Download Biology Chapter`s 1 and 17 notes Mr. Lesar Name

Biology
Chapter's 1 and 17 notes
Mr. Lesar
Name ----------------------
Chapter 1
Biology - The study of living things.
Living things share several characteristics.
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These characteristics include the following:
Living
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Living
Living
Living
things are made up of units called cells
Unicellular - one celled
Multicellular - composed of more than one cell
things grow and develop.
things reproduce.
things are based on a universal genetic code.
o DNA
Living things obtain and use materials and energy.
o Metabolism
Living things respond to their environment.
o Stimulus - response
Living things maintain homeostasis to survive in diverse environments.
o Homeostasis - the maintenance of constant internal conditions in an
orgamsm.
Structure and function are related in biology.
Taken as a group, living things change over time.
Levels of organization
Biosphere: The part of the Earth that contains all ecosystems
Ecosystem: Community and its nonliving surroundings
Community:Populations that live together in a defined area
Population:Group of organisms of one type that live in the same area
Organism: Individual living thing.
Organsystem: Example digestive system
Organ: Example: Stomach
Tissues: A group of cells working together
Cells: Smallest functional unit oflife
Molecules: Groups of atoms
Atoms: Smallest unit
of matter.
Chapter 1 - backgroundknowledge
Control- Variable- Hypothesis - Inference- Theory- Law
Chapter17 Notes
17-1 Finding Order in Diversity: The Linnaean System of Classification
What is taxonomy? It is the science of naming and classifying organisms.
Why not use common names? - Because of regional dialects/terminology etc. Bubbler vs.
water fountain, chipmunk vs. ground squirrel, soda vs. pop, etc.
Binomial nomenclatureE
: ach species is assigned a two partscientific name.
• The first part of a scientific name is the genus.
• The second part of a scientific name is the species.
• Binomial nomenclature was developed by the Swedish botanist CarolusLinnaeus.
• The correct way to write a scientific name is as follows.
o The grizzly bear is Ursus arctos. Notice how the first letter of the genus is
capitalized and the species first letter is lowercased. The genus and species
is also underlined. You may also italicize the two words. Hence, Ursus
arctos is also acceptable.
o Human beings = Homo sapien or Homo sapien
o House cat= Felis domesticus or Felis domesticus
Linnaeus's system of classification:
• Each group or level or organization is called a taxonomic category, or taxon.
• There are seven taxonomic categories. They are - from largest to smallest:
o Kingdom - The largest and most inclusive of the Linnaeus' classification
categories.
• Phylum - Composed of similar classes
• Class - Composed of similar orders
o Order- A broad taxonomic category that consists of
"NESTING" - Each level is
similar families.
nested in the next-higher
• Family - A group of genera that share many
level. For example all
characteristics
members of a genus are
• Genus - First name in binomial
nested in the same family.
nomenclature, the 2"d most specific taxon. It
Members of the same family
consists of one or more physically similar
are nested in the same order,
species.
etc.
o Species - A group of organisms so
similar to one another that they can
breed and produce fertile offspring.
I 7-2 Modem Evolutionary Classification
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Biologists now group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary
descent, not just physical similarities.
o What does this mean? Species placed in the same genus should be more
closely related to species of any other genus.
o Genus placed within a family should be more closely related to one another
than to members of any other family.
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This strategy, grouping organisms together based on their hypothetical evolutionary
history, is called evolutionary classification.
Classification using cladistic analysis or cladograms.
o Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older
members are called derived character.s
o Derived character can be used to construct a cladogram. A cladogram
shows evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.
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Molecular Clocks
o A model known as a molecular clock uses DNA comparisons to estimate the
length of time that two species have been evolving independently. To
understand molecular clocks, think about a pendulum clock. It marks time
with a periodically swinging pendulum. A molecular clock also relies on a
repeating process to mark time- mutations. I will NOT test you on this
concept. Your backgroundknowledge/vocabulary isn't quite ready.
A Simple Cladogram With Derived Characters
Alright, as promised, the terms the textbook infers you know because it assumes you covered
Chapter's 2-16. We'll take it slow. Don't be overwhelmed by the list.
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Unicellular - composed of only one cell
Multi-cellular- composed of two or more cells.
Autotroph- Organisms that can make its own food.
Heterotroph- Organisms that cannot make its own food.
o Carnivore - Omnivore - Herbivore - Frugivore - Piscivore - etc
Producer- Autotroph or plants
Consumer- Heterotrophs
Prokaryote- A single celled organism that lacks a nucleus. (All bacteria - both
Domain Archaea and Bacteria and Kingdom Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.
Eukaryote- Organism whose cells contain nuclei.
Aerobic - In the presence of oxygen
Anaerobic - Not in the presence of oxygen
17-3 Kingdoms and Domains
1 . DomainBacteria
a. Kingdom Eubacteria (think "new" bacteria)
i. Unicellular prokaryotes which can be autotrophic or heterotrophic
ii. Ecologically diverse group ranging from soil organisms to deadly
parasites.
2. Domain Archaea
a. Kingdom Archaebacteria (think archaic= old)
i. Unicellular prokaryotes which can be autotrophic or heterotrophic
ii. These organism live in some of the most extreme environments you can
imagine - both aerobic and anaerobic
3. Domain Eukarya
a. Kingdom Protista
i. Most Unicellular, some colonial, some multicellular,
ii. Eukaryotic
iii. Autotrophic or heterotrophic
b. Kingdom Fungi
i. Most multicellular, few unicellular
ii. Eukaryotic
iii. Heterotrophic
c. Kingdom Plantae
I. All multicellular
ii. Eukaryotic
iii. Autotrophic
d. Kingdom Animalia
I. All multicellular
II.
Eukaryotic
m. Heterotrophic