Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
8.1 Key Questions: 1. What were ways the U.S. sought to contain communism both at home & abroad? 2. How did independence movements throughout the world affect the Cold War? 3. How did the Vietnam War affect domestic life? *The Soviet Alliance of World War II quickly dissolved once the war was over due to Stalin’s insistence on holding onto the countries of Eastern Europe to create his iron curtain As such, the U.S. would focus on measures such as: Collective security *NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), an attack on one country would be an attack on all (U.S., Great Britain & France would be leading members) International Aid – The Marshall Plan in Europe to help war torn countries rebuild following WWII, The Truman Doctrine which pledged $400 million to Greece & Turkey for military aid International Financial Institutions to help countries in need and aid financially such as the IMF (International Monetary Fund), and hopefully steer countries away from Russian communist influence **The U.S. would focus on a policy of containment of communism (cannot prevent communism from existing, but can prevent it from spreading), and would enter into military engagements in order to assist this containment such as Korea & Vietnam – part of the domino theory that if one country fell to communism, countries around that one would also fall The U.S. would also engage in a space race with the Soviet Union in an effort to prove the superiority of capitalism Major Events of the Cold War 1. Cuban missile crisis – October, 1962, the U.S. discovered missiles in Cuba only 90 miles off the coast of Florida, and this would be the closest the U.S. and Soviet Union would come to actual war 2. Attempts at detente – trying to ease tensions between superpowers (U.S. & Soviet Union) through arms treaties & limitations on specific types of nuclear weapons (took place throughout the 70’s) 3. As countries around the world, but especially in Asia, Africa & the Middle East were gaining their independence from their European colonial mother countries, the U.S. would seek out allies, but many of these newly independent countries would attempt to remain neutral. *However, the U.S. would intervene to promote democracy especially in Latin America Key Concept 8.1 II --Have second Red Scare in the U.S. in the late 40’s/early 50’s very similar to first Red Scare following WWI -Rise of McCarthyism -Have the HUAC (House Un-American Committee) which questions loyalties of prominent Americans such as Hollywood producers *Important to note that the threat of communism is seen by both political parties as both Republican presidents (Eisenhower) and Democrats (Truman & LBJ) would provide American support to stop the spread Despite the support across political parties, the U.S. citizenry was not always in full support. Some minor protest occurred with Korea, but protests grew significantly once the Vietnam War broke out. *Especially after the Tet Offensive in 1968. The U.S. government had been telling the public how well the war had been going, and how we were going to be successful & victorious with soldiers returning soon. The Tet Offensive by the communist North Vietnamese proved otherwise as U.S. troops were overran by the North Vietnamese soldiers -Protests grew violent as well as students at Kent State University required the Ohio National Guard to intervene, and 4 students ended up being shot **Concerns begin to build that there is too much power being granted to the President in terms of deploying U.S. troops. In response, Congress passes the War Powers Act in 1973, overriding a veto by President Richard Nixon The U.S. in the Middle East 1. Egypt nationalizes the Suez Canal, Great Britain & France attack to maintain shipping, the U.S. intervenes because it fears that the Soviet Union will also get involved. 2. As the U.S. becomes increasingly dependent upon foreign oil, crises in the Middle East will help shape U.S. energy policies (creation of OPEC is seen as potentially harmful to the U.S.) *U.S. support of Israel upsets OPEC members leading to an oil embargo in 1973 Main points to remember 1. How did the U.S. seek to contain communism? (Korean War, Vietnam War, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan) 2. What is détente & the military industrial complex (the perceived necessary buildup of a strong military in order to maintain power on the world stage, and the increased influence of military matters in government operations Essay possibilities 1. WWII as a turning point for foreign policy (U.S. is no longer seeking to remain neutral in world affairs, marked a major change from Washington’s Farewell Address/stay neutral 2. Compare & contrast U.S. policies following WWI & WWII / U.S. reverted back to isolationism following WWI, did the opposite following WWII, Red Scare following both Key Concept 8.2 All about civil rights. Government involvement & attitudes towards civil rights as well as additional groups such as Latinos, Asian-Americans, American Indians, women, and gays/lesbians Different strategies to challenge segregation following WWII: 1. Legal challenges through organizations such as the NAACP; *Brown v. Board of Education & Thurgood Marshall 2. Direct Actions such as the Freedom Summer which sought to increase the number of blacks registered to vote in Mississippi 3. Non-violent acts of protest *MLK, Montgomery Bus Boycotts, Sit-ins in Greensboro, NC Efforts of all 3 branches of gov’t to help end desegregation 1. President Truman signed an Executive Order in 1948 to end segregation in the military (Korea) 2. Supreme Court ruled in Board v. Board of Education that segregation in public schools was no longer legal-overturned Plessey v. Ferguson from near turn of century time period 3. Congress passes the Civil Rights Act of 1964, part of LBJ’s Great Society which sought to extend FDR’s New Deal initiatives *Discrimination in the workplace is now illegal *Guaranteed equal access to public accommodations White resistance 1. Southern schools threatened to shut down rather than desegregate, Ex.) Little Rock, AR – the governor refuses to integrate the school, so Eisenhower sends in troops to force integration at Little Rock High School 2. Southern Manifesto – 101 southern congressmen issue statement saying they believe Supreme Court overstepped its bounds in Brown v. Board Black action 1. Riots in many northern cities post-1965 2. Rise of Black Panther movement (more militant/violent response in contrast to MLK’s tactics of non-violence Building on the efforts of African-Americans, other groups also begin to advocate for their own civil rights such as women & gays & lesbians 1. Women – Betty Friedan writes book called The Feminine Mystique which challenges the long held views that women should simply be content to be housewives by stating that many women are unfulfilled with the lifestyle, especially suburban women Gloria Steinem forms National Women’s Political Caucus to assist females seeking to be involved in national politics 2. Stonewall Riots in 1969 began the Gay rights movement when gay & lesbian clubgoers were arrested outside the club simply for being gay 3. Latinos, American Indians, and Asian Americans all had their own efforts to advocate for their own civil rights as well Additional reform would come for the environment 1. Formation of the EPA under Richard Nixon 2. Government regulation would be instituted following events like 3 Mile Island Note rise in liberalism (LBJ & Great Society) / use of government resources to help bring about change & equality - Civil Rights Act - Voting Rights Act - 24th Amendment eliminates poll taxes - Beginning of programs to help end poverty such as Head Start, Medicare, Food Stamps - Supreme court decisions such as Miranda v. Arizona which protected individual rights Conservative response to the liberal measures in government -Sought to limit the role of government in people’s lives -Be more assertive with foreign policy General growing distrust in the federal government (1970’s) due to a number of factors: 1. economic issues (stagflation = growing unemployment along with inflation) 2. political scandal (Nixon & Watergate, led to Nixon resigning the office of President) 3. foreign policy crises (oil embargo in 1973 which led to long lines at the pumps & rising gas prices, Vietnam War, Iran hostage crisis under Jimmy Carter in 1979) 8.3 Key Important points to know Immigration Law of 1965 which abolished previous quotas which had been in place since 1920’s helped give preference to immigrants from Asia & Latin America The Beat Movement – writers of the 1950’s & 60’s who challenged the conformity of middle class society Clash in society between counterculture hippies of the 1960’s & born again Christians of the 70’s & 80’s, religion especially attaches itself to politics following the Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision which legalized abortion