Download How are animals different from one another?

How are animals
different from
one another?
Essential Questions
Lesson I
How do animals compare?
Lesson 2
Which animals have
backbones?
Lesson 3
How do systems help
animals survive?
Lesson U
How do animals
grow and
reproduce?
Chobe National Park, Botswana
yaamaa*
Big Idea Vocabulary
invertebrate an animal
w ith o u t a backbone (p. 79)
vertebrate an animal w ith
a backbone (p. 90)
muscular system the
organ system m ade up o f
muscles th a t m ove bones
(p . 1 0 0 )
digestive system the
organ system th a t breaks
dow n fo o d fo r fuel (p. 104)
metamorphosis a life
cycle including fo u r
stages o f g row th : egg,
larva, pupa, and adult
( p . 112)
heredity the passing
o f tra its fro m parent
to o ffsp rin g (p. 114)
V is it www.macmillanmh.com fo r o n lin e re so u rce s.
Lesson 1
Animals without
Backbones
garden snails
Look and Wonder
Here is a riddle. W hat has thousands of teeth
one foot, and no backbone? A snail, that’s
what! W hich other animals lack a backbone?
Explore
Inquiry A ctivity
What makes an earthworm
an animal?
M a te ria ls
Make a Prediction
W hat characteristics does an earthw orm have
that make it an animal? Make a prediction.
Test Your Prediction
O
0
Take the earthw orm out of the terrarium.
Place it on a dam p paper towel. W hat does
the earthw orm do? W atch how it moves.
Record your observations.
• living earthworm
• soil
• leaves
damp paper towel
Observe Gently touch the w orm w ith your
finger. W atch w hat happens. Record your
observations.
O Observe A fter a few days, observe the
terrarium. Do you notice any changes in
the e a rth w o rm ’s environment?
Draw Conclusions
O Communicate How did the earthw orm
respond when you touched it?
0
Infer Does the earthw orm have a skeleton?
How can you tell?
<0 W hat characteristics does the
earthw orm have th a t make it
an animal?
More
Observe other kinds of animals.
Do they have the same
characteristics as the earthworm?
"s.'-'-
Earthworm Observations
How it moves
W hat happens
when tou ch e d
How th e
environment chang€$
EXPLORE
What are invertebrates?
E s se n tial Q u e s tio n
How do animals compare?
^ V o c a b u la ry
invertebrate, p. 79
sponge, p. 80
cnidarian, p. 80
mollusk, p. 81
echinoderm, p. 81
endoskeleton, p. 81
arthropod, p. 82
One difference between animals is how their
O
Main Idea and Details
Main Idea
y
One way to describe animals is by their
similarities and differences. How are animals
similar? All animals are made of many cells.
M ost animals can move on their own. Like all
living things, animals grow, change, reproduce,
and respond to their environment. They get the
energy they need from eating food.
Symmetry
exoskeleton, p. 82
^ R e a d in g S k ill
How would you describe animals? Think
about your pets, your friends’ pets, or animals in
a zoo. D on’t forget that you are an animal too.
D etails
bodies are shaped. M ost animals have symmetry
(S IH » m u h *tre e ). Symmetry means that parts of the
animal’s body match up with other parts around
a midpoint or line. Some kinds of animals have
no symmetry.
T e c h n o lo g y
e -G lossary and e-Review online
at www.macmillanmh.com
▲ A sea urchin has
symmetry.
< A sponge is the simplest kind of
animal. It does not have symmetry.
In verteb rate Groups
mollusks
cnidarians
flatworms
roundworms
echinoderms
segmented worms
arthropods
Read a Photo ^
Backbone or No Backbone
Another way that animals differ
is whether they have a backbone.
A vertebrate ( V U R » tu h * b ra y t) is an
animal that has a backbone. An
animal without a backbone is an
Which animal grou p does not have
symmetry?
Clue: Look at each animal. See
whether the parts c>n one side match
up with the parts o i the other side.
invertebrate (in * V U R » tu h * b ra y t).
More than 95 out of every 100
animals are invertebrates. They come
in all shapes and sizes. Some, like ants
and earthworms, can fit in your palm.
Others can grow much larger. Some
have a hard, outer covering. Others
have a support structure inside their
bodies. The chart shows the eight
main groups of invertebrates.
y|Quick Check
Main Idea and Details What are
two ways in which animals differ?
Critical Thinking Could an
animal with a backbone have
no symmetry? Explain.
79
EXPLAIN
Q uick Lab
How Jellyfish Move
O Make a Model Blow up a balloon.
Hold the end of the balloon
tig h t so the air cannot escape.
The balloon models the hollow
shape of a jellyfish. The air inside
represents water that fills the
animal’s body.
^
W hat do you think will happen
when you let go of the balloon?
O Observe Let go of the balloon.
W hat happens? How does this
model the way a jellyfish moves?
What are some
invertebrates?
Sponges
A sponge is the simplest kind of
invertebrate. Sponges do not have
symmetry. Sponges live underwater.
M ost are shaped like a sack, with an
opening at the top. Water flows into
the sponge. It filters the water for
food. The adults stay in one place.
Their offspring float or swim.
Cnidarians
A cnidarian (n i*D A Y R *e e *u n ) is
an animal with armlike parts called
tentacles (T E N » tih *k u lz ). At the tip of
each tentacle are poisonous stinging
cells. Cnidarians use these cells to
stun prey. Jellyfish and corals are
cnidarians.
Corals are cnidarians.
Mollusks
Do you collect seashells? Those
shells come from invertebrates with
soft bodies. These invertebrates are
mollusks. M ost mollusks have shells
and live in water. Snails and slugs
are the only mollusks that live
on land.
Some adult mollusks, such as
clams and oysters, stay attached to
one place. Others, such as squid and
octopuses, swim freely.
The fileclam is a mollusk that
lives among coral reefs.
Echinoderms
Sea urchins are echinoderms
(ih * K I* n u h * d u rm z ). An echinoderm
has spiny skin. It also has an
internal support structure. This
structure is called an endoskeleton
(E N *d oh »S K E »lu h*tun ).
Quick Check
Main Idea and Details What do
sponges, cnidarians, mollusks, and
echinoderms have in common?
Critical Thinking Why do you
think all sponges live underwater?
Before and A fte r
Read a Photo
W hat happens to an octopus when
it is threatened?
Clue: Look at the color and shape of
the octopus in both pictures.
EXPLAIN
What are arthropods?
"
These anim als are all insects.
The largest invertebrate group is
arthropods (A R « th ru h » p o d z ). Arthropods
have jointed legs and a body that is divided
into sections. Some, like crabs and shrimps,
breathe with gills. Others, like insects and some
spiders, breathe through open body tubes.
Every arthropod has an exoskeleton
(E K *soh*S K E *luh«tun). This is a hard
A
covering that protects the body. It also
keeps in moisture so the animal doesn’t dry out.
Lobsters, bees, and scorpions are arthropods.
Insects are by far the largest arthropod group
with almost one million species. Centipedes and
millipedes are relatives of the insects.
Quick Check
Main Idea and Details What are the features
that all arthropods share?
Critical Thinking Are all insects arthropods?
Are all arthropods insects? Explain.
face beetle
praying mantis
Many a rth ro p o d s shed
th e ir exoskeletons so
th e y can g ro w bigger.
EXPLAIN
moth
A rth ro p o d Groups
Insects
Arachnids
Arachnids
(uh*RAK«nudz)
include spiders,
ticks, and
scorpions. They
have four pairs
of legs, two
body sections,
and fangs.
weaver ant
Insects have one pair of antennae,
three pairs of legs, one or two pairs
of wings, and three body sections.
Crustaceans
huntsman spider
Centipedes and Millipedes
Centipedes
have one pair
of legs on each
body section.
A millipede has
two pairs of legs
on each body
section.
fiddler crab
Crustaceans (krus*TAY*shunz), such
as crabs and shrimps, have two pairs
of antennae and two to three body
sections. They can chew.
EXPLAIN
How are worms
classified?
You may think all worms look
alike, but there are several groups.
Three of these are flatworms,
roundworms, and segmented worms.
Flatworms
True to their name, flatworms
have flat bodies. They have a head,
simple eyes, and a tail. Flatworms
are the simplest worms. M ost are
harmless. Some live inside the bodies
of other animals.
Segmented Worms
Earthworms, sandworms, and
leeches are segmented worms. Their
bodies are divided into segments. The
segments are identical, except for the
head and tail ends. Each end has an
opening for the digestive system.
M ost segmented worms live
on land. Unlike flatworms and
roundworms, there are few
segmented worms that live inside
another animal’s body.
< A planarian is
a flatworm.
Roundworms
Roundworms have thin bodies
with pointed ends. They are not as
thin as flatworms. Roundworms
have a one-way digestive system.
Food comes into one opening.
Wastes leave through another. M ost
roundworms live inside the bodies
of other animals.
A nematode is
a roundworm. ►
Quick Check
Main Idea and Details Describe
the three groups of worms.
▲ An earthworm is a
segmented worm.
84
EXPLAIN
Critical Thinking Where do
worms that live inside the bodies
of other animals get their food?
Lesson Review
^
d
Think, Talk, and W rite
Visual S u m m ary
Invertebrates—such as
sponges, cnidarians,
echinoderms, and
mollusks—are animals
w ith o u t backbones.
0
Vocabulary W hen one side of an
animal matches up exactly w ith the
other side, that animal h a s ________
0
Main Idea and Details W hat are the
advantages of having an exoskeleton?
The disadvantages?
The largest invertebrate
group is arthropods.
They have jointed legs
and a bo dy that is
divided into sections.
Main Idea
Critical Thinking W hy do soft
0
The three main
groups of worms
are flatworms,
roundworms, and
segmented worms.
D etails
animals like sponges and cnidarians
not live on land?
0
Test Prep Which is an invertebrate?
A
eagle
B fish
c snake
M ake a
S tu d y G u id e
D s h rim p
Invertebrates
Make a three-tab
book. Use it to
summarize what
you learned about
animals w ith o u t
backbones.
Test Prep Which characteristic do
0
mollusks and arthropods share?
a
They have backbones.
b
They d o n o t have backbones,
c They have exoskeletons.
D They d o n o t move.
Worms
Essential Question How do animals
0
compare?
n
W ritin g L ink
W rite a Story
Choose an invertebrate from this
lesson. W rite a story from its point
of view. Tell w hat it is like to live the
life of this animal.
« It l^ - R e v ie w
A r t L ink
Make a Poster
Make a poster that shows the major
invertebrate groups. Use drawings
or photographs. Label each group.
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85
EVALUATE
Focus on Skills
L _______________
inquiry skill: Classify
You k n o w th a t som e anim als are v e rte b ra te s
and oth e rs are in vertebrates. This g ro u p in g
d e p e n d s on w h e th e r an anim al has a ba ckb o n e .
Scientists group, o r classify, living th in g s based
on th e tra its th e y share.
jellyfish
One w a y to classify anim als is by th e presence
o f a ba ckbo ne . You can also classify anim als
by o th e r traits, such as s ym m e try. S y m m e try
describes h o w th e b o d y pa rts are arranged.
► Learn It
W hen you classify, you place things that share
properties into groups. Classifying is a good way
to organize data. You can probably rem em ber the
properties of a few groups. It Is harder to rem em ber
those properties when you have thousands of groups!
It is im po rta nt to keep go od notes when
you classify. Your notes can help you see w hy
things belong in the same group. They also
help you classify things in the future.
► Try It
Classify animals by their symmetry. Most animals,
like butterflies, have b ilatera l (b i*L A *tu h *ru l)
symmetry. This means that their tw o sides are alike.
Others, like sea stars, have radial (RAY«dee«ul)
symmetry. That means their bo d y parts stretch
out from a central point. A few animals have no
sym m etry at all.
Look at each animal pictured on these pages
^
W rite each animal’s name on a chart like
the one shown.
^
Mark an X on the chart to show the
kind of sym m etry each animal has.
86
EXTEND
June beetle
Skill Builder
M s O b s e r v a t io n s
too
Bilateral fodia.1
Animal Symmetry
Symmetry'
June
beetle
fe<\
Fox
barrel
sponge
~
. j*
9SSSIÉ
¡1
► Apply It
0
0
Study the data on your chart.
How many animals have radial
symmetry? Bilateral symm etry?
How many animals have no
symmetry?
Look at magazines or books for
photos of animals. A dd them to
your chart or make a new chart
to com pare them.
| 0 Classify the sym m etry of
each new animal. Try to find
at least one animal that shows
each ty p e of symmetry.
0
Now classify all the animals
in a new way. Use size, color,
or any other prope rty you
choose. Share your findings
w ith the class.
W
-V
I
Lesson 2
Elephants are the largest land animal. The males
can weigh as much as 6 ,8 0 0 kilograms (1 5 ,0 0 0
pounds)! Nearly all the large animals in the world
have something in common that helps support
their weight. Do you know what it is?
Explore
What does a backbone do?
Inquiry A ctivity
M a te ria ls
Make a Prediction
W hich can support more w e ig h t—an animal w ith
a backbone or one w itho ut? Make a prediction.
Test Your Prediction
0
Make a Model Using clay, make a model of
an animal w ith four legs but no backbone.
Q
• modeling clay
• pencil
Now make an identical clay model, this tim e
w ith a backbone. Make your model the same
size and shape as the first. Assemble the
“ backbone” by m olding clay around a pencil.
( 0 Observe Use balls of clay to add w eigh t to
your models. How much w eigh t can each
model hold before it breaks?
Draw Conclusions
0
W hich model supported the w eight b e tte r—
the one w ith a backbone or w itho ut?
0
W hat advantage does a backbone give to a
land animal?
<0 Infer W hat advantage w ould a backbone
I! '
give to an animal that lives underwater?
Explore
More
Make a third model that uses pencils for the legs
and the backbone. How does your new model
compare to the others? W hat do the pencils in
the legs represent?
89
EXPLORE
4
Read
»
and
Learn What are vertebrates?
k Essential Question
Which animals
have backbones?
Vocabulary
vertebrate, p. 90
warm -blooded, p. 90
cold-blooded, p. 90
Did you know that you are part of the same
large group as fish, frogs, snakes, birds, and
mice? Each has a backbone, and so do you!
A backbone is what makes vertebrates
different from invertebrates. The backbone is an
important part of a vertebrate’s endoskeleton. It
supports the animal’s body. A backbone allows
larger and heavier animals to move about.
amphibian, p. 92
reptile, p. 92
bird, p. 93
mammal, p. 94
► Reading Skill G
C o m p are and Contrast
D iffe re n t
A like
D iffe re n t
Technology
e-G lossary and e-Review online
at www.macmillanmh.com
Some vertebrates, such as birds and mammals,
are warm -blooded. Their body temperature does
not change much. These animals get heat from
breaking down food. This helps them keep a
constant body temperature.
Fish, amphibians, and reptiles are
cold-blooded. They cannot keep constant body
temperatures. Instead, their body temperatures
change with their surroundings. Cold-blooded
animals get heat from outside their bodies.
Vertebrates are grouped into seven
classes. These are jawless fish, cartilaginous
(k a r» tu h « L A *ju h » n u s) fish, bony fish, amphibians,
reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Can you spot the
backbone of this fish?
90
EXPLAIN
Classes o f V ertebrates
Fish
The three classes of fish are
jawless, cartilaginous, and bony
fish. The first two have skeletons
made of cartilage ( K A R - tu h - lij) .
Cartilage is the same rubbery
material that is in your outer ears
or the tip of your nose.
cartilaginous fish
Jawless fish have boneless
mouths. The mouth acts like a
suction cup. Lampreys are one
example. Cartilaginous fish
include sharks and rays.
reptiles
The largest class of vertebrates
is the bony fish. Their skeletons
are made of bone, and they
are covered in scales. Tuna and
goldfish are bony fish.
jawless fish
Quick Check
Com pare and Contrast How
are the three classes of fish
alike? How are they different?
amphibians
Critical Thinking Why might
warm-blooded vertebrates eat
more often than cold-blooded
vertebrates?
Read a C h a r t ') -------------------------------------Which vertebrate groups are warm-blooded?
Which are cold-blooded?
Clue: Look at the colors of the labels.
birds_______ |
mammals_____ |
91
EXPLAIN
What are some other
vertebrate groups?
Amphibians
Frogs, toads, and salamanders
are amphibians (a m » F IH *b e e *u n z ).
A m p h ib ia n s are cold-blooded
vertebrates that spend part of their
lives in water and part on land.
Like all amphibians, a frog begins
its life in water. Frog eggs hatch into
tadpoles. Tadpoles have gills that
allow them to live in water— but not
on land. As they grow, these parts
change. The tadpoles grow lungs.
This allows the adults to live on land.
Reptiles
Lizards, snakes, turtles, and
alligators are reptiles (R E P *tile z).
R e p tile s are cold-blooded
vertebrates that live on land.
Unlike amphibians, reptiles
have dry skin. Their skin is covered
with plate-like scales. This strong,
w aterproof covering helps reptiles
live on land.
Reptiles cannot breathe through
their skin. They use lungs. When
they reproduce, a tough cover keeps
their eggs from drying out.
An amphibian’s skin needs to
stay moist. Even though it has lungs,
the adult also breathes through its
skin. If the skin dries out, the animal
will not survive. That is why most
amphibians live near water.
Am phibians and Reptiles
Read a Photo
How are the frog and lizard different?
Clue: Observe the surroundings of
each animal.
EXPLAIN
How Birds Fly
0
Measure Cut a strip of paper
ab out 5 centim eters w ide and
20 cm long.
0
Make a Model Put the to p 2 cm
of the strip between the cover
and the first page of an open
book. Close the book. The paper
models a wing.
0
Hold the bo ok near your mouth
w ith the long side horizontal.
Gently blow across the to p of
the paper.
0
W hat happens to the paper
when you blow across it?
0
Infer The shape of a
b ird ’s w ing is like
an airplane wing.
How m ight this
shape help
birds fly?
Birds are the only
animals that have
feathers.
Girds
Birds are warm-blooded
vertebrates with feathers. Feathers
are light, yet they keep birds warm
and dry. Birds also have beaks and
two legs with clawed feet. Their feet
have scales, like reptile skin.
Even though all birds have
feathers, not all birds can fly. For
birds that do fly, other traits come
in handy. Light, hollow bones help.
So do powerful lungs. The shape of
their wings and strong flight muscles
help them lift off the ground.
Birds lay eggs with strong shells.
M ost birds keep their eggs warm by
sitting on them until they hatch.
Reptile skin is dry, n o t slimy.
J Quick Check
Com pare and Contrast How do
the body coverings of amphibians,
reptiles, and birds compare?
Critical Thinking Would a lizard
be able to live in a very cold
environment? Why or why not?
93
EXPLAIN
What are mammals?
Did you know that you are a mammal? A
mammal is a warm-blooded vertebrate with fur or
hair. Mammals can live in trees, water, and most
other places on Earth.
Mammals care for their offspring. The three main
groups of mammals are classified by how the young
are born. M ost give birth to live young. But some
lay eggs. Females produce milk to feed their young.
y)Quick Check
Com pare and Contrast How do mammals differ
from each other? How are they alike?
Critical Thinking A scientist discovers a new
animal. She thinks it may be a mammal. How
can she be sure?
The loris is a
mammal with
a good sense
of sight.
Groups o f Mam m als
Mammals That Lay Eggs
The only mammals that
lay eggs are the duck­
billed platypus and the
spiny anteater.
Mammals with Pouches
Kangaroos, koalas, and
opossums carry their
young in pouches until
the young are grown.
Mammals That
Develop Inside
Sheep, bats, apes,
and all other mammals
develop inside the
m other’s body.
94
EXPLAIN
L.
Lesson Review
Think, Talk, and W rite
Visual S u m m ary
Vertebrates are animals
w ith backbones. They
can be w arm -blo ode d
or cold-blooded. There
are seven classes.
<0 Vocabulary A ________-blooded
animal uses heat from its surroundings
to stay warm.
0
Compare and Contrast How are
the seven classes o f vertebrates alike?
How are they different?
Fish, amphibians,
and reptiles are c o ld ­
blooded. Birds are
w a rm -blo ode d and
have feathers.
Mammals are w a rm ­
blooded and have
hair or fur. The young
develop in three
different ways.
D iffe re n t
A lik e
D iffe re n t
| 0 Critical Thinking A newt looks like
a lizard, but it is really an amphibian.
W hat traits must a newt have?
Test Prep Birds and mammals
most likely
M ake a
S tu d y G u id e
Make a layeredlook book. Use
it to summarize
what you learned
about animals
w ith backbones.
A
a
have b a ck b o n e s and give milk.
b
have b a c kb o n e s and lay eggs,
c have b a c kb o n e s and look afte r
th e ir young.
A nim als with B a c k b o n e s
V ertebrates
d
0
lay eggs and are c o ld -b lo o d e d .
Essential Question W hich animals
have backbones?
F is h , a m p h ib ia n s , reptiles,and birds
Mammals
Hath Link
Writing Link
W rite a Story
W hat vertebrates live in your
neighborhood? Choose one. W rite
a paragraph that explains w hat
kind of vertebrate it is. Include its
characteristics.
RGViPW
Solve a Problem
A blue whale can weigh 100 tons.
One ton equals 2 ,0 0 0 pounds. How
many pounds does the blue whale
weigh? How many times heavier
than you is the blue whale?
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______
95
EVALUATE
Writing in Science
Manatees are ve ry large m a m m a ls
th a t live in th e water. These g e n tle
giants live in Florida. M anatees are
endangered. This m eans th e re are ve ry
fe w left. Scientists are w o rrie d th a t th e y
m ig h t die out. H ow d id this happen?
Manatees live along th e coast, w h e re
Explanatory Writing
Good explanatory writing
► explains how to do a task or
how something happened;
► gives clear details that are
easy to follow.
p e o p le o fte n g o b o a tin g . These anim als
are curious, b u t th e y m o ve ve ry slowly.
S o m e tim e s th e y c o m e close to p e o p le in
bo ats and b u m p in to the m . Many have
been h u rt o r killed by b o a t propellers.
People bu ild th in g s a lon g th e coast.
W rite About It
Explanatory W riting
Find o u t m o re a b o u t
a n o th e r e n d a n g e re d
This a ffe cts th e air, th e water, and th e
animal. W rite a sho rt
land. Many plants th a t m anatees eat
e xp la n a tio n o f w h y it
have died. Manatees p re fe r w a rm water,
is en dangered.
b u t w a te r te m p e ra tu re s along th e coast
m ay be cooling.
..
-Journal
R esearch and
w rite a b o u t it o n lin e
a t www.macmillanmh.cofn
EXTEND
Hath in Science
butterfly
Making a
Hundredths Box
Scientists are w o rk in g to p ro te c t
m anatees and o th e r e n d a n g e re d animals.
The U n ited States Fish and W ild life
Service, o r USFWS, keeps a list o f species
th a t are en d a n g e re d . The Karner blue
b u tte rfly and San Francisco g a rte r snake
► A hundredths box can
help you write percents.
The word percent means
“out of 100.” So 25 percent
means 25 out of 100. To
show 25 percent, shade in
25 of 100 boxes.
are tw o examples. The ta b le b e lo w show s
th e n u m b e r o f e n d a n g e re d anim al species
t h ro u g h o u t o u r nation.
Endangered Animal Species
in the United States
Animal Group
Num ber of
Endangered
Species
Percentage
of Total
► A percent can also be
written as a fraction.
25 percent = ^
= -J -
mammals
68
17
birds
76
19
reptiles
14
3
am phibians
13
3
fishes
75
18
Use th e ta b le to solve these
insects and spiders
59
14
m a th pro b le m s.
o th e r invertebrates
105
26
Total
410
100
Solve It
1. W h a t p e rc e n ta g e o f
e n d a n g e re d species are
S o u rce : U S F W S T h re a te n e d
a n d E n d a n g e re d S p e cie s
S ystem , S e p t. 2 0 0 6
insects and spiders?
2. W h ic h v e rte b ra te
g ro u p has th e high est
p e rc e n ta g e o f
e n d a n g e re d species?
3. V e rte b ra te s m ake up
w h a t p e rc e n ta g e o f
San Francisco garter snake
e n d a n g e re d species?
97
EXTEN D
Systems
in Animals
ostrich
Look
and
Wonder
Did you know that birds can run? Ostriches run the
fastest— nearly 64 kilometers per hour (40 miles per
hour)! They use their powerful leg muscles to escape danger
quickly. W hat other body systems help animals survive?
EN G AG E
Explore
How does an earthworm
respond to light?
Form a Hypothesis
How will an earthw orm react to light?
W rite a hypothesis.
Test Your Hypothesis
10 Gently place an earthw orm on a moist
paper towel.
0
Observe Use the hand lens to watch the
earthw orm for several minutes. W hat does it
do? Does the w orm stay in one place or does
it move around? Record your observations.
0
Experiment Shine a flashlight on the
earthw orm for about one minute. W atch how
it reacts. Record your observations in a chart.
0
Repeat step 3 three more times. Record your
observations.
Draw Conclusions
( 0 Interpret Data Did your results sup port
your hypothesis? W hat happens when an
earthw orm is exposed to light?
0
How m ight an earthw orm sense light?
Explore
More
Can an earthw orm sense light when under
the ground? Form a hypothesis. Design an
experiment to answer the question.
M a te ria ls
L Essential Question
Animals have different organ systems. A
system is a group of parts that work together.
How do systems help
animals survive?
y Vocabulary
skeletal system, p.
The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
1 0 0
muscular system, p.
nervous system, p.
1 0 0
1 01
respiratory system, p.
1 0 2
circulatory system, p. 103
excretory system, p. 103
digestive system, p. 104
Reading Skill O
Cause and Effect
Cause —► E ffe ct
iiHt i p w p
How do animals move
and sense changes?
— «rni*nin ~,ii •r r -w n r m n M e in i
Bone is living tissue. A vertebrate’s bones
make up its skeletal system (SKE»luh»tul S IS *tum ).
This is the frame that supports an animal’s body.
It also protects the organs inside.
The skeletal system works with another
system to allow vertebrates to move. This is
the muscular ( M U S * k y u h * lu r ) system. It is made
of strong tissues called muscles (M U H *s u lz ). To
move, the muscles shorten and pull on the bones.
How do invertebrates move? M ost have some
kind of muscular system. Earthworms wriggle by
shortening and stretching their muscles.
y Technology
e-Glossary, e-Review,
and animations online
at www.macmillanmh.com
A frog uses its strong leg
muscles to jump. As in many
animais, the muscles work in
pairs to move the skeleton.
100
EXPLAIN
The Nervous System
The master control
system of the body is the nervous
(NUR*vus) system. The nervous
system is made of nerve cells.
Invertebrates have simple nervous
systems. A sponge, for example,
has only a few scattered nerve
cells. Vertebrates have complicated
nervous systems. In vertebrates,
millions of nerve cells work together
as nerves.
The nervous systems of
vertebrates consist of a brain, spinal
cord, nerves, and sense organs.
These help animals use senses— such
as sight, hearing, taste, touch, and
smell— to detect changes in their
surroundings.
Owls have a keen sense of sight.
Large eyes help them see at night.
OQuick Check
Cause and Effect How do the
skeletal and muscular systems
work together?
Critical Thinking How is the
nervous system important to the
other body systems?
The dolphin’s brain sends a message
to jump. The message travels through
the dolphin’s nerves to its muscles.
Then the dolphin leaps into action!
Quick Lab
How do air and blood
travel in the body?
Make a Model Lung
The Respiratory System
O
Your teacher will cut the
b o ttom s o ff of a plastic
bottle arid a balloon.
Stretch the balloon
over the b o tto m of the
bottle. Tape it in place.
^
Put one end of a straw
into the neck of a
whole balloon. Wrap
a rubber band around
the neck and straw.
Make a tig h t seal.
0
Insert the straw and
balloon into the to p of the bottle.
Fix them in place w ith modeling
clay. The balloon should hang
inside the bottle.
o
Make a Model Push and
pull on the balloon that is
stretched over the b o tto m
of the bottle. W hat happens?
© Infer The diaphragm
(D l*uh*fram ) is a muscle that
inflates the lungs. W hich part
of your model represents the
diaphragm? How does the model
show how lungs work?
EXPLAIN
All animal cells need oxygen. To
get oxygen from the air into their
cells, most animals use a respiratory
(R E S * p ru h * to r* e e ) system. The
respiratory system brings oxygen to
the blood and removes wastes, like
carbon dioxide gas, from the blood.
Some small invertebrates, like
worms, do not need such a system.
Gases move easily into and out of
their tissues. Larger animals need a
respiratory system. They use organs
such as gills or lungs to exchange
gases with the water or the air.
Adult salamanders
have lungs. Like
all amphibians,
they also breathe
through their skin.
Respiratory and C irculatory Systems
to b o d y
Read a D iagram
"Vr r o m
ooay
body
j
Which organs do the fish and the hamster have in common?
to gills
Clue: Compare and contrast the tw o drawings.
heart
[^ ^ rjü fc S c /e n c e in Motion W a tc h re s p ira tio n a nd c irc u la tio n in
a c tio n a t
www.macmillanmh.com
The Circulatory System
The Excretory System
The heart, blood, and blood
vessels make up the circulatory
(S U R * k y u h * lu h * to r* e e ) system. The
job of the circulatory system is to
move blood through the body. The
blood carries oxygen, food, and
water to the body’s cells. It also
removes the cells’ wastes.
When cells break down food and
other chemicals, they produce wastes.
The excretory (E K *s k ru h * to r*e e )
system removes these wastes.
The heart is the main organ of
the circulatory system. It has strong
muscle tissue to pump lots of blood.
The hearts of most fish have two
parts, or chambers. An amphibian
heart has three chambers. Mammals
and birds have hearts with four
chambers. Sponges and cnidarians
do not have hearts. In fact, they
have no circulatory system at all!
B lood is a c tu a lly a liquid tissue.
The liver, kidneys, bladder, skin,
and lungs are excretory organs. The
liver and kidneys filter wastes from
the blood. The bladder stores liquid
wastes. The skin sweats to remove
excess minerals. Lungs remove
waste gases from cells. So do gills.
Quick Check
Cause and Effect What would
happen if blood did not pick up
oxygen in the lungs?
Critical Thinking What do
the respiratory and circulatory
systems have in common?
103
EXPLAIN
How is food broken down?
Animals take in food for energy.
Until that food is broken down,
body cells cannot use that energy.
The digestive (di«JES«tiv) system
helps break down food.
In simple animals like sponges,
cells along the body walls turn food
into small particles. Other simple
invertebrates have digestive systems
with one opening. Food and wastes
enter and exit through that opening.
Segmented worms have digestive
systems with two openings. Food
enters through the mouth. Wastes
exit through the tail end.
Reptiles and amphibians have
a more complex digestive system.
Study the diagram below. How
many digestive organs are shown?
M ammals have a similar system.
The stomach churns and mixes food.
Digestive juices break it down. The
food’s nutrients travel to the small
intestine. There they are absorbed
by the blood and carried to cells.
The food’s wastes pass through the
intestine and leave the body.
j
Quick Check
Cause and Effect What happens
to the food that a dog eats?
Critical Thinking Predict what
will happen to an animal that has
a damaged digestive system.
mouth
stomach
intestine
Read a Diagram
What is the path of food in
the turtle’s digestive system?
Clue: Follow the arrows.
L.
Lesson Review
-À
Think, Talk, and W rite
Visual S u m m ary
Animals use nervous,
skeletal, and muscular
systems to respond
and move.
The circulatory and
respiratory systems
transport blood and
oxygen.
The digestive system
breaks down food for
energy. The excretory
system removes the
food waste.
0
Vocabulary T h e ________ system
takes in oxygen from air or water.
¡ 0 Cause and Effect How
Cause -► E ffe ct
does the nervous system
cause the muscular and
skeletal systems to move
your arm?
0
Critical Thinking You clim b a flight
of stairs and find th a t your heart starts
beating faster and you take deeper
breaths. W hy does physical activity
affect you this way?
0
Test Prep The stomach is part of
which body system?
A
dig e stive
B nervous
c skeletal
M ak e a ia»]l»M ;iid
S tu d y G u id e
Make a three-tab
book. Use it to
summarize w hat
you learned about
animal systems.
D c irc u la to ry
Response
ar\À
m ovem ent
0
systemi
Test Prep The excretory system
A takes in oxygen.
B s u p p o rts th e m u scular system,
Oxygen
c breaks d o w n food.
transport
systems
Food a n d
Warte
D gets rid o f wastes.
0
Essential Question How do systems
help animals survive?
systems
Writing Link
W rite an Essay
Which of the five senses is most
im po rta nt to you? W rite an essay
about how it helps you understand
changes in your environment.
A r t L ink
Draw a Diagram
Draw a diagram of an entire animal.
Show the main organs of each body
system. A ttach labels that name the
organs and explain w ha t they do.
“ R 0V i0W Summaries and quizzes online at www.macmillanmh.com
105
EVALUATE
Be a Scientist
Materials
Structured Inquiry
How do feet help birds
move in water?
Form a Hypothesis
Birds travel in the air, on the land, and in the water. How
does the shape of a b ird ’s feet help it to swim? W rite your
answer in the form “ If a bird has feet th a t are ... , then it will
move be tter in the water.”
Test Your Hypothesis
Make a Model Spread out
three craft sticks in a fan
shape. Glue the sticks in
place. This is the frame for
your bird foot.
contact paper
0
Follow step 1 to make a
second bird foot.
0
Cover the to p and b o tto m
of the first bird fo o t w ith
contact paper. Cut the
paper to the correct size
around the outside of the
foot. Leave the second
fo o t uncovered.
Q
Observe Drag each fo o t
scissors
basin of water
106
EXTEND
through a basin of w ater
several times slowly.
Observe the am ount of
water that gets pushed
aside each time. Record
your observations.
Draw Conclusions
0
Interpret Data W hich fo o t
Pekin duck
moved more water? W hich fo o t
is be tter suited for swimming?
0
Infer W hat kind o f feet do your
models represent in real life?
Guided Inquiry
How do teeth help
animals eat?
Form a Hypothesis
Many animals have fro n t teeth that
are shaped differently from their back
teeth. How does the shape of their
teeth help animals eat different foods?
W rite a hypothesis.
Open Inquiry
W hat other questions do you have
about animal structures? Design an
investigation to answer one of your
questions. W rite the steps so that
another group can do the experiment
by follow ing your procedure.
Test Your Hypothesis
Make a plan to test how different
shapes of teeth are used for eating
different kinds of foods. Choose foods
that animals m ight eat, such as carrots,
corn, meat, or seeds. W rite the steps
you will follow. Then con duct your
experiment. Record your results and
observations.
Draw Conclusions
W hat can you conclude about the
different shapes of teeth? W hich ones
are better for eating which kinds of
foods? Why?
107
EXTEND
I
Cycles
ca terp illa r of a sw allow tail b u tte rfly
Look and Wonder
When this caterpillar is ready, it will spin a
cocoon. There it will live for a short time.
The next time it appears, it will have wings!
How does a caterpillar change to a butterfly?
ENGAGE
Inquiry A ctivity
How does a caterpillar
change as it grows?
Materials
Purpose
Explore how a caterpillar changes
into a butterfly.
Procedure
O
Your teacher will give you a caterpillar. Place
it gently inside the b u tte rfly kit. Put the food
and w ater in the proper place inside the kit.
0
Observe Look carefully at your caterpillar
butterfly kit
each day. Record any changes in a table like
the one shown.
J
Draw Conclusions
O Interpret Data How many different forms
did your caterpillar take? Describe each form.
Q
How does the final stage o f a caterpillar’s life
compare w ith the first stage?
0
Predict Do all caterpillars go through these
same life stages? Design an investigation
that you could test.
Explore
More
Do other animals have different stages of
development? How could you find out?
.à
O
b
s
e
r
v
a
ti
o
n
s
B
o
d
y
C
h
a
n
g
e
sB
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
C
h
a
n
g
e
s
D
a
y
1
2
3
4
EXPLORE
What are the stages
of an animal’s life?
How do animals grow
and reproduce?
► Vocabulary
life cycle, p.
1 1 0
life span, p. ill
metamorphosis, p.
The caterpillar goes through many
changes as it grows into a butterfly.
These stages of growth and change
make up an organism’s life cycle.
All living things follow a
pattern of birth, growth,
reproduction, and death.
112
clone, p. 114
heredity, p. 114
inherited behavior, p. 116
instinct, p. 116
learned behavior, p. 116
► Reading Skill ©
Sequence
F irst
N ext
Each different organism
has its own kind of life cycle.
A moth begins
A penguin, for example,
life as an egg.
changes slowly as it grows.
The chick hatches from its egg after many
weeks. It depends on its parents for warmth,
shelter, and food. Soon the chick grows a thick
coat of downy feathers. This helps it stay warm
and dry by itself.
As the penguin gets older, waterproof
feathers grow in place of the down.
They keep the adult dry while
it swims in search of food.
Technology
e-Glossary and e-Review online
at www.macmillanmh.com
penguin egg
110
EXPLAIN
newly hatched
chick
young penguin
Life Spans
An organism’s life span is how long it can
usually live in the wild. A moth has a life
span of about one week. The oldest recorded
age for a human is 122 years! Scientists do
not know why some animals have longer life
spans than others.
yQuick Check
Sequence What are the main stages of an
animal’s life?
a boa constrictor can
live as long as 20 years.
Critical Thinking The average life span of
a mouse is three gears. Why don’t all mice
live for three years?
The life span of a skunk
is about three years.
Koi fish can live to
be 100 years old!
penguin
EXPLAIN
What is metamorphosis?
M ost young animals look like
smaller copies of their parents.
Kittens look like small cats. Chicks
look like small birds. Other young
animals don’t look like their parents
at all. Take insects, for example.
Butterflies and most other
insects go through metamorphosis
(me*tuh*MOR*fuh*sis). The process
of m etam o rp hosis has several
separate growth stages.
Incomplete Metamorphosis
Damselflies are insects that go
through incom plete m etam orphosis.
In this kind of metamorphosis, the
difference in growth stages is hard
to see.
As the insect grows and changes,
it molts. M olting is when an animal
gets too large for its exoskeleton.
It sheds the exoskeleton and grows
a new one. Other insects that go
through incomplete metamorphosis
are grasshoppers and termites.
Incom plete M etam orphosis
0
The nymph leaves the
water. It sheds its skin
and grows small wings
Q
Q A young damselfly, or nymph (NIM F),
hatches from an egg.
A female ^¥g
damselfly I
lays eggs on
the stem of a
water plant.
The nymph molts
several times. Then
it becomes an adult.
C om plete M etam orphosis ^
Larva
(T) A female b u tte rfly lays
eggs on a leaf.
(2) A w orm like larva hatches
from the egg. It begins to
eat the leaf.
Adult
(3) The larva becomes
a p u p a (PYEW *puh)
and develops adult tissues
and organs.
Read a Photo
(4) The adult animal
is a butterfly. It
has six legs, two
pairs of wings,
and a pair of
long antennae.
Butterflies can
reproduce.
J
After which stage does a caterpillar become a butterfly?
Clue: Follow the numbered captions.
Complete Metamorphosis
Butterflies go through com plete
m etam orphosis. Look at the
sequence of photos. Each growth
stage looks different. Beetles, flies,
and mealworms also go through
complete metamorphosis.
) Quick Check
Sequence What are the stages
in the complete metamorphosis
of a butterfly?
Critical Thinking What stages
of life do humans seem to go
through? List some of them.
113
EXPLAIN
How do animals
reproduce?
The life cycle of every animal
includes reproduction. This is when
parent animals make offspring.
One Parent
Cnidarians and other simple
invertebrates reproduce by budding.
A bud forms on the adult’s body.
The bud slowly develops into a new
animal. After some time, the bud
breaks off. It grows into an adult.
Sea stars and other echinoderms
can reproduce by regeneration
(rih *je *n u h *R A Y *s h u n ). This is when
a whole animal develops from just a
part of the original animal.
Both budding and regeneration
produce clones. A clone is an exact
copy of its parent.
Birds need tw o parents to produce
eggs. One parent may guard the eggs
while the other parent gets food.
Inheriting Traits
A clone has characteristics, or
traits, that are identical to those
of its parent. When traits are
passed from parent to offspring,
we say those traits are inherited
( in * H E R * u h * tid ). All animals inherit
traits from their parent or parents.
The passing of these traits is called
heredity (h u h * R E H * d u h * te e ).
Kinds o f R e p ro d u c tio n ^
budding
regeneration
fertilization
Read a Table
Two Parents
Another kind of reproduction
requires cells from two parents. The
female cell is called an egg. The male
cell is a sperm. When an egg and a
sperm join, offspring are produced.
This joining is called fertilization
(fur*tuh»luh»ZA Y »shun).
As the fertilized egg grows, it
is called an em bryo (E M * b re e * o h ).
An embryo has traits from both its
parents. It is not identical to
either parent.
Which animal reproduces
with two parents?
Clue: Look at the data in the
last column.
JQuick Check
Sequence Describe the steps
that take place in the formation
of an embryo.
Critical Thinking Can offspring
from two parents be clones?
Explain.
115
EXPLAIN
What is inherited?
Animal Cards
O
Make tw o sets of inherited traits.
Use yellow cards for female
parents and orange cards for
male parents.
0
W rite an example of a trait on
each yellow card. On each orange
card, w rite different examples of
the same traits.
0
Use Numbers Choose one
card from each set. How many
com binations of different traits
can you make?
O
Infer How do the cards model
reproduction w ith tw o parents?
Look at the pigs in the
photograph below. Some of their
traits, such as color, are determined
by heredity. But how are the pigs
acting, or behaving ? Is behavior an
inherited trait? Perhaps.
An inherited behavior is a set
of actions that parents pass on to
their offspring. The simplest kind is
a reflex, like blinking. A less simple
example is instinct. Instinct is a way
of acting that an animal does not
have to learn. Birds build nests, and
spiders spin webs, by instinct.
N ot all behaviors are inherited.
Some are learned. Learning can
happen when an animal interacts
with its environment or with others.
A learned behavior occurs when an
animal changes its behavior through
experience. Do you ride a bicycle?
Bicycling is a learned behavior.
V)QuickCheck
Sequence Describe how you
could teach a learned behavior.
Critical Thinking What are other
examples of learned behavior?
L.
Lesson Review U
Think, Talk, and W rite
Visual S u m m ary
The life cycle of an
animal includes birth,
grow th, reproduction,
and death.
0
Vocabulary _______ takes place
when a sperm and an egg combine.
0
Sequence Describe w hat happens
during the incom plete metamorphosis
o f a damselfly.
There are tw o kinds
of m etam orphosiscom plete and
incomplete.
Animals reproduce
when parents make
offspring. Offspring
w ith tw o parents
inherit traits from both.
0
Critical Thinking W hy are some
behaviors, such as eating, inherited
instead of learned?
O Test Prep Which animal’s
metamorphosis has a pupa stage?
M ake a
S tu d y G u id e
Make a trifold
book. Use it to
summarize what
you learned about
animal life cycles.
Mam
Xded
What X
l e a r n e d ...
a
fro g
b
d a m se lfly
c b u tte r fly
S k e tc h e s
D g ra ss h o p p e r
Life cycle
0
MetomorpHosiS
Essential Question How do animals
g row and reproduce?
Trd'i+S
W ritin g L ink
Fictional Narrative
Choose an animal that goes through
complete metamorphosis. Write a
story from the point of view of that
animal. Include all the stages of the
animal’s metamorphosis.
Solve a Problem
One minute after fertilization, an
egg splits. It becomes tw o cells. The
cells continue to split every minute.
How long will it take until there are
64 cells?
~ R e V ÌB W S u m m a rie s and q u iz z e s o n lin e a t www.macmillanmh.com
117
EVALUATE
Reading in Science
C
h
r
i
The island o f M adagascar lies o ff the
southeast coast o f Africa. This island
has plants and animals fo u n d now here
else in the w orld . Chris R a x w o rth y is
a scientist at the A m e rica n Museum
o f Natural History. He has spe nt m any
years g a th e rin g in fo rm a tio n a b o u t
these animals and th e ir habitats.
On the island, you can find unusual
creatures like the Mantella poison
frog. This tin y fr o g ’s viv id colors w arn
preda tors to stay away. Female frogs
lay 2 0 - 3 0 eggs on land in a clum p. The
eggs are hidden in m oist areas near
streams. W hen it rains, ta d p o le s hatch.
They w rig g le th e ir w ay into th e stream.
In a b o u t a year, th e ta d p o le s tu rn into
adults.
urope
Africa
equator
EXTEND
ft
Adult Mantella poison frogs
are only about one inch long
■.•
«
I
'
M eet a Scientist
The d w a r f de ad leaf cha m ele on
also makes its h o m e on Madagascar.
This unusual anim al ge ts its name
because it looks ju s t like a dead leaf.
D uring th e day, th e cha m ele ons hide
o u t a m o n g th e dead leaves o f the
rain fo re st floor. A t night, th e y clim b
up in to th e low branches to sleep.
Female cha m ele ons lay 2 o r 3 large
eg gs in th e leaves on th e forest floor.
Baby cha m ele ons ha tch a b o u t ten
w eeks later. In 9 to 12 m onths, the y
are all g ro w n up.
The tro p ic a l c lim a te o f
M adagascar is h o m e to lots o f living
things. B ut th e ir h a b ita ts are in
tro uble . Forests are being c u t d o w n
fo r fa rm la n d and c a ttle grazing.
As th e forests disappear, so d o the
animals th a t live there. Chris and
o th e r scientists w a n t to make sure
th a t creatures like th e Mantella
poison fro g and d w a rf dead leaf
cha m e le o n d o n ’t d is a p p e a r forever.
Waterfalls are common in the
rain forests of Madagascar.
.
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■I
Í1T0
f«¿ ■T01 -pi
.
i
-.yX f f ï i i
I- -T- ‘ »
Compare and Contrast
f W rite About It
Compare and Contrast H ow does
the life cycle o f th e Mantella poison
fro g co m p a re to th e life cycle o f the
► To compare, use words such
as like and both.
► To contrast, use words such
as unlike and but.
d w a rf dead leaf cham eleon?
C o n n e c t to
^ -J o u rn a l
R esearch and w rite a b o u t It o n lin e
a t w w w .m acm illanm h.com
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M u seum s
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H is t o r y
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EXTEND
Fill each blank with the best term
from the list.
Visual S u m m ary
Lesson 1 Invertebrates
bird, p. 93
invertebrates, p. 79
are animals w ith o u t
backbones.
digestive system,
metamorphosis,
p. 104
p. 112
exoskeleton, p. 82
nervous system, p. 101
Lesson 2 Vertebrates
heredity, p. 114
reptile, p. 92
are animals with
backbones.
instinct, p. 116
vertebrate, p. 9 0
1. More than 95 out of every 100
animals a r e ________
Lesson 3 Animals
have body systems
that help them carry
out basic life functions.
2. Food is broken dow n by the
3. A (n)
is any animal that has
a backbone.
Lesson 4 Animals
go through stages
o f grow th and change
during their life cycles.
4. A rth ro p o d s have a h a r d __
th a t protects their bodies.
5. A (n)
is w a rm -blo ode d and
has feathers.
6 . Butterflies go throug h a process of
change c a lle d ________
M ake a L illie
S tu d y G u id e
7. The brain and sense organs are part
Tape your lesson study guides to a piece
of paper as shown. Use your study guide
to review w hat you have learned in this
chapter.
8 . A lizard is a cold -bloo ded
vertebrate belonging to the
class.
of an anim al’s ________
Refponie
In ve rte brate s
A n im a ls w ith
Arthropods
Backbones
V ertebrates
"lovenjenttysternr
I fr°o**yi?
9*o*rt
] *>*♦*.»*
9. Traits are passed from parent to
offspring t h r o u g h ________
10. A ( n ) _______ is a behavior th a t an
animal does not have to learn.
nommais
VVormS
120
f t r j a - Glossary
Words and definitions online at www.macmillanmh.com
Skills and C o n c e p ts
..
______________
(DOK 2-3 j
Answer each of the following.
11. Main Idea and Details W hat is the
purpose of the circulatory system?
Provide details to sup port your
answer.
12. Classify Choose an animal discussed
in the chapter. Classify it using w hat
you have learned—as vertebrate or
invertebrate, w a rm -blo ode d or c o ld ­
blooded, and so on. Explain each
answer.
19. W hich bo d y system carries messages
to the oth er bo d y systems?
A excretory system
B nervous system
C respiratory system
D muscular system
20. How are animals different from
one another?
13. Critical Thinking How m ight a fish
control its body temperature?
14. Explanatory W riting How are
echinoderms and arthropods alike?
How are they different? Provide
examples of each.
P e rfo rm a n c e A ssessm ent
Make an
Invertebrate
Reference Book
Make a picture book showing the
invertebrates in this chapter.
15. Classify W hich class of vertebrates
has cold -bloo ded organisms that lay
eggs on land?
16. Classify W hich classes of
vertebrates have organisms that
most likely care for their young?
17. True or False Dam selflies go
through com plete m etam orphosis. Is
this statem ent true or false? Explain.
18. True or False A ll fish have bones. Is
1. W rite the name of each
invertebrate you studied.
2. List the invertebrates in
alphabetical order in your book.
Draw a picture of the animal next
to its name.
3. W rite dow n all the inform ation you
have learned ab out the animal.
4. W rite a paragraph th a t explains
how tw o animals from your book
are similar and different.
this statement true or false? Explain.
s -R e v ie w
S u m m a rie s a n d q u iz z e s o n lin e a t www.macmillanmh.com
121
Test Preparation
Q
Which animal is classified
as an invertebrate?
—
0
The picture below shows
a hydra reproducing.
A o c to p u s
B chicken
The hydra’s offspring will
most likely have
A none o f the p a re n t’s traits.
B som e o f th e p a re n t’s traits.
C half o f th e p a re n t’s traits.
D all o f th e p a re n t’s traits.
C deer
DOK 2
E l In animals, which system is
responsible for communication
within the body?
A re s p ira to ry system
B d ig e s tiv e system
C skeletal system
D nervous system
D eagle
DOK 2
□
DOK I
121A
Which animal most likely cares
for its young?
A b ird
C insect
B fro g
D snake
DOK I
____________________________________
—
0
Which shows complete
metamorphosis?
n
The pictures below show a fish
and a rabbit.
Z'
rabbit
Name two body structures the fish
has that the rabbit does not have.
DOK I
Tell how each structure helps the
fish survive in its environment.
DOK 2
Iheck Your Understanding
Question
Review
Question
Review
1
pp. 78-81
4
pp. 92-93,110-114
2
pp. 114-115
5
pp. 112-113
3
pp. 100-104, R20-R21
6
pp. 90-94,102-103
121B
Zoologist
Do you love animals? If so, you might
like to be a zoologist (zoh»A H «luh*jist).
Zoologists are animal scientists. They study
all kinds of animals. Some zoologists work
in laboratories. Others study animals in
their natural habitats. Still others work in
museums or zoos.
All zoologists have college degrees. M ost
have more than one degree. If this career
sounds appealing, start exploring it! Ask
your parent or guardian to take you to a
local zoo, aquarium, or animal shelter. You
A
Zoologists study animals
in their natural habitats,
might even meet a zoologist there.
Bird Handler
What do eagles, hawks,
and owls have in common?
They are all birds of prey. Birds
of prey have good vision for catching
prey. They also have very strong claws!
People who care for these birds in
wildlife centers are trained bird handlers.
Some bird handlers show the animals to
visitors. Others collect birds from the wild.
To be a bird handler, you need training.
’J
°
You have to catch the birds without
harming them. You need to feed them and
keep them healthy. Bird handlers know how
to be safe around these majestic birds!
122
. T . ...
for hawks and other birds
▲ Trained bird handlers care
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