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Chapter 14 Lecture Cancer © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Learning Objectives • • • • • • • • Define cancer Discuss the incidence of cancer in the United States List the most common types of cancer Identify factors that influence your risk of developing cancer Discuss several types of occupational carcinogens Outline ways to reduce your risk of skin cancer due to exposure to ultraviolet light Discuss the roles of diet and exercise in reducing cancer risk Explain how free radicals increase your risk of cancer © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Cancer • Second leading cause of U.S. deaths • A collection of over 100 related diseases characterized by rapid, uncontrolled cell growth/often forms tumors • Can occur in almost any tissue/organ • Two kinds of tumors – Benign (slower growing, less serious health threats) – Malignant (fast growing, very serious health threats) • Biopsy: procedure determining type of cells • Metastasis: spread of cancer cells through body • Cancer cells invade other tissues and/or interfere with organ functions, can lead to organ failure/death • Key to treatment/survival: early detection Complete Lab 14.1: Determining Your Cancer Risk © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Early Cancer Detection: 7 Warning Signs © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Cancer Growth and Metastasis © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Cancer Cell Growth • Controlled by DNA – DNA damaged by carcinogens – Uncontrolled cell growth occurs • Carcinogens include – Radiation – Chemicals – Drugs – Toxic substances © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Cancer Cell Formation © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Cancer Lung Cancer • Leading cause of all cancer deaths • Easiest way to reduce risk: don't smoke Colon and Rectal Cancer (Colorectal) • Third leading cause of cancer deaths • Get regular screenings for polyps after age 50 Breast Cancer • Most common cancer in women, second cause of cancer deaths in women • Get mammograms/perform breast selfexamination © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Cancer (cont.) Prostate Cancer • Second leading cause of cancer deaths in men • Get regular exams, especially after age 50 Testicular Cancer • Most common cancer in young men • Perform routine self-examinations Skin Cancer • Most common type of cancer • Two types: Melanoma and nonmelanoma • Avoid UV light and tanning beds • Wear sunscreen SPF 15 or higher © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Cancer (cont.) Uterine, Ovarian, and Cervical Cancer • Uterine: endometrial most common • Ovarian risk factors – Age, obesity, longer menstrual history, genetics, infertility, breast cancer • Cervical linked: human papillomavirus (HPV) Other Cancers • Oral cancer – Affects lips, mouth, throat, and tongue – Associated with tobacco and alcohol use • Leukemia – Cancer of the blood • Pancreatic cancer – Fourth leading cause of cancer deaths © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. U.S. Cancer Death Rates © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Detecting Skin Cancer Examine moles monthly using the ABCD rule • A: Assymetry (one half does not look like the other half) • B: Border (irregular, notched, or ragged) • C: Color (differing shades, patches) • D: Diameter (larger than 6mm, growing) Not all skin cancers fit ABCD rule • Check moles/skin lesions regularly for any changes • Establish a baseline Other Warning Signs • A sore that does not heal • New growth of any kind • Spread of pigment • Redness or swelling beyond the border • Change in sensation on the skin Complete Lab 14.2: Early Detection © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Uncontrollable Cancer Risk Factors Heredity • Having a close relative with diagnosed cancer increases risk three-fold • Learn your family's health history (blood relatives) • If hereditary risk exists, start screenings sooner and get screenings more often Race • Blacks have higher overall cancer rates than whites, death rates have been declining • Increased awareness and early detection is critical © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. U.S. Cancer Risk—Racial Diversity © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Controllable Cancer Risk Factors Diet • Most important behavioral factor • Avoid high-fat, salt-cured, smoked, and nitrite-cured foods • Eat foods rich in high-fiber and antioxidants (vitamins A, E, and C) Alcohol Use • Moderate drinking increases risk for some cancers • Eliminate/limit both frequency and amount Tobacco Use • Single largest cause of cancer deaths • Risk: lifetime exposure to smoke, including secondhand • Stopping at any time decreases your risk © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Controllable Cancer Risk Factors (cont.) Physical Inactivity • Regular exercise protects against cancer in multiple ways – strengthens immune system; helps maintain a healthy weight; positive effects on hormone levels; increases bowel motility Exposure to Ultraviolet Light • Common UV sources are sunlight, tanning booths, sunlamps • Risk: cumulative exposure, not just occasional overexposure • Limit sun exposure, avoid tanning salons/wear sunscreen daily Exposure to Viruses • Can invade cells/damaged DNA = blood, lymphatic, liver, cervical, nose, pharynx cancer • To avoid HPV/cervical cancer: abstain from sex, use condoms, limit number of partners © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Physical Fitness and Cancer Risk © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Controllable Cancer Risk Factors (cont.) Radiation Exposure • Sources: medical X-rays, computer monitors, electric blankets, cell phones • Take precautions/avoid or limit exposure Occupational Carcinogens • Sources: industrial chemicals, asbestos, coal tars, auto paints, herbicides, pesticides • Follow safety precautions/avoid exposure to industrial agents • Contact EPA with questions: chemical exposure/ information © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Summary • Cancer is the #2 cause of death in the United States • Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Groups of abnormal cells can form a tumor, which can be classified as benign or malignant • Carcinogens are cancer-causing agents. Normal cells become cancerous when DNA becomes damaged by carcinogens, resulting in uncontrolled cell division • Common sites of cancer include the breasts, lungs, colon, prostate gland, cervix, testes, pancreas, and mouth © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Summary (cont.) • Heredity and race are non-modifiable risk factors for cancer • Modifiable behavioral risk factors for cancer include exposure to carcinogens (such as radiation, viruses, tobacco, alcohol, occupational carcinogens, and ultraviolet light), eating a lowfiber diet, and being physically inactive • Diet is probably the most important factor in controlling your risk of cancer • Exercise has been shown to reduce the risk of cancer • Participation in cancer screenings is important for early detection of cancer © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.