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文库下载 免费文档下载 http://www.wenkuxiazai.com/ 本文档下载自文库下载网,内容可能不完整,您可以点击以下网址继续阅读或下载: http://www.wenkuxiazai.com/doc/e6fa4fc62e3f5727a4e96253.html Poem terms Poetical Terms Ⅰ. Forms of Poetry Based on themes THEME: the basic concept or attitude of a poem. In summing up your reaction to a poem you may usually employ the term “theme” to describe the idea of message which your mind has abstracted from the imaginative experience the poem has presented you. NARRATIVE: a poem that tells a story. EPIC: a long narrative poem in the grand style, often praising heroic adventures. BALLAD: originally a song for dancers; then in mediaeval times a simple poem with a short stanzas telling a story. NATURE POETRY: a poem that describes natural landscape. DREAM POETRY: a poem that tells of a dream. LYRIC: a poem in which the poet writes about his thoughts and feelings. The basic type is the song, but we use the term to cover all poems that present the poet’s immediate response to life, including sonnets, odes, and elegies. ELEGY: a poem of mourning for someone who is dead. 文库下载 免费文档下载 http://www.wenkuxiazai.com/ ://www.wenkuxiazai.com/doc/e6fa4fc62e3f5727a4e96253.htmlarODE: a poem originally to be sung, but now a grand lyric poem often in praise of someone or something. PASTORAL: originally a poem dealing with the life of shepherds. It presents a peaceful, rural world far removed from the corruption of contemporary life. IDYLL: a short, descriptive, usually sentimental poem, often with a pastoral theme. DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE: a poem in which an imaginary speaker addresses an audience. ALLEGORY: a tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. Ⅱ. Patterns of poetry 1. RHYTHM: it means the flow or movement of a line, whether it goes fast of slow, calm or troubled. METER is formal rhythm in lines of verse. The verse line is divided into feet which contains different rhythm and stresses. FOOT refers to a unit of sound in verse, in which there is one stressed (accented) syllable, marked /,http://www.wenkuxiazai.com/doc/e6fa4fc62e3f5727a4e96253.html and one or more unstressed syllables, marked∪. These are the names for the different kinds of feet. IAMB (iambic)∪/; TROCHEE(trochaic)/∪; ANAPEST∪∪/; DACTYL/∪∪; SPONDEE//. The commonest English meter is the IAMBIC PENTAMETER, with five iambs or iambic feet. Other meters include MONOMETER, DIMETER, TRIMESTER, TETRAMETER, HEXAMETER(alexandrine), HEPTAMETER, OCTAMETER. The analysis of verse in terms of meter is called SCANSION. 2. RHYME: two or more words with the same sound, extending from the last fully stressed vowel to the end of the word, e.g. “hill” and “still”, “follow” and “hollow”. There are different kinds of rhyme: a. END RHYME occurs at the end of lines; 文库下载 免费文档下载 http://www.wenkuxiazai.com/ b. INTERNAL RHYME occurs within lines; c. MASCULINE or STRONG RHYME is a single stressed syllable—“hill” and “still”; d. FEMININE or WEAK RHYMES are two rhyming syllables, a stressed one followed by an unstressed one—“hollow” and http://www.wenkuxiazai.com/doc/e6fa4fc62e3f5727a4e96253.html“follow”; e. EYE RHYME or courtesy rhyme: words spelt alike but not actually rhyming—“love” and “prove”; f. IMPERFECT RHYMES or partial/slant/near/off rhymes: words which do not quite rhyme so produce a sense of discordance—“soul” and “wall”; g. HALF-RHYMES: repetition of the same consonant sound before and after different vowels—“groaned” and “groined”.The conventional method of referring to the rhyme scheme of a poem is to work through the alphabet, assigning the same letter to the lines that rhyme. BLANK VERSE: unrhymed poetry, but a much disciplined verse form in that each line is iambic pentameter. FREE VERSE: poetry written in irregular lines and without any regular meter. STANZA: a verse paragraph or a group of verse lines with a rhyme scheme, such as a COUPLET(two lines), TRIPLET/terza rima(three lines), QUATRAIN/BALLAD STANZA(four lines), SESTET (sis lines), OCTAVE http://www.wenkuxiazai.com/doc/e6fa4fc62e3f5727a4e96253.htmllines), (eight SPENSERIAN STANZA(nine lines), SONNET (fourteen lines). SONNET: a poem of 14 lines with a fixed form. In PETRARCHEN (Italian) sonnet the first eight lines (the octave) have a rhyme scheme of abbaabba and the next six lines (the 文库下载 免费文档下载 http://www.wenkuxiazai.com/ sestet) rhyme cdecde. The SHAKESPEAREAN sonnet consists of three quatrains and a couplet and is in iambic pentameter. The rhymes are abab cdcd efef gg. Ⅲ. Diction of poetry CONNOTATION: the associations implied, rather than defined, by a particular word or expression DENOTATION: the specific, literal meaning of a word or expression, as opposed to its implied suggestions or associations. ARCHAISM: the used of old words in poetry, which are not found in everyday speech or prose. REFRAIN: a word, phrase, line, or group of lines repeated regularly in a poem, usually at the end of each stanza. ELISION: leaving out a vowel or a syhttp://www.wenkuxiazai.com/doc/e6fa4fc62e3f5727a4e96253.htmlllable, or running two vowels together, to make the correct meter in a line of verse. ELLIPSIS; leaving out words which give the full sense, e.g. “in wit [he was] a man, [in] simplicity [he was] a child”. Ⅳ. Rhetorical devices ALLITERATION: repetition of the same letter (or, more precisely, sound) at the beginning of two or more words in a line of poetry, e.g. “five miles meandering with 文库下载 免费文档下载 http://www.wenkuxiazai.com/ a mazy motion” (Coleridge: Kubla Khan) ASSONANCE: repetition of the same vowel sound in two or more words in a line of poetry e.g. pale/brave. ONOMATOPOEIA: using the sounds of words, in poetry, to make the sound of what is being described CACOPHONY: in poetry, the use of sounds which seem to the reader harsh, unharmonious, and dissonant. EUPHONY: the use of sounds in poetry which are musical and pleasing to the reader. SIMILE: a way of describing something by saying that it is likhttp://www.wenkuxiazai.com/doc/e6fa4fc62e3f5727a4e96253.htmle something else, using the word “like” or “as”. METAPHOR: a way of describing something by saying that it is like sth else, without using the words “like” or “as”. PERSONIFICATION: a figure of speech in which sth inhuman is given human qualities. ANALOGY: a comparison made between two things to show the similarities between them. It is often for illustration or for argument. METONYMY: a figure of speech in which sth very closely associated with a thing is used to stand for to suggest the thing itself. “Three sails came into the harbor” is an example of metonymy. SYNECDOCHE: a figure of speech that uses a part of sth to signify the whole thing. An example is T. S. Eliot’s use of “feet” and “hands” to stand for “people” in the poem “Preludes”. 文库下载 免费文档下载 http://www.wenkuxiazai.com/ PARADOX: a statement that reveals a kind of truth, although it seems at first to be untrue and self-contradictory. OXYMORON:http://www.wenkuxiazai.com/doc/e6fa4fc62e3f5727a4e96253.html a figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory ideas or terms. It suggests a paradox, but does so very briefly, usually in two or three words, such as “living dead”, “dear enemy”, “sweet sorrow” and “wise fool’. SYMBOL: any object, person, place, or action that has meaning in itself and that also stands for sth larger than itself, such as a quality, an attitude, a belief, or a value, e.g. a rose is often a symbol of love and beauty; spring and winter often symbolizes youth and old age. IMAGE: a word or phrase that creates pictures in the reader’s mind. Images are primarily visual and can appeal to other senses as well: touch, taste, smell, and hearing. Imagery means using images to produce an effect in the reader’s imagination. CONCEIT: a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. ALLUSION: a reference to a person, a place, an event, or a http://www.wenkuxiazai.com/doc/e6fa4fc62e3f5727a4e96253.htmlliterary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to. 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