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THE ROMAN CITY: TOWN PLANNING organized planning orthogonal plan / grid plan / ‘Hippodamian’ plan Hippodamus of Miletus – 5th century BC - ‘father of town planning’ (Aristotle) regular planning had existed long before - systemized by Hippodamus 5th/4th century BC examples [west coast of Asia Minor]: Miletus (destroyed by Persians 494 BC; flat ground) Priene (relocated at new site; sloping ground) streets create square or rectangular grids insulae – ‘islands’/blocks (sing. = insula) zoning – e.g. important public buildings focused in one area often N-S orientation Early Italy: - Etruscan town planning (influenced by Greek colonies in Magna Graecia) e.g. Marzabotto, late 6th century BC a ‘normal’/’ideal’ planned Roman city (with many variations) - often applied to military colonies (castrum, castra) and new foundations - like a Roman military fort - square or rectangle (‘playing card’ plan, with rounded corners) - cardo maximus (N - S street) - decumanus maximus (E – W street) - four gates - forum usually central One of the best examples: Timgad in North Africa, planned by Trajan as a veteran colony ROME – ‘unplanned’ Monarchy: Capitoline temple Forum Romanum - Temple of Vesta Curia (Hostilia) Comitium Regia Circus Maximus Forum Boarium (cattle market) Servian Wall gradually, more buildings added to forum (basilicas, temples) to give it a roughly rectangular shape – but never as regular as fora in most other Roman cities, e.g. Pompeii End of Republic: Julius Caesar initiated some reorganization and new building projects - e.g. moved curia and rostra Forum Julium Augustus: Temple of Divus Julius Forum of Augustus “I found Rome a city of brick (i.e. mud-brick) and left it a city of marble” Imperial fora complex competed by: Forum of Vespasian Forum Transitorium (Domitian – Nerva) Forum of Trajan ( and Trajan’s markets)