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The Endangered Species
in Poland
ZSM nr 1
Grajewo 2012 / 2013
Justyna Ćwik
The Black Stork (Ciconia nigra) is a large wading
bird in the stork family Ciconiidae. The Black Stork is
a large bird, 95 to 100 cm in length with a 145–155 cm
wingspan. They can stand as tall as 102 cm. It has
long legs, a long neck, and a long, straight, pointed
beak. The plumage is all black, except for the white
breast, belly and red bill, legs. He lives in a vast,
marshy forests with a lot of lakes, ponds, marshes
and meadows. He eats aquatic insects, fishes, frogs
and newts.
They nests in tall trees, sometimes on the rocks
and the clefts of the mountainsides. There is one
brood per year with 3-5 white eggs, which are
hatched 36 days. The chicks are fed by parents of
about 65 days .It is in central and eastern Europe
and Asia. In Poland they are protected.
The Aquatic Warbler (Acrocephalus paludicola) is
an Old World warbler in the genus Acrocephalus. It is in
Central Europe and the Apennine Peninsula. It lives in
large, wet meadows and large bogs. It have 13 cm in length
and wingspan of 19 cm. Coloration of back, wings and tail
is gray-brown with darker markings, the head have three
yellow-white stripes, chest and abdomen are clear.
There are 1-2 broods per year with 3-5 eggs,
which are laid in a nest in low vegetation. Eggs are
hatched 14 days. The young leave the nest after
about 18 days. In Poland there is a little quantity of
aquatic warblers in the north of the country. They
are wintering in Africa and Asia Minor.
The Ruff (Philomachus pugnax) is a mediumsized wading bird that breeds in marshes and
wet meadows across northern Eurasia. It eats
invertebrates, seeds and berries. It has 25-30 cm in
length. The male is much larger than the female.
Wintering in Africa, in western and
southern Asia. In Poland nests mainly in
the northeast of the country.
The
Western
Capercaillie
(Tetrao
urogallus), also known as the Wood
Grouse, Heather Cock or Capercaillie is
the largest member of the grouse family. It is
in the northern and central Europe,
northern Asia and the Balkans. It lives in
dense forests with berry undergrowth. It has
weight of 6.5 kg and wingspan of 90 to
125 cm. The male is much larger than the
female. It eats seeds, young shoots of plants,
insects, snails, berries and acorns, in winter
pine
and
spruce
needles
too.
The female has 6-12 eggs and hatches them
for about 28 days and after that she takes care
of them. In Poland western capercaillies are
mainly in the north-east and the south of the
country - in the mountains. It is bird with the
period of protection.
The White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) is a large bird
of prey in the family Accipitridae. It lives in western
Greenland, Iceland, Central and Eastern Europe, Asia Minor
and Central. It lives in large old tree stands near large bodies
of water and steep sea coasts. It measures 66–94 cm in
length with a 1.78–2.45 m wingspan. Weight of up to 6 kg.
The female is much larger than the male. Coloration males
and females is the same: beige head and neck, huge yellow
beak, dark brown wings and abdomen, white tail, yellow
spike of legs, clawed fingers. Some varieties are very clear fawn beige.
It eats fishes, waterfowl, rabbits, young roe-deers,
often carrion too. There is one brood per year with 2
eggs. In Poland there is a little quantity of White-tailed
Eagles in the north of the country.
The Black Grouse or Blackgame (Tetrao tetrix) is
a large game bird in the grouse family. It likes
moorland and bog areas near to forests, mostly
boreal. The female is greyish-brown. The male is
very distinctive, with black plumage, apart from red
wattles and a white wingbar. The female has 7-12
eggs and hatches them for 27 days.
They eat mainly plants – fruits, seeds, shoots,
buds, leafs and forest fruits. In summer they
pick up invertebrates for their chicks. In Poland
they are in the east and south of the country.
The Great Snipe (Gallinago media) is a small
stocky wader in the genus Gallinago. It likes
marshes and wet meadows with short vegetation in
north-eastern
Europe
including
northwestern Russia. Great Snipes are wintering
in Africa. It has 26–30 cm in length and 42–50 cm
wingspan. The body is mottled brown on top and
barred underneath. They have a dark stripe
through the eye. The wings are broad.
They mainly eat insects and earthworms, and
occasional plant material. Eggs are hatched by the
male. He has 3-4 eggs and hatches them for 27
days. In Poland the great snipe is a species of the
season of protection.
The Western Marsh-harrier (Circus aeruginosus) is a
large harrier bird. It has 43-54 cm in length and has a
wingspan of 115 to 130 cm. The male's plumage is
reddish-brown with light yellow streaks. The head and
shoulders are greyish-yellowish. The legs and feet are
yellow. The female is almost chocolate-brown. The top
of the head, the throat and the shoulders have yellow
colour. The female is a little larger than the male.
It
eats
small
mammals,
small
birds, insects, reptiles, and frogs, but mainly
eggs and chicks of other birds. It lives in
Europe, Asia and Africa. It’s wintering in the
south Europe and in Africa. In Poland it is in
the lowlands.
The Common Crane (Grus grus) is a bird of the family Gruidae,
the cranes. It lives in the northern and eastern Eurasia, locally in
southern Europe, the Caucasus and Asia Minor. It is 100–130 cm
tall with a 180–240 cm wingspan. This species is slate-grey overall.
The forehead and lores are black with a bare red crown and a white
streak extending from behind the eyes to the back. The overall
colour is darkest on the back and rump and palest on the breast
and wings.
The edges of upper tail coverts are all black. It has
yellowish-brown tips to its body feathers. Crane eats
seeds, berries, shoots of plants, insects, mollusks and
small vertebrates. It’s wintering in the northern and
eastern Africa and western Asia. In Poland it is in the
north-east if the country.
A grebe is a member of the Podicipediformes order. It has
long head, sharp beak, long, thin neck and short legs. Wings
are short and pointed. Body color is gray-brown to black, with a
lighter underside.
They
eat
fishes
and
aquatic
invertebrates.
The Female has 2-6 eggs, which are hatched by both parents
for 21-28 days. The most popular grebes are the Great
Crested Grebes (Podiceps cristatus).
The
European
bison
(Bison
bonasus),
wisent,
European
wood
bison
is
a Eurasian species of bison. It lives in mixed forests,
always near swamps, rivers or water bodies. It is
about 2.1 to 3.5 m long and 1.6 to 2 m tall. Weight
typically can range from 300 to 920 kg, with an
occasional big bull to 1,000 kg or more. The male are
much
larger
than
the
female.
It is active in the day. It lives in droves of few
bisons. In these droves are one adult bull (the
male), some cows (the female) and young,
sometimes with few young males too. It eats
only plants (herbivorous). The female give birth
for 1-2 young. The European bison live 30-35
years.
The wildcat (Felis silvestris) is a small cat found throughout
most of Africa, Europe, and southwest and central Asia. Body
length 46-90 cm, tail 25-40 cm, weight 4-18 kg. The male is
much larger than the female. The wildcat is similar to a
domestic cat, but it is larger, heavier and has shorter tail and
ears.
Pelage
is
long
and
dense.
Active at night. It lives alone, hunts for small
mammals (especially rodents), birds, frogs and
fishes, sometimes small roe-deers, fawns and
lambskins. After 65-69 days of pregnancy, female
gives birth to 1-4 young. Males is mature at the age
of about 22 months, females - about 10 months.
The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) is a medium-sized cat native
to European and Siberian forests, South Asia and East Asia.
Length from 80 to 130 cm and standing about 70 cm at the
shoulder. The tail measures 11 to 25 cm in length. Males
usually weigh from 18 to 30 kg and females weigh 8 to 21 kg.
During the summer, the Eurasian lynx has a relatively short,
reddish or brown coat. In winter, coat is from silver-grey to
greyish-brown.
The senses are well developed. It can climbs up trees. Active
during the day and at dusk, in the summer active at night. It
eats birds and mammals like roe-deers and young deers,
often mice, other predators like wild cats, frogs, fish, and
reptiles. Pregnancy lasts about 72 days. The female has 2-3
young.
The bird family cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae) is
represented by some 40 species of cormorants.
Cormorants are medium-to-large seabirds. They range in
size from the Pygmy Cormorant, at as little as 45 cm and
340 g, to the Flightless Cormorant, at a maximum size
100 cm and 5 kg. They have long body and neck. Many
species have areas of coloured skin on the face which can
be bright blue, orange, red or yellow, typically becoming
more brightly coloured in the breeding season. The bill
is long, thin, and sharply hooked. Their feet have
webbing between all four toes, as in their relatives.
All are fish-eaters, dining on small eels, fish, and even
water snakes. They dive from the surface, though
many species make a characteristic half-jump as they
dive. Under water they propel themselves with their
feet. Some cormorant species have been found, using
depth gauges, to dive to depths of as much as 45
metres. They have usually 2-4 eggs.
The Short-toed Snake Eagle (Circaetus gallicus)
also known as Short-toed Eagle, is a mediumsized bird of prey in the family Accipitridae. Adults
are 62–67 cm long with a 170–185 cm wingspan and
weigh 1.2–2.3 kg. They can be recognised in the field
by their predominantly white underside, the upper
parts being greyish brown. The chin, throat and
upper breast are a pale, earthy brown. The tail has 3
or 4 bars. Additional indications are an owl-like
rounded head, brightly yellow eyes and lightly barred
under wing.
They live in southern, central and eastern Europe,
Asia Minor, Central Asia to India, inclusive. Their
preys are mostly reptiles, mainly snakes, but also
some lizards. Sometimes they become entangled with
larger snakes and battle on the ground. Occasionally,
they prey on small mammals up to the size of a
rabbit, and rarely birds and large insects. The female
lays 1-2 eggs. In Poland they are very rare.
The pond bat (Myotis dasycneme) is a species
of vesper bat. It is found in Eurasia
from France to Russia and Kazakhstan. Wingspan
- 20-30 cm, weight - 11-23 g, body length - 6 - 6.8
cm. Hunting occurs over water, meadows and
along woodland edges, with rapid, skillful flight
(sometimes only 5-10 cm above water).
Prey includes gnats, mosquitoes, moths and
insects caught from the surface of the water.
The species is endangered. It occurs throughout
the country, but it is rare in Poland. It prefers
lowland near the lakes.
The Jack Snipe (Lymnocryptes minimus) is a small
stocky wader. It is the smallest snipe, and the only
member of the genus Lymnocryptes. Length is 18–
25 cm, wingspan is 30–41 cm and weight is 33–73 g.
The body is mottled brown on top and pale
underneath. They have a dark stripe through the
eye. The wings are pointed and narrow, and yellow
back stripes are visible in flight.
They mainly eat insects and earthworms,
also plant material. The female has 4 eggs
which are hatched for 20 days. Wintering
in southern Europe, Africa and South
Asia. In Poland is rare during autumn
wanders.
The Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) is a large bird
of prey. Like all typical eagles, it belongs to the
family Accipitridae. It occurs in central and eastern Europe
and central Asia to the North-eastern China. It is 59–71 cm
in length and has a wingspan of 157–179 cm and a typical
body mass of 1.6–2.5 kg. The female is larger than the
male. Head and wing coverts are very dark brown and
contrast with the generally medium brown plumage.
It hunts for small mammals, birds, reptiles,
amphibians and insects. It likes to feed on carrion.
The female has 2 eggs, which are hatched for about 6
weeks. Wintering in South Asia and North Africa. In
Poland there are not many of greater spotted eagles.
They occur especially in the east of the country.
The
Eurasian
Wigeon,
also
known
as Widgeon or Eurasian Widgeon (Anas penelope,
previously Mareca penelope) is one of three species
of wigeon in the dabbling duck genus Anas.
This dabbling duck is 42–52 cm (17–20 in) long with a
71–80 cm (28–31 in) wingspan, and a weight of 500–
1,073 g (1.1–2.37 lb). The breeding male has grey flanks
and back, with a black rear end and a dark
green speculum and a brilliant white patch on upper
wings, obvious in flight or at rest. It has a pink breast,
white belly, and a chestnut head with a creamy crown.
The female is light brown.
It feeds on aquatic plants. It nests on the ground
near water. The female has 4-11 eggs, which are
hatched for 22-28 days. Wintering in the western
and southern Europe and southern Asia. In
Poland it is in the north and Silesia.
The Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) is one of the best known birds of prey in the Northern
Hemisphere. Like all eagles, it belongs to the family Accipitridae.
It has from 66 to 102 cm in length and it has a typical wingspan of 1.8
to 2.34 m. In the species overall, males average around 3.6 kg and
females average around 5.1 kg. The Golden Eagle is a large, dark brown
raptor with broad wings.
They hunt mainly on mediumsized mammals and birds, but
also feed on carrion. They can
fly with speed 160 km/h. They
can live even 100 years. The
female has 2 eggs, which are
hatched for 41-45 days. In
Poland it is so rare, because
there are only 15 pairs of golden
eagles in all country, mainly in
the Carpathians and Masuria.
The Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus) is a species
of typical owl (family Strigidae). It has 34–43 cm in
length and weight 206–475 g. It has large eyes, big
head, short neck, and broad wings. Its bill is short,
strong, hooked and black. Its plumage is mottled
tawny to brown with a barred tail and wings. Active
in the evening and during the day.
Its food consists mainly of rodents, especially
voles, but it will eat other small mammals such
as mice, ground squirrels, shrews, rats, bats,
muskrats and moles. Insects supplement the
diet and Short-eared Owls may prey on roaches,
grasshoppers, beetles and caterpillars.
European Weather Loach (Misgurnis fossilis)
is a species of loach in the genus Misgurnus. It
lives in Europe. It has length to 30 cm. Active
mainly at night. It eats mostly aquatic
invertebrates. Wintering in the muddy bottom,
spawning takes place in the spring, the females
lay eggs on aquatic plants. It is protect in
Poland.
The Clouded Apollo (Parnassius mnemosyne) is a butterfly species of the family
of Swallowtail butterflies (Papilionidae) found in Eurasia. Similar to the common
cabbage butterfly. It appears mainly in June. In Poland it is rare, mostly in the
Carpathians and Sudeten.
The Alcon Blue (Phengaris alcon) is
a butterfly of the Lycaenidae family and is
found in Europe and Northern Asia. It can be
seen flying in mid to late summer. Like some
other species of Lycaenidae, its larva
(caterpillar) stage depends on support by
certain ants; it is therefore known as a
myrmecophile.
Orachrysops niobe, another member of the
Lycaenidae from South Africa, has a very
similar life-cycle.
The Black Tern (Chlidonias niger) is a
small tern generally found in or near inland water
in Europe and North America. Adult are 25 cm
long, with a wingspan 61 cm and weigh 62 g. They
have short dark legs and a short, weak-looking
black bill. They have a dark grey back, with a
white forewing, black head, neck and belly, black
or blackish-brown cap and a light brownish-grey
'square' tail. The face is white.
It eats mainly terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates,
including aquatic insects and their larvae, leeches,
annelids, spiders, but also small fish and
amphibians, including tadpoles. Wintering on the
coast of West Africa, where they fly along coasts of
the Atlantic.
The Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrines) is a
widespread bird of prey in the family Falconidae. It
has a body length of 34 to 58 cm and a wingspan from
74 to 120 cm. Males weigh 424 to 750 grams and the
noticeably larger females weigh 910 to 1,500 grams.
The Peregrine is renowned for its speed, reaching
over 322 km/h during its characteristic hunting
stoop (high speed dive), making it the fastest
member of the animal kingdom. According to a
National Geographic program, the highest
measured speed of a Peregrine Falcon is 389
km/h.
The female has 2-5 yellow eggs, which are hatched
30 days. In Poland it is rare and protect bird.
The
depressed
river mussel
(Pseudanodonta
complanata) is a species of freshwater mussel,
an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Unionidae, the
river mussels. The length of this animal not exceed 10 cm.
The species name comes from the flattened shape of
its shell. It eats food from the water filtering out. It
can live from 8 to 18 years. The male is a little larger
than the female. In Poland it is rare.
The European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) is
a long-living freshwater species of turtle. It is
found in southern and central Europe, West
Asia and North Africa. The European pond turtle
is a medium size turtle and varies quite a bit
across its distribution, from 12 to 38 cm length.
Its shell is brown with a hint of green, spotted
yellow. Weight is to 1kg.
European pond turtle feeds on aquatic
invertebrates, fish and amphibians. The
female has 4-20 eggs. After about 90 days
the young hatch.
The Orchis is a genus in the orchid family
(Orchidaceae). This genus occurs mainly in Europe,
North-West Africa, and it stretches as far Tibet,
Mongolia, China and Japan. These terrestrial orchids
have tubers. They are extremely diverse in appearance.
They produce an erect stem. The inflorescence is with
yellow, red to purple flowers.
They start flowering at the base, slowly progressing
upwards. In Poland there are 17 species. The most common
are western marsh orchid (Orchis latifolia) and Heath
Spotted Orchid (Orchis maculata). Some species of this
genus have flowers with specific shapes or smells, which lure
insects.
The Short birch (Betula humilis) is
short, straight tree, which looks like
bush with height to 2m. Tree bark is
black-brown. Leaves are small.
Seedheads are cylindrical shape,
straight, length 15mm. It is rare tree in
Poland. It grows on the moors low in
wet meadows and thickets, especially
in the area of Pomerania and in the
Lublin region. It is protect species in
Poland.
The Jacob's Ladder or Greek
valerian (Polemonium caeruleum) is a
hardy perennial flowering plant. The
plant produces cup-shaped, lavendercoloured or white flowers. It is native
to temperate regions of Europe. The
plant usually reaches a height from 45 to
60 centimeters, but some occasionally
will be taller than 90 centimeters. The
spread of the plant is also 45 to 60
centimeters. The plant is native to
damp grasslands, woodlands, meadows
and rocky areas in temperate areas of
Europe. In Poland it is in the north-east
of country and sometimes in the
Carpathians. Often grown in gardens.
The
Lady’s
Slipper
(Cypripedium
calceolus) is an orchid, and the type
species of the genus Cypripedium. It is
found typically in open woodland on moist
calcareous soils. It is legally protected in a
lot of countries.
Because of the beautiful flowers, it
was often used to be collected and
after destroyed. In the gardens are
sometimes cultivated species of this
flowers from Asia or North America.
The Red Helleborine (Cephalanthera rubra) is
an orchid found in Europe, north Africa and parts
of Asia. Stalk straight, height of 30-60 cm. The
Red Helleborine is found throughout most of
Europe, east to the Urals and as far as 60 degrees
north. It is however rare in Britain, the Low
Countries and western France.
It also occurs in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia and
in various parts of southern Asia as far east as Iran.
It has long, pointed leaves. It occurs in dry forests
and thickets. Rare in Poland, only in the lowlands.
It is thermophilic plant.
The Mud sedge or Shore sedge (Carex
limosa) is a species of sedge. Height to
40 cm. It has a large rhizome and hairy
roots. It produces a stem which is
generally just under half a meter in
height and has a few basal leaves which
are long and threadlike. The tip of the
stem is often occupied by a staminate
spikelet, and below this hang one or
more nodding pistillate spikelets. Some
spikelets may have both male and female
parts, however. Each fruit is a few
millimeters long and spade-shaped. In
Poland it is so rare, the most frequently
in north-east of country.
The Iris Aphylla is species of bulbous plants in the family Iridaceae. Stalk
height 20-40 cm, branched. Rhizome thick and short. Flowers purple, sessile,
at base a little yellow or red. It blooms in May and June. It likes sunny slopes,
grasslands and steppes. In Poland it is very rare in Silesia and Malopolska
Upland.
The Snake`s Head Fritillary (Fritillaria meleagris)
is
a species of flowering plant in the family Liliaceae. Its
common names include snake's head (the original English
name), chess flower, frog-cup, guinea-hen flower, leper
lily, Lazarus bell, checkered lily or, in northern Europe,
simply fritillary. The flower has a chequered pattern in shades
of purple, or is sometimes pure white. It flowers from March to
May and grows between 15–40 cm in height.
The plant has a button-shaped bulb, about 2 cm in
diameter. It grows in grasslands in damp soils and river
meadows at altitudes up to 800 m. In Poland, it can be
found only in the valley of the San and sometimes in
Western Pomerania. It is a poisonous plant.
The Viola epipsila (Dwarf Marsh Violet) is
a perennial forb of the genus Viola. It occurs in Asia
(Siberia and China), in the northern, central, eastern and
south-eastern Europe and in North America.
Plant’s height is 8–15 cm. Flowers blue with
length 1,5–2 cm and fuzzy smell. In Poland it is
very rare flower.
The Alpine bulrush (Trichophorum alpinum) is a
species of flowering plant in the sedge family. It is
present in Europe, Asia, and northern North America.
This sedge produces stems up to 40 centimeters tall
from a short rhizome. The leaves are no more than a
centimeter long. The flowers have cottony white bristles
that may extend 2 centimeters past the spikelet.
This plant grows in bogs and calcareous mountain
meadows. In Poland it is mainly in north-east of
country, not a lot of it in West Pomerania, Plain
Opole, in the Sudetenland and the High Tatras.
The Slender Cottonsedge (Eriophorum gracile) is a
species of flowering plant in the sedge family,
Cyperaceae. It grows in wet areas such as bogs. It is a
thin, tall perennial herb with a slender, rounded,
solid, mostly naked stem reaching 30 to 60
centimeters in height. It produces a fluffy
inflorescence atop its stem with a wispy, cottony
white flower. The plants grow in colonies, often
spreading vegetatively by rhizome. In Poland it is
only in West Pomerania, the Masurian Lake District,
near Augustow in Biebrza National Park and the
Lublin Polesie.
The Swamp Willow (Salix myrtilloides) is
a willow native to boglands in cool temperate to
subarctic regions of northeastern Europe and
northern Asia from
central Norway and Poland eastwards to the Pacific
Ocean coasts, with isolated populations further
south in mountain bogs in
the Alps, Carpathians and Sikhote-Alin mountains.
It is a deciduous small shrub growing to 15–60 cm
tall. The leaves are oval-acute, 15–20 mm long. The
flowers are produced in catkins 1–2 cm long in the
spring at the same time as the new leaves appear.
The leaves resemble bilberry leaves in shape. In
Poland it is very rare. It is mainly in the Masurian
Lake District, the lower Vistula, the Lublin region
in the Bialowieza Forest, the Silesian Lowland and
the Sudetenland.
• pl.wikipedia.org
• portalwiedzy.onet.pl
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