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Epiglottis
Lingual tonsil
Palatine tonsil
Vallate
papillae
Vallate
papillae
Filiform
papillae
Foliate
papillae
Taste
buds
Fungiform
papillae
(a) Tongue
(b) Vallate papillae
Foliate
papilla
Synaptic
vesicles
Sensory
nerve
fibers
Supporting
cell
Taste
cell
Taste
pore
T aste pore
T aste bud
Basal
cell
Taste
hairs
Tongue
epithelium
(c) Foliate papillae
100 µm
(d) Taste bud
c: © Ed Reschke
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Trochlea
Superior oblique
tendon
Optic nerve
Muscles:
Superior oblique
Superior rectus
Muscles:
Superior rectus
Medial rectus
Lateral rectus
Inferior rectus
Inferior oblique
Inferior rectus
Levator palpebrae
superioris (cut)
(a) Lateral view
(b) Superior view
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Superior
oblique
muscle
Abducens nerve (VI)
Lateral
rectus
muscle
Levator palpebrae
superioris muscle
Superior rectus
muscle
Medial rectus
muscle
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Inferior rectus
muscle
Inferior oblique
muscle
(c) Frontal view
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Ciliary muscle
relaxed
Ciliary muscle
contracted
Suspensory
ligament taut
Suspensory
ligament relaxed
Lens thickens
Lens thins
(a) Distant vision (emmetropia)
11 (b) Near vision (accommodation)
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1 Rhodopsin
absorbs no light
1 Rhodopsin
absorbs light
Rod cell
2 Rod cell releases
glutamate
3 Bipolar cell
inhibited
2 Glutamate
secretion
ceases
Bipolar cell
4 No synaptic
activity here
Ganglion cell
3 Bipolar cell
no longer
inhibited
4 Bipolar cell
releases
neurotransmitter
5 No signal in
optic nerve fiber
5 Signal in
optic nerve fiber
(a) In the dark
(b) In the light
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Temporal
bone
(a)
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Oval window
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Vestibular
membrane
Outer ear
Cochlear duct
(scala media)
Middle ear
Inner ear
Spiral ganglion
Stapes
Malleus
Scala vestibuli
(with perilymph)
(a)
Hairs
(stereocilia)
Outer
hair cells
Supporting
cells
Basilar
membrane
Cochlear duct
(with
endolymph)
Tectorial
membrane
Auditory
tube
Spiral
organ
Basilar
membrane
Fibers of
cochlear nerve
(b)
(c)
Tympanic
membrane
Scala tympani
(with perilymph)
Inner hair
cell
Basilar
membrane
Sound
wave
Vestibular
membrane
Tectorial
membrane
Oval
window
Incus
Cochlear nerve
29 Air
Fluid
Secondary
tympanic
membrane
(in round
window)
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Macula utriculi
Macula sacculi
Macula utriculi
Macula sacculi
(a)
Otoliths
(a)
Supporting cell
Hair cell
Vestibular
nerve
Otolithic
membrane
Stereocilia
of hair
cells bend
Otolithic
membrane
sags
35 (b)
(c)
Gravitational force
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Semicircular ducts:
Anterior
Posterior
Lateral
Crista ampullaris
and cupula
Ampullae
(a)
Direction of
head rotation
Cupula
Cupula is
pushed over
and stimulates
hair cells
Endolymph
Hair cells
Supporting
cells
Endolymph lags
behind due
to inertia
Crista
ampullaris
Sensory
nerve fibers
(b)
37 39 (c)
38