age
336-323 B.C.
Conquests of Alexander the Great
323-31 B.C.
Hellenistic Age
WESTERN WAY OF WAR: HOPLITES
Chigi Vase, Protocorinthian, ca. 650-640 B.C.
WESTERN WAY OF WAR: HOPLITES
“The 300” (2007)
Hoplite, bronze statuette
RISE OF SPARTA, 669-494 B.C.
SPARTAN CONSTITUTION, 550 B.C.
TWO KINGS
Agiad &
Eurypontid
GEROUSIA (Council)
28 members + 2 kings
BOARD OF
FIVE EPHORS
➚
ACCLAIM
↕
➚
ELECT
➚
➚
ASSEMBLY (APELLA)
Spartan citizens
Spartiates (citizens)
Perioikoi (“dwellers around”)
Helots
15,000 adult males
30,000 adult males
50,000 adult males
ACHAEMENID PERSIA, 550-330 B.C.
Cyrus (559-530 B.C.)
Cambyses (530-522 B.C.)
Darius I (521-486 B.C.)
Xerxes (486-465 B.C.)
ACHAEMENID PERSIA, 550-330 B.C.
Stairway to Apadana, Persepolis, Darius I (521-486 B.C.)
THE PERSIAN WARS
546 B.C.
Cyrus conquers Lydia; Ionia under Persian rule
515 B.C.
Scythian Expedition of Darius I
508-506 B.C.
Establishment of the Athenian Democracy
499-494 B.C.
Ionian Revolt
492 B.C.
Failure of Naval Expedition of Mardoniuis
490 B.C.
Battle of Marathon
490-486 B.C.
Rebellions in Egypt and Babylonia
480 B.C.
Invasion of Xerxes: Battles of Thermopylae & Salamis
479 B.C.
Battles of Plataea and Mount Mycale
478/7 B.C.
Aristides organizes the Delian League
THE PERSIAN WARS, 499-479 B.C.
BATTLE OF MARATHON, 490 B.C.
THE PERSIAN WARS
Xerxes (486-465 B.C.)
Themistocles (524-459 B.C.)
INVASION OF XERXES, 480 B.C.
INVASION OF XERXES, 480 B.C.
Spartans at Thermopylae, September 480 B.C.
From John C. Ridpath, History of World (1894)
THE PERSIAN WARS, 499-479 B.C.
PENTAKONTAETEIA: 479-431 B.C.
Cimon (510-450 B.C.)
Salamis, Cyprus
Athens, Decadrachma
ca. 466-463 B.C.
PENTAKONTAETEIA: 479-431 B.C.
478/7 B.C.
Founding of Delian League
Political Domination of Cimon
472 B.C.
Ostracism of Themistocles
467/6 B.C.
Battle of the Eurymedon
465-463 B.C.
Revolt of Thasos
462/1B.C.
Triumph of Radical Democrats, Ephialtes & Pericles
Ostracism of Cimon
Athens receives Megara into alliance
461-446 B.C.
First Peloponnesian War
457 B.C.
Battles of Tangra and Oenophyta
454 B.C.
Failure of Athenian Expedition in Egypt
PENTAKONTAETEIA: 479-431 B.C.
453 B.C.
League Treasury moved from Delos to Athens
451 B.C.
Truce between Athens and Sparta
Recall of Cimon
449 B.C.
Battle of Salamis, Cyprus
Peace of Callias between Athens and Persia
447 B.C. Revolts of Megara and Boeotia
446/5 B.C.
Thirty Years’ Peace
443 B.C.
Ostracism of Thucydides, son of Melesias
441-439 B.C.
Revolt of Samos
PERICLES (495-429 B.C.)
BYZANTINE INSPIRED COINS OF DENMARK
Radical Democracy, 462/1 B.C.
Strategos, 454/3-430/29 B.C.
Romanus III (1028-1034)
Gold Nomisma
Constantinople
Christ enthroned
Roman copy after statue of Ctesilas
ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY, 450 B.C.
BOARD OF 10 GENERALS
(STRATEGOI)
↕
BOULE
³
(Council of 500
←³←
EKKLESIA (ASSEMBLY)
(Athenian Citizens)
↕
POPULAR COURTS (HELEIA)
(Courts of Appeal)
dokimasia: competence test
euthynai: rendering of accounts
graphe paranomon
Ostracism
➔
➔
BOARD OF
NINE ARCHONS
↕
AREGOPAGUS
(Council of ex-archons
FROM DELIAN LEAGUE TO ATHENIAN EMPIRE
THE LONG WALLS OF ATHENS, 457-445 B.C.
Length 3.6 miles/6 kilometers; circuit 15.5 miles/25 kilometers
FROM DELIAN LEAGUE TO ATHENIAN EMPIRE
List 14, 411-410 B.C.
Hellenotamiae (“Treasurers of Hellenes”)
Phoros = tribute
Athenian Tribute Lists
PELOPONNESIAN WAR, 431-404 B.C.
435 B.C.
Stasis in Corcyra
434 B.C.
Battle of Leukimne: Clash of Corinth & Corcyra
433 B.C.
Alliance of Athens & Corcyra
Battle of Sybota
Passage of Megarian Decree
432 B.C.
Rebellion of Potidaea
Declaration of War by Peloponnesian League
431-421 B.C.
Archidamian War
421-414 B.C.
Peace of Nicias
415-413 B.C.
Athenian Expedition against Syracuse
414-404 B.C.
Ionian (or Decelean) War
THE PELPONNESIAN WAR
ARCHIDAMIAN WAR, 431-421 B.C.
431 B.C.
First Spartan Invasion of Attica
Athenian Naval Expedition against Peloponnesus
Siege of Potidaea (432-431 B.C.)
430 B.C.
Second Spartan Invasion of Attica
Athenian Naval Expedition against Peloponnesus
Outbreak of Plague at Athens
429 B.C.
Spartans besiege Plataea (429-427 B.C.)
Phormio’s Victories in Northwest Greece
Surrender of Potidaea
Death of Pericles
428 B.C.
Outbreak of Revolt of Mytilene (428-427 B.C.)
427 B.C.
Third Spartan Invasion of Attica
Surrenders of Mytilene and Plataea
Emergence of Cleon & demaogogues
426 B.C.
Fourth Spartan Invasion of Attica
Victories of Demosthenes in Northwest Greece
ARCHIDAMIAN WAR, 431-421 B.C.
425 B.C.
Fifth Spartan Invasion of Attica
Athenian Naval Victory at Pylos
Abortive Peace Negotiations
Rivalry of Nicias and Cleon
424 B.C.
Athenians fail to capture Megara
Battle of Delium
Brasidas invades Chalcidice & takes Amphipolis
423 B.C.
Truce between Athens and Sparta
422 B.C.
Battle of Amphipolis: Deaths of Brasidas & Cleon
421 B.C.
Peace of Nicias
420-415 B.C.
Breakdown of Peace; Rise of Alcibiades
415 B.C.
Athenian Expedition against Syracuse
Alcibiades flees to Sparta
414 B.C.
The Spartans declare war on Athens
ALCIBIADES (450-404 B.C.)
SIEGE OF SYRACUSE, 415-413 B.C.
SIEGE OF SYRACUSE, 415-413 B.C.
Defeat of Athenians on Assinarus River, September 413 B.C.
From John C. Ridpath, History of World (1894)
IONIAN (DECELEAN) WAR, 414-404 B.C.
414 B.C.
Spartans fortify Decelea & blockade Athens
Gylippus arrives at Syracuse
413 B.C.
Athens send second expedition to Syracuse
Destruction of Athenian navy & army in Sicily
412 B.C
Outbreak of Rebellions in Athenian Empire
Peloponnesian fleet based at Miletus
Alcibiades flees to satrap Tissaphernes
411 B.C.
Oligarchic Coup at Athens (Four Hundred)
Restoration of Democracy; recall of Alcibiades
410 B.C.
Battle of Cyzicus
407 B.C.
Lysander, navarch, & Cyrus the Younger ally
406 B.C.
Battle of Arginussae; Trial of Athenian Generals
405 B.C.
Battle of Aegiopotami
404 B.C.
Surrender of Athens
THE SPARTAN HEGEMONY, 404-371 B.C.
404 B.C.
Surrender of Athens; Sparta supreme in Aegean
401-399 B.C.
March of the 10,000
399 B.C.
Accession of King Agesilaus II (399-360 B.C.)
395-386 B.C.
Corinthian War
386 B.C.
King’s Peace of Antalcidas
382 B.C.
Spartan Seizure of Cadema (citadel of Thebes)
379 B.C.
Pelopidas & Epaminondas restore Thebes
Organization of Boeotian League
378 B.C.
Founding of Second Athenian Confederacy
371 B.C.
Battle of Leuctra
370-369 B.C.
Thebans invade Peloponnesus; Liberation of Messene
362 B.C.
Battle of Mantinea
MARCH OF THEN THOUSAND, 401-399 B.C.
Xenophon (430-354 B.C.), Anabasis
SPARTAN HEGEMONY, 404-371 B.C.
BYZANTINE
INSPIRED
COINS OF DENMARK
SPARTAN
MILITARY
COMMITMENTS,
305-386 B.C.
Military Payrolls (180 days service)
Military Commitment
Talents
Drachmae
Fleet, 200 triremes
20,000 infantry
2,00 cavalry
1,200
400
160
7.200.000
2,400,000
960,000
Total Costs
1,760
10,560,000
Attic silver drachma = 4.35 grs
Talent = 6,000 drachmae
Trireme cost 1 talent per month
Hoplite monthly wage 20 drachmae
Romanus III (1028-1034)
Gold Nomisma
Constantinople
Christ enthroned
.
BYZANTINE
INSPIRED
COINS OF DENMARK
SPARTAN
MILITARY
COMMITMENTS,
305-386 B.C.
Grain Requirement (180 days service)
Military Commitment
Medimnoi
40,000 sailors & marines
20,000 infantry
2,000 cavalrymen
120,000
60,000
12,000
80
40
8
480,000
240,000
48,000
84,000
28
169,000
2,000 warhorses
Total
276,000
Market Price
Talents
Drachmae
156Romanus
936.000
III (1028-1034)
Gold Nomisma
Constantinople
Christ enthroned
Annual subsistence, adult male, 6 medimnoi
Market price of grain 3 to 5 drachmae per medimnos
Monthly subsistence for horse 7 medimnoi (barley)
SECOND ATHENIAN
CONFEDERACY, 378/7 B.C.
Synedrion: league council
Syntaxis: contribution
Romanus III (1028-1034)
Gold Nomisma
Constantinople
Christ enthroned
BATTLE OF LEUCTRA, 371 B.C.
BYZANTINE INSPIRED COINS OF DENMARK
Romanus III (1028-1034)
Gold Nomisma
Constantinople
Christ enthroned
BYZANTINE INSPIRED COINS OF DENMARK
Romanus III (1028-1034)
Gold Nomisma
Constantinople
Christ enthroned
RISE OF MACEDON, 359-336 B.C.
359 B.C.
Accession of Philip II (359-336 B.C.)
358 B.C.
Philip captures Amphipolis
357 B.C,
Outbreak of Third Sacred War (357-346 B.C.)
Outbreak of Social War (357-355 B.C.)
352 B.C.
Philip elected archon of Thessalian League
349-347 B.C.
Philip conquers the Chalcidice
346 B.C.
Peace of Philocrates
343 B.C.
Epanorthosis: Drift to War
340-339 B.C.
Romanus III (1028-1034)
Philip besieges Perinthus & Byzantium
Gold Nomisma
338 B.C.
Constantinople
Battle of Chaeornea: MacedonianChrist
Conquest
of Greece
enthroned
337 B.C.
Philip organizes League of Corinth
336 B.C.
Assassination of Philip II; Accession of Alexander the Great
BYZANTINE INSPIRED COINS OF DENMARK
Romanus III (1028-1034)
Gold Nomisma
Constantinople
Christ enthroned
RISE OF MACEDON, 359-336 B.C.
BYZANTINE INSPIRED COINS OF DENMARK
Ivory head, Tomb II,
Vergina (Aegeae)
Gold Medllaion, Tarsus Hoard
ca. 244-249 A.D., Paris, BN
THE MACEDONIAN
PHALANX
BYZANTINE
INSPIRED COINS
OF DENMARK
Romanus III (1028-1034)
Gold Nomisma
Constantinople
Christ enthroned
Taxis = 1,532 phalangites, 16 deep
Sarissa 21 feet
THE MACEDONIAN CAVALRY
BYZANTINE INSPIRED COINS OF DENMARK
Ila = 200 men, Hetairoi (Companions)
Alexander at Granicus, May 334 B.C.
BYZANTINE
INSPIRED COINS(384-322
OF DENMARK
DEMOSTHENES
B.C.)
First Philippic, 351 B.C.
Olynthiacs I-III, 349 B.C.
Second Philippic, 344 B.C.
Third Philippic, 341 B.C.
Romanus III (1028-1034)
Gold Nomisma
Constantinople
Christ enthroned
BYZANTINE
INSPIRED COINSAUGUST
OF DENMARK
THE BATTLE
OF CHAERONEA,
2, 338 B.C.
Romanus III (1028-1034)
Gold Nomisma
Constantinople
Christ enthroned
ALEXANDER THE GREAT (336-323 B.C.)
Romanus III (1028-1034)
Gold Nomisma
Constantinople
Christ enthroned
Roman mosaic, Pompeii, based on painting of Lysippus
ALEXANDER THE GREAT (336-323 B.C.)
BYZANTINE INSPIRED COINS OF DENMARK
Romanus III (1028-1034)
Gold Nomisma
Constantinople
Christ enthroned