Download A comparative study of different effluence effects on the physico

A comparative study of different effluence effects on the physico-chemical water
assessment on two different industrial plantations
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the study
The sea, as humans know it is a body which composes most of our planet, it is a great source for
livelihood, creatures live in the sea as their home, such as fishes, corals, etc. The sea serves as a
great help for humans. Build plantations located at bay for an easy transportation of products, for
easy waste management and others.
Plantations as said use the sea for many purposes, such as using it for easy waste management,
releasing wastes to the sea would mean harm for the sea environment this would mean only one
thing, destruction of animals living under water, the destruction of the ocean biodiversity can
cause a great chain of reaction to us humans.
There are two major plantations in Iligan City that we are to compare, Global Steel Philippines
Incorporated and Iligan Cement Plantation, they are situated near the sea, and they would
probably throw their waste products at the sea. Different effects of the said effluence will be
monitored and be compared, so that we will know which of the two plantations will be
destroying and contaminating a greater proportion of the seawater in terms of its physicochemical properties
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B. Statement of the problem
Main Problem: Is there a significant difference of the physico-chemical properties of seawater
samples
taken near Global Steel Philippines and Iligan Cement Corporation?
Sub-Problems:
Is there any significant difference in the turbidity of seawater at varying distances from
GSPI and ICC?
Is there a significant difference in the ORP of seawater samples taken at varying distance
from GSPI and ICC?
Is there a significant difference in the pH of seawater samples taken at varying distance
from
GSPI and ICC?
C. Hypothesis:
Main Problem: Iligan Cement Corporation gives off a great deal of water pollution.
Sub Problems: There is no significant difference in the water sample’s physico-chemical
properties.
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C. Objectives of the study
1.
This study aims to determine which of the two major plantations (the Iligan Cement
Corporation and Global Steel Corporation) will cause a great amount of pollution to the sea
2.
To inform people and authorities to treat their waste properly.
D. Significance of the study
This study aims to inform people that two of the major plantations here in Iligan City may cause
great destruction to our sea and to the animals living under water, maybe in the future this sea
water will never be useful for us humans.
E. Scope and Limitation
This study aims to determine the waste effects on the sea water being used by the two
plantations, effects on its physico-chemical qualities (Turbidity, ORP, and pH).
To measure its physico-chemical properties we will be using these instruments:
●
The secchi disk to measure the turbidity level on both bays.
●
ORP meter to measure the water sample’s oxidation reduction potential.
●
pH meter to measure the water sample’s acidity.
Global Steel Philippines is located at Tominobo, Iligan City.
ICC is located at Dalipuga, Iligan City.
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G. Definition of terms
ORP - Oxidation reduction potential, the tendency of a chemical species to acquire electrons and
thereby be reduced.
pH - A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, numerically equal to 7 for neutral
solutions, increasing with increasing alkalinity and decreasing with increasing acidity. The pH
scale commonly in use ranges from 0 to 7
Physico-Chemical - Check qualities that are physical and chemical
Turbidity - Turbidity is cloudiness or opacity in the appearance of a liquid caused by solids,
particles and other pollutants. Turbidity measurement provides an indication of the clarity of
water and water quality.
Temperature-is a physical property of matter that quantitatively expresses the common notions
of hot and cold. Objects of low temperature are cold, while various degrees of higher
temperatures are referred to as warm or hot.
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The sea generally refers to a large body of salt water, but the term is used in other contexts as
well. Most commonly, it refers to a large expanse of saline water connected with an ocean, It is
also used sometimes to describe a large saline lake that lacks a natural outlet.
Oceans and seas cover over 70 per cent of the Earth's surface. They have a large influence on
global heat transport and precipitation (climate and weather patterns). They provide a large
proportion of the oxygen we breathe and are a major source of biodiversity and natural resources.
The world's ocean covers about 70% of the Earth's surface. It is use to produce
us many things. It is more than a place to swimming, sailing and other
recreation. The ocean serves as a source of energy, raw materials and most of
all food like fish and seaweed. The sea has is important to all living things on this earth, humans
are widely dependent to the sea, we take natural and unnatural resources from the sea, It greatly
contributes to the formation of our economy, humans use the sea, for many reasons:
○
For Food
○
For Energy (OIL), Electricity
○
For Transportation
○
For Plantations
The sea is the most obvious feature of the earth's surface. Approximately seventy percent of this
surface is covered by water, in one way or another. Beneath this water are the familiar sands of
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the beaches, bottoms of bays, and the inshore ocean.
Farther offshore this water covers an
amazing
submarine topography of underwater canyons, trenches, mountains, and plains. Unlike the
continents, which are physically separated from one another, the oceans are continuous and
interconnected. Since the "world ocean is continuous"(M.J. Keen) it has similar characteristics
throughout. In the early 1870s oceanographers collected seawater samples from all of the seas of
the world at a variety of depths. When analyzed, the samples were found to have quite similar
characteristics. These findings convinced many that a method of study was needed. The study
of oceans was named oceanography. Density, salinity, and temperature are very important
concepts in the study of oceanography. The salinity and temperature of the water influence its
density, and the differences in density are the major factor in understanding the formation of
currents and the positions of water masses in the sea. In addition, temperature and salinity play
major roles in influencing the distribution of plants and animals. The sediments of the sea floor
may be divided into lithogenous, hydrogenous, biogenous, and cosmogenous sediments.
Lithogenous sediments are the major sediments on the ocean floor.They are derived from the
chemical and mechanical weathering of rocks. Biogenous sediments are composed primarily of
the protective outter covering of small marine animals and plants. If these remains comprise at
least thirty percent of the sediment it is called an "ooze". "Oozes" were named for the types of
organisms that formed them.
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As said before, humans are widely dependent to the sea resources, one of the largest resource in
the ocean is food. There are two different kinds of food in the ocean, such as marine plants and
marine animals. These two kinds of resources are reborn resources and it will never be end. For
marine plants we have the alga's family, like seaweed. During ebb tide, you can find the seaweed
between rocks. For the marine animals we have fish and shrimp and clams and many others that
are suitable for eating.
Edible seaweeds are also seafood, and are widely eaten around the world, especially in Asia. See
the category of sea vegetables.
The harvesting of wild seafood is known as fishing and the cultivation and farming of seafood is
known as aquaculture, mariculture, or in the case of fish, fish farming. Seafood is often
distinguished from meat, although it is still animal and is excluded in a strict vegetarian diet.
Seafood is an important source of protein in many diets around the world, especially in coastal
areas.
Ocean fishing accounts for 80% of the world fish catch. The other 20% comes from inland
fishing (5%) and aquaculture (15%). 95% of all ocean catches occurs in coastal waters. 1/4 to 1/3
of the world's ocean fish catch is used to feed animals.
The oceans have been fished for thousands of years and are an integral part of human society.
Fish have been important to the world economy for all of these years, starting with the Viking
trade of cod and then continuing with fisheries like those found in Lofoten, Europe, Italy,
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Portugal, Spain and India. Fisheries of today provide about 16% of the total world's protein
with higher percentages occurring in developing nations. Fisheries are still enormously
important to the economy and well being of communities. The word fisheries refers to all of
the fishing activities in the ocean, whether they are to
obtain fish for the commercial fishing
industry, for recreation or to obtain ornamental fish or fish oil. Fishing activities resulting in
fish not used for consumption are called industrial fisheries. Fisheries are usually designated
to certain ecoregions like the salmon fishery in Alaska, the Eastern Pacific tuna fishery or the
Lofoten island cod fishery. Due to the relative abundance of fish on the continental shelf,
fisheries are usually marine and not freshwater.
Although a world total of 86 million tons of fish were captured in 2000, China's fisheries
were the most productive, capturing a whopping one third of the total. Other countries
producing the most fish are Peru, Japan, the United States, Chile, Indonesia, Russia, India,
Thailand, Norway and Iceland- with Peru being the most and Iceland being the least. The
number of fish caught varies with the years, but appears to have leveled off at around 88
million tons per year possibly due to overfishing, economics and management practices.
We are not dependent only to Marine animals, but also we are dependent to Marine plants,
they can be a good source of food.
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Humans use the sea for transportation such as using it as waterways
The sea transport has been the largest carrier of freight throughout recorded history. Although
the importance of sea travel for passengers has decreased due to aviation, it is effective for
short trips and pleasure cruises. Transport by water is cheaper than transport by air. Ship
transport can be over any distance by boat, ship, sailboat or barge, over oceans and lakes,
through canals or along rivers. Shipping may be for commerce, recreation or the military.
Virtually any material that can be moved, can be moved by water, however water transport
becomes impractical when material delivery is highly time-critical. "General cargo" is goods
packaged in boxes, cases, pallets, and barrels
Historically, societies have always located near water, due partly to the fact that water enables
more efficient travel compared to going over land. Waterways are critically important to the
transportation of people and goods throughout the world. The complex network of connections
between coastal ports, inland ports, rail, air, and truck routes forms a foundation of material
economic wealth worldwide.
Industries in the Water Transportation subsector provide water transportation of passengers and
cargo using water craft, such as ships, barges, and boats.
The use of these transportation is commonly used as
■Trading
■Traveling
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Traders would choose trading through the use of cargo ships,advantages such as
●
you can ship large volumes at low costs - a freight forwarder can consolidate
consignments to reduce costs
●
shipping containers can also be used for further transportation by road or rail
●
Cheapest traffic means
●
Most important in security of nation
●
Plays important role in international trade.
●
Possesses high load carrying capacity.
●
Requires cheap motor powers than for airplanes.
●
Does not require any special infrastructure like roads, and airports
The Sea can be used as a source of energy by using it as a source of electricity
Wave power is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves, and the capture of that energy to
do useful work — for example, electricity generation, water desalination, or the pumping of
water (into reservoirs). Machinery able to exploit wave power is generally known as a wave
energy converter (WEC).
Waves are generated by wind passing over the surface of the sea. As long as the waves propagate
slower than the wind speed just above the waves, there is an energy transfer from the wind to the
waves. Both air pressure differences between the upwind and the lee side of a wave crest, as well
as friction on the water surface by the wind, making the water to go into the shear stress causes
the growth of the waves.
Where the shoreline has suitable topography, cliff-mounted oscillating water column (OWC)
generators can be installed. OWC systems have a number of advantages over the Clam and the
Duck, not the least of which is the fact that generators and all cabling are shore-based, making
maintenance much cheaper.
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The OWC works on a simple principle. As an incoming wave causes the water level in the unit's
main chamber to rise (see diagram), air is forced up a funnel which houses a Well's counterrotating turbine. As the wave retreats, air is sucked down into the main chamber again. The
Well's turbine has been developed to spin in the same direction, whichever way air is flowing, in
order to maximise efficiency. Although most previous OWC systems have had vertical water
columns, that in LIMPET is angled at 45° - which wave tank test show to be more efficient.
OWC schematic
OWC machines have already been tested at a number of sites, including Japan and Norway. A
commercial-scale (500 kW) installation is due to be commissioned on the Scottish Island of Islay
in
September 2000. The Islay OWC (known as LIMPET) is a joint venture between Queens
University, WAVEGEN, Instituto Superior Técnico (Portugal), the European Union and Charles
Brand Engineering. It is the direct successor of an experimental 75 kW turbine (built by
researchers from the Queen's University of Belfast) which operated on the island between 1991
and 1999. Another LIMPET is currently being developed (at pilot-plant scale) on the Azores.
(Fujita,1989)
Another Source of energy from the sea is petroleum
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Petroleum (literally, "rock oil") is a substance that has formed beneath the surface of the Earth
over eons. The remains of ancient plants and animals have been buried and compressed beneath
thousands of feet of sand, mud, and rock. The organic materials, under certain geological
conditions, have been transformed by overburden pressure and subsurface heat into hydrocarbon
compounds, such as crude oil and natural gas.
Petroleum substances have been discovered and used as fuels for many centuries, originally at
the sites of natural seeps and leaks from fissures in the Earth's surface. In the modern era,
petroleum resources are sought and exploited from locations that are more difficult and
hazardous, including offshore. The petroleum deposits discovered in offshore areas contain the
same kind of hydrocarbon substances as those found onshore. For example, a form of natural gas
called gas hydrate is available both onshore and offshore, but offshore resources are particularly
of interest because of their volume and potential for future large-scale development.
The reason offshore petroleum exploration and development are so prominent in this century is
that many onshore petroleum resources have either been exhausted, are not economically
producible, or are unable to be fully developed because of restrictions of national ownership or
geopolitical problems. The expansion of resource development offshore is inevitable because of
the growing demand for petroleum and petroleum products.
Petroleum products are used for the use of transportation, and for industrial plants.
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In addition to the normal human requirement for water, especially drinking water supplies, a high
demand on water resources is also made by industry.
The unique properties of water make it ideal for use in industry, two of its most common
applications being:
●
As a transporter of energy, for example: in steam raising plant, cooling systems and
heating circuits.
●
As an integral part of a process, for example: in brewing and soft drinks manufacture,
chemicals production and the food industry, and materials industry
Industrial Plantations are common on cities, without these industrial plantations, there would be
less income in the city, In Iligan City we have two industrial plants which produces different
products one is Steel and the other one is Cement, these products are formed on two different
plants namely: Global Steel Philippines Incorporated (formerly NSC) and the other one is, Iligan
Cement Corporation,
These Industrial Plants are located on different shorelines, GSPI is located at Brgy, Fuentes
shoreline and ICC is located at Brgy. Dalipuga shoreline, they use the sea, as said before, for the
trade and transportation of products and as waste management,
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ICC is one of the top ten cement manufacturers in the Philippines. Established on February 19,
1971, ICC Cement plant is the 16th cement processing plant to be established in the country and
the only cement plant with an automated loading system for bulk and clinker exports. ICC
manufactures two types of cement: Premium and Rockland Pozzolana. Its products are sold to
both foreign and domestic markets. The products are distributed all over the land with Market
Developers, Inc. (MADE) facilitating distribution. Premium cement enjoys a stronghold in the
markets of Indonesia, Bangladesh, Australia, Malaysia and other Middle East and South East
Asian countries.
(Google Maps, ICC)
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GSPI
National Steel Corporation was under the Office of the Liquidator from 1999 (officially
beginning 2000) to 2004. It was acquired by Global Steel Holdings, Ltd. [GSHL] of Pramod
Mittal's Ispat Group. Initially known as as Global Steelworks Infrastucture Inc. [GSII], then
SEC-registered on October 2005 as Global Steel Philippines [SPV-AMC], Inc. Pramod Mittal is
the younger brother of Lakshmi Mittal, the owner of the biggest steelmakers in the world under
the name, Mittal Steel
(Google Maps, Global Steel Philippine Incorporated)
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Global Steel is the leading and the biggest manufacturing plant producing steel products like
CRC (Cold Rolled Coil) , HRC (Hot Rolled Coil) , Tin Coil (in process) in the the Philippines.
Cold rolled coil known as white steel is a type of steel product manufactured from the cold
rolling process. These white steels have significantly different types of characteristic compared
to the black steels or hot rolled coils. Cold rolled coils have better surface quality, thinner and
with more precise size, and also have good mechanical property and excellent formability.
Steel in this category is generally used in the formation process of for this material has better
formability, weldability, and roughness quality. These white steels are also used for applications
in the galvanizing (zinc-coating) and enamelware (porcelain-coating) industry, and are used as
basic material for making tin mill-black plate food cans in the food and beverage industry. For
annealed sheet, the thickness range of the company manufactured white steel is 0.20 to 3.00 mm,
while for unannealed sheet (in the form of coil) the maximum thickness is 2.00 mm.
(Cold Rolled Coil)
(Hot Rolled Coil)
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Cold rolling is a metal working process in which metal is deformed by passing it through rollers
at a temperature below its recrystallization temperature. Cold rolling increases the yield strength
and hardness of a metal by introducing defects into the metal's crystal structure. These defects
prevent further slip and can reduce the grain size of the metal, resulting in Hall-Petch hardening.
Hot rolling:
The metallurgical process of Hot rolling, used mainly to produce sheet metal or simple cross
sections from billets describes the method of when industrial metal is passed or deformed
between a set of work rolls and the temperature of the metal is generally above its
recrystallization temperature, as opposed to cold rolling, which takes place below this
temperature.
Hot rolling permits large deformations of the metal to be achieved with a low number of rolling
cycles.
Because the metal is worked before crystal structures have formed, this process does not itself
affect its microstructural properties. Hot rolling is primarily concerned with manipulating
material shape and geometry rather than mechanical properties. This is achieved by heating a
component or material to its upper critical temperature and then applying controlled load which
forms the material to a desired specification or size.
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ICC manufactures two types of cement: Premium and Rockland Pozzolana.
The Portland Pozzolana Cement is a kind of Blended Cement which is produced by either
intergrinding of OPC clinker along with gypsum and pozzolanic materials in certain proportions
or grinding the OPC clinker, gypsum and Pozzolanic materials separately and thoroughly
blending them in certain proportions.
Pozzolana is a natural or artificial material containing silica in a reactive form. It may be further
discussed as siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material which in itself possesses little, or no
cementitious
properties but will in finely divided form and in the presence of moisture, chemically react with
calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperature to form compounds possessing cementitious
properties. It is essential that pozzolana be in a finely divided state as it is only then that silica
can combine with calcium hydroxide (liberated by the hydrating Portland Cement) in the
presence of water to form stable calcium silicates which have cementitious properties. The
pozzolanic materials commonly used are:
●
Volcanic ash
●
Calcined clay
●
Fly ash
●
lica fumes
OPC is environment friendly as well as economical, Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC-53, OPC43, OPC-33), OPC-43 GRADE, The 43 grade OPC is the most popular general-purpose cement
in the country today. The production of 43 grade OPC is nearly 50% of the total production of
cement in the country. The 43 grade OPC can be used for following applications:
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●
General Civil Engineering construction work
●
RCC works(preferably where grade of concrete is up to M-30)
●
Pre-cast items such as blocks, tiles, pipes etc
●
Asbestos products such as sheets and pipes
●
Non-structural works such as plastering, flooring etc.
If plantations have products which came from raw materials there should be a waste product,
Steel Plantations usually creates their products with the use of iron ore and carbon as raw
materials,
On the other hand Cement Factories use calcium carbonate: CaCO3 to produce cement,
Plantations have their own waste treatment, although 70% of the waste products are treated 30%
aren’t, after treating the waste they would throw it to the sea. The treated waste is not 100%
treated, it would cause pollution to the sea, Third world countries are one of the great
contributors of pollution to the sea environment, Third World struggle with population growth,
poverty, famines, and wars, their residents are discovering the environmental effects of these
problems, in the form of increasing air, water, and land pollution. Pollution is almost unchecked
in many developing nations, where Western nations dump toxic wastes and untreated sewage
flows into rivers. Many times, the choice for Third World governments is between poverty or
poison, and basic human needs like food, clothing, and shelter take precedence.
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some of the treated waste thrown on the sea would carry toxic wastes, Toxic wastes are
poisonous materials that are being dumped into the ocean. They harm many plants and animals
in the ocean and have a huge impact on our health. Toxic waste is the most harmful form of
pollution to sea life and humans. When toxic waste harms an organism, it can quickly be passed
along the food chain and may eventually end up being our seafood. In the food chain, one toxic
organism gets eaten by another, larger animal, which gets eaten by another animal, and can end
up being our seafood. Toxic waste gets into seas and oceans by the leaking of landfills, dumps,
mines, and farms. Farm chemicals and heavy metals from factories can have a very harmful
effect on marine life and humans.
Many fishermen believe that the toxic chemicals in the ocean are killing much of the fish
population. One of the most harmful chemicals in the ocean is lead. Lead can cause many health
problems. It can damage the brain, kidneys, and reproductive system. Lead can also cause birth
defects for people. It has been shown to cause low IQ scores, slow growth, and hearing problems
for small children. House and car paint and manufacturing lead batteries, fishing lures, certain
parts of bullets, some ceramic ware, water pipes, and fixtures all give off lead.
Many things found in the ocean may cause seafood to be dangerous to human health. The effect
on humans from contaminated seafood may include birth defects and nervous system damage.
Medical waste found in the ocean is being tested to see if swimmers have a chance of developing
Hepatitis or AIDS.
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Other waste has been known to cause viral and bacterial diseases. This type of pollution can be
stopped by watching what pollution we are letting into the ocean. People are trying to decrease
the amount of waste in the oceans by recycling as much garbage as they can so there is a smaller
amount of very harmful materials in the ocean.
Pollution can be determined by examining the sea water’s qualities, we may examining it by
checking out it’s Physical and Chemical Qualities, also known as Physico-Chemical Qualities.
Such as:
●
Turbidity
●
Temperature
●
Orp
●
pH
These qualities can be examined by simple materials and devices, these qualities are basic
qualities that can help in determining the sea water’s pollution rate.
Turbidity Testing Procedures: Secchi Disk
1. Lower the Secchi disk from a bridge, boat, or dock into the water until it disappears. It is
important that the disk travels vertically through the water and is not "swung out" by the
river current. Note the number of feet/inches on the chain or rope.
2. Drop the disk even further (until it disappears) and then raise it until you can see the disk
again, Note the number of feet/inches on the chain.
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3. Add the results of step I and step 2 and divide by two. This is your turbidity level using
the Secchi disk.
in testing the water’s turbidity you may need a Turbidimeter, or a more simpler one using a
Secchi Disk
1. Make a simple contraption from
wood to hold the disk while scoring the
paper. Upper hinged board serves as a
knife guide. Bottom board has a dowel
to center the disk and a mark for lining
up first score mark.
2 After scoring paper, peel paper from
opposing quadrants.
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3 Rough up exposed acrylic with fine
sandpaper and warm disk under bright
lights. While disk is still warm, paint
quadrants with flat black enamel paint.
After second coat, peel off masking. Paint
takes about 2 weeks to fully harden; if disk
is used during the hardening period, treat it
gently to prevent chipping.
4 To weight disk, use 1/4" steel cut to 5" x
5", with hole drilled in center (order from
welding supply house). Paint steel plate to
prevent rusting. locking washer
5
Assemble
disks
with
eyebolt
(5/16"diameter). Use flat washers between
disk and nut, and between steel plate and
locking washer. Use 5/16" nuts at top of
eyebolt, and to bolt steel plate onto disk.
(Source:http://www.secchidipin.org/makedisk.htm)
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To measure the water’s OXIDATION REDUCTION POTENTIAL is to use an ORP METER
Chemical substances tend to get oxidized or reduced by addition or depletion of electrons when
they come in contact with reactive substances or in a specific environment. This is a chemical
process which changes the physical and chemical properties of substances. Different species of
chemical substances have different oxidation and chemical potentials which is measured by
using an ORP meter. At times it may be difficult to pronounce the whole term oxidation
reduction potential meter, hence to make it simple the acronym ORP meter is used.
The acronym ORP is used for the term oxidation reduction potential. The Oxidation reduction
potential is the ability of the chemical species to understand the affinity of the species towards
the electrons or the tendency towards losing the electrons and this can be measured by using
ORP meter. An ORP meter can also have widespread applications. One can use ORP meter to
test the quality of water and to know the
oxidation or reduction potential. Water is usually considered as a neutral agent. However due to
presence of different types of substances in water the source may behave like an acidic or basic
agent. To neutralize it to meet the requirement and use it properly an ORP meter can be used to
know more about the status of the water and necessary steps can be taken to make a difference.
ORP meter has wide spread use at places which use water for various purposes. Water may be
used for drinking water, industrial applications, aquaculture and many more. By using the ORP
meter the oxidization contaminants can be determined in a particular place. Let’s discuss about
the parts of an ORP meter.
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An ORP meter has probes and connected to a millivolt meter to measure the oxidation or
reduction
potential. The reference electrode is constructed from silver and is connected to measuring
electrode made of platinum band. The ORP meter is instrumental in finding out the fluoride
content in drinking water and using this safety can be measured before water can be used for any
purpose. The modern ORP meter seems to have only one probe because both the electrodes are
integrated with each other. Hanna Instruments is a renowned producer and manufacturer of
electro analytical instruments including ORP meter. The ORP meter uses ph analyzer yo give an
idea about the acidity or the alkalinity of water.
To measure the water’s pH is to use the ORP meter’s built in pH analyzer,
In chemistry, pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. Pure water is said
to be neutral, with a pH close to 7.0 at 25 °C (77 °F). Solutions with a pH less than 7 are said to
be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic or alkaline. pH measurements are
important in medicine, biology, chemistry, agriculture, forestry, food science, environmental
science, oceanography, civil engineering and many other applications.
Pure (neutral) water has a pH around 7 at 25 °C (77 °F); this value varies with temperature.
When an acid is dissolved in water, the pH will be less than 7 (if at 25 °C (77 °F)). When a base,
oralkali, is dissolved in water, the pH will be greater than 7 (if at 25 °C (77 °F)). A solution of a
strong acid, such as hydrochloric acid, at concentration 1 mol/L has a pH of 0. A solution of a
strong alkali, such as sodium hydroxide, at
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concentration 1 mol/L, has a pH of 14. Thus, measured pH values will lie mostly in the range 0
to 14. Since pH is a logarithmic scale, a difference of one pH unit is equivalent to a tenfold
difference in hydrogen ion concentration.
Because the glass electrode (and other ion selective electrodes) responds to activity, the electrode
should be calibrated in a medium similar to the one being investigated. For instance, if one
wishes to measure the pH of a seawater sample, the electrode should be calibrated in a solution
resembling seawater in its chemical composition, as detailed below.
An approximate measure of pH may be obtained by using a pH indicator. A pH indicator is a
substance that changes color around a particular pH value. It is a weak acid or weak base and the
color change occurs around 1 pH unit either side of its acid dissociation constant, or pKa, value.
For example, the naturally occurring indicator litmus is red in acidic solutions (pH<7 at 25 °C(77
°F)) and blue in alkaline (pH>7 at 25 °C (77 °F)) solutions. Universal indicator consists of a
mixture of indicators such that there is a continuous color change from about pH 2 to pH 10.
Universal indicator paper is simple paper that has been impregnated with universal indicator.
Sea surface temperature (SST) is the water temperature close to theoceans surface. The exact
meaning of surface varies according to the measurement method used, but it is between 1
millimetre (0.04 in) and 20 metres (70 ft) below the sea surface. Air masses in the Earth's
atmosphereare highly modified by sea surface temperatures within a short distance of the shore.
Localized areas of heavy snow can form in bands downwind of warm water bodies within an
otherwise cold air mass. Warm sea surface temperatures are known to be a cause of tropical
cyclogenesis over the Earth's oceans. Tropical cyclones can also cause a cool wake, due to
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turbulent mixing of the upper 30 metres (100 ft) of the ocean. SST changes diurnally, like the air
above it, but to a lesser degree due to its higherspecific heat. There is less SST variation on
breezy days than on calm days. In addition, ocean currents and the
global thermohaline circulation affect average SST significantly throughout most of the world's
oceans. For SSTs near the fringe of a landmass, offshore winds cause upwelling, which can
cause significant cooling, but shallower waters over a continental shelfare often warmer.
Onshore winds can cause a considerable warm-up even in areas where upwelling is fairly
constant, such as the northwest coast of South America. Its values are important
within numerical weather prediction as the SST influences the atmosphere above, such as in the
formation of sea breezes and sea fog. It is also used to calibrate measurements from weather
satellites.
Chapter 3
Methodology
The study deal with the comparison of water qualities of the Global Steel and Iligan City
Cement. To be able to determine the water quality, three methods are used namely the secchi
disk test for the turbidity of water, potential hydrogen(pH) test for acidity determination and
oxidation reduction potential (ORP)test. Assessment was divided into two categories the physical
and chemical attributes of water. The physical attributes measured was turbidity only. The
chemical attribute measured were pH and ORP.
Materials:
Equipment:
20 pcs container
pH/ORP meter
Meter Stick
200 mL in each water samples
20cm square piece of plywood
Washers
Knot
Drill
Black and White paint
Cooler
General Procedure
Probe and Meter
1.
Calibrate the probe and meter according to the manufacturer’s directions. Use of two
buffers (pH 7 and 10) for calibration is recommended.
2.
Sample water can be collected in any glass or plastic container. Collect enough
sample water so that you can submerge the tip of the probe. Rinse the probe with sample
water before placing it in the sample.
3.
Place the probe in the sample and wait for the meter to equilibrate. If the meter
needs to be manually adjusted to correct for temperature – you’ll know it does if it has an
extra temperature knob – adjust it to the temperature of the sample before allowing it to
equilibrate. The meter will have come to equilibrium when the signal becomes steady. If it is
taking a long time to equilibrate, you may try gently stirring the probe. However, do not
agitate the sample since this may cause changes in the pH.
4.
Read the pH directly from the meter according to the manufacturer’s directions.
HOW TO MAKE A SECCHI DISK
1. Divide the 20 cm acrylic disk into quadrants using masking tape. Spray paint alternating
quadrants black and white, so that you have a disk that is similar to that pictured below.
Let the paint dry. Apply a second coat of paint if necessary.
2 . Drill a hole of 3/8’ through the center of the
acrylic disk and the galvanized steel disk.
3. Assemble disks with eyebolt (5/16” in
diameter). Use flat washers between disk and
nut, and between steel plate and locking washer.
Use 5/16” nuts at the top of the eyebolt and to
bolt the steel plate on the underside of the
acrylic disk.
4.
Attach a brass chain or rope calibrated by 0.5
meter increments to the secchi-disk to use in the
lake.
(Note: If rope is used, avoid using cotton rope or clothesline since it stretches when it is
wet. Use non-stretching white plastic coated wire-core clothesline. Make sure to bend
and straighten the line before you buy it to make sure that it will lie straight. Calibrate
the rope at 0.5 meter increments using permanent pen, or by tying knots at each 0.5
ORP
ORP probe is really a millivolt meter, measuring the voltage across a circuit formed by a
reference electrode constructed of silver wire (in effect, the negative pole of the circuit), and a
measuring electrode constructed of a platinum band (the positive pole), with the pool water in
between.
The reference electrode, usually made of silver, is surrounded by salt (electrolyte) solution that
produces another tiny voltage. But the voltage produced by the reference electrode is constant
and stable, so it forms a reference against which the voltage generated by the platinum measuring
electrode and the oxidizers in the water may be compared.
The difference in voltage between the two electrodes is what is actually measured by the meter.
Modern ORP electrodes are almost always combination electrodes, that is both electrodes are
housed in one body - so it appears that it is just one "probe."
Incidentally, the meter circuitry itself must have very high impedance (resistance) in order to
measure the very tiny voltages generated by the circuit.
Flow chart
IDS
Turbidity
Global Steel
ICC
Turbidity
60 bottles(350) for water
sample
IDS
30 bottles for water
sample (Global Steel)
ORP
pH
30 bottles of water
sample (ICC)
ORP
pH