Download What was learned: -Homeostasis

What was learned:
-Homeostasis
-Osmoregulation
-Thermoregulation
-Excretory system
I
Homeostasis:
-Define the following:
1)
Homeostasis the natural ability of the body to maintain it’s normal
environment
2)
Thermoregulation- regulation of the body’s temp
3)
Osmoregulation- controlled movement of solutes btwn internal
fluids and the external enviro
4)
Excretion- getting rid of wastes
Regulator/Conformers
-Match the following:
1)
regulator
2)
conformer
3)
budgets
b
c
A)
B)
a
C)
energy expenses, gains or losses
uses mechanisms of homeostasis to
moderate internal change in the face
of external fluctuation.
condition with in the body,
conforming to external changes.
Systems
1)
Any homeostatic control system has 3 functional components: a
_receptor__, a ___integrator (control center)__, and an ___effector_
2)
The __receptor__ detects a change in some variable in the internal
environment.
3)
The ___control center_ (integrator) processes information it receives
and directs an appropriate response, the _effector__.
4)
In a _negative_ feedback system the change in the variable (stimulus)
triggers the control to stop, diminish, or reverse the stimulus
5)
In a __positive__ feedback system, the stimulus is enhanced by the
feedback mechanism
6)
In the body, most feedback mechanisms are _negative_ feedback
systems.
7)
For every 10*C _increase__ in _T___, the rate of enzyme-mediated
reactions increases 2/3__ fold, AKA the __Q10_ effect.
Matching:
1)
decreased glucose causes
A)
negative feedback
increased glycolysis a
B)
positive feedback
2)
increased pressure on the
cervix releases oxytocin, inducing
labor b
3)
decreased body temperature causes
an increase in TSH (thyroid stimulating
hormone) production a
4)
II
food poisoning causes you to feel sick,
causing you to vomit b
Thermoregulation
Matching
1.
Direct transfer of thermal
A)
motion between molecules in
direct contact with each other c
B)
2.
Emission of electromagnetic
waves by all objects warmer
C)
than absolute zero a
3.
Transfer of heat by movement of
D)
air/liquid past a surface b
4.
Removal of heat from the surface
of a liquid that loses some molecules
as gas. d
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
radiation
convection
conduction
evaporation
2.
3.
4.
Heat goes from higher to lower
temperature d
sun
c
surface area heat loss a
cooling effect b
A)
B)
C)
D)
convection
evaporation
radiation
conduction
1.
2.
3.
4.
“sun bathing” b
wind chill
c
lizard and its rock
a
“not the heat, the humidity” d
A)
B)
C)
D)
conduction
radiation
convection
evaporation
What is more effective in heat conduction, water or air?
water
An ___ectotherm__ has such a __low__ metabolic rate that the
amount of heat that it generates is too small to have much effect on
its body temperature.
An __endotherm_’s high __metabolic__ rate generates enough
heat to keep its body temperature substantially warmer than the
environment.
Which depends on the surrounding environment for body
temperature? ectotherm
Which relies on its own metabolism for body temperature?
endotherm
6.
Which is energetically expensive?
endotherm
Matching
1.
endotherm
a,d
A)
mammal
B)
fish
C)
invertebrate
2.
ectotherm
b,c
D)
bird
Define:
1.
thermoregulation
2.
insulation
3.
vasodialation
4.
vasoconstriction
5.
counter-current heat exchange
6.
non-shivering thermogenesis
7.
brown fat
1.
Describe the process of counter-current heat exchange.
Circulatory adaptation that has a special arrangement of blood
vessels, that helps trap heat in the body core and is important in
reducing heat loss in many endotherms, usu found in the
extremities
2.
Where can does this occur, and in which species?
Extremities, birds, some mammals
3.
What are some other adaptations used to endure cold
environments?
NST, brown fat
4.
Terrestrial animals lose heat and water by what?
Sweating, panting
5.
Why is there heat loss? (from above)
evaporation
6.
Give some examples (from above, again.)
Humans sweat, dog panting, etc…
The following are behavioral responses for thermoregulation, determine
their validity.
1.
Lizard will lay on a heating rock for warmth
2.
Two women fight over a pool chair at the beach to
sunbathe.
3.
Birds will stand on one leg to cool off
4.
Dogs will pant in the summer heat.
5.
Nematodes will sweat in the summer heat.
6.
Bats will undergo hibernation and freeze solid in the
winter.
Define:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2.
acclimatization
cryoprotectants
heat shock proteins
torpor
hibernation
estivation
In which types of animals can torpor occur?
Small mammals, birds
In which types of animals can hibernation occur? Bird, mammals
3.
III
In which types of animals can shivering occur?
Birds, mammals
Osmoregulation
1.
What is osmoregulation?
See above
2.
What is osmosis?
Passive diffusion of water across a selectively permeable
membrane
3.
The ultimate goal of osmoregulation is to maintain the
_composition of the cytoplasm__.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
How is this accomplished?
Indirectly through regulation of the intersitial fluid
What function do transport epithelia serve?
Layers of specialized epithelial cells that regulate solute
movements
What are they in most animals?
Arranged into complex tubular networks with extensive surface
areas, e.g. salt glands of mairne birds
Protein breakdown and nucleic acids produce what?
ammonia
Why are large amounts of water required to excrete ammonia?
Very soluble, safe at low concentrations---poisonous at high
concent, so it must be diluted
How do some terrestrial animals deal with ammonia?
Conversion to something else, e.g. urea
How about birds, and in what physical state?
Uric acid, semisolid paste
Define:
1.
2.
-tonicity
-hypertonic
-hypotonic
-isotonic
-hyperosmotic
-hyposomotic
-isosmotic
-osmolarity
-osmolality
-.9% NaCl
Water enters and leaves cells by _osmosis_, the movement of
water across a _semi_ permeable membrane.
Osmosis occurs whenever two solutions separated by a membrane
differs in _osmotic_ pressure or _osmolarity__, moles of _solute
per __1 L of solution.
3.
III
Human blood is approximately _306_ ,osm/L, similar to
physiological saline, while seawater is approximately 1,000
mosm/L.
4.
Osmoregulators expend _energy_ to control their internal
_environment_; osmoconformers are isoosmotic_ with their
surroundings.
5.
What is an osmoregulator? One that spends energy to regulate it’s
osmotic environment
6.
What is an osmoconformer? One that conforms to the osmotic
pressure of the environment, no energy is spent
7.
_osmoregulators must expend energy to maintain osmotic
gradients via _osmosis_.
Excretory System
1.
Which system handles osmoregulation?
excretory
2.
What are the products of excretion?
urine
3.
First body fluid (_blood_, _coelomic fluid__, or _hemolymph_) is
collected. Second the composition of the collected fluid is
adjusted by __selective reabsorption_ or _secretion_ of the solutes.
4.
Kidneys are supported by the _renal artery_ and __renal vein_, and
receive _20%_ of the resting cardiac output.
5.
Urine exits the kidney through a duct called the ureter_, and both
utreters drain through a common _urinary bladder. During
urination, urine is expelled from the urinary bladder through a tube
called the _urethra__. _Sphincter muscles near the junction of the
urethra and bladder control urination.
6.
What are the two regions of the mammalian kidney?
Renal cortex and renal medulla
7.
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
nephron
8.
What composes the nephron?
Single long tubule and a ball of capillaries called the glomerulus,
blind end of the tubule forms a cup-shapped swelling called the
Bownam’s capsule which surrounds the glomerulus.
9.
What is the Bowman’s Capsule?
See above
10.
How does filtration occur?
Blood pressure forces fluid from the blood in the glomerulus into
the lumen of the Bowman’s capsule. The porous capillaries along
c specialized cells of the capsule (podocytes) are permeable to
water and small solutes, but not to blood cells or large molecules
(e.g. plasma prot) Filtration of small moleucels is nonselective and
the filtrate in the Bownam’s capsule contains salts, glu and
vitamins; nitrogeneous wastes such as urea, and others--- a mixture
that mirrors the concentrations of these substances in blood plasma
11.
What is podocyte?
See above
12.
What is found in the Bowman’s Capsule?
See above
Filatration
1.
Afferent arterioles bring blood to the _Bowman’s
Capsule/glomerulus_ where solutes from the blood exit the
blood vessels into the nephron.
2.
From the Bowman’s Capsule, filtrate goes through 3
regions of the nephron, the _proximal tubule__, the __loop
of Henle_, a hair-pin-like turn with both an ascending and
descending limb, and the _distal tubule___.
3.
The distal tubule empties into a _collecting duct_, which
receives processed filtrate from many nephrons.
4.
Then, all the collecting ducts empty into the _renal pelvis,
and is drained by the _ureter_. From here see Q#5 from
above.
Define
1.
cortical nephron
2.
juxtamedullary nephron
3.
afferent arteriole
4.
efferent arteriole
5.
peritubular capillaries
6.
vasa recta
7.
proximal tubule
1.
True/False: Nephrons and collecting ducts are lined by a
transport epithelium that process the filtrate to form urine.
2.
Tuer/Fleas: Important task of the nephron is to reabsorb
solutes
3.
Ture/Flase: Nephrons and collecting ducts reabsorb
nearly all sugar, vitamins, and other organic nutrients from
initial filtrate and 99% of the water that goes into filtration
4.
What does the proximal tubule do?
Secretion and reabsorption: synth and secrete
ammonia (neutralizes the acid and keeps the filtrate from
becoming too acidic), reabsorb above 90% bicarbonate, drugs and
other poisons that have been processed in the liver pass from the
peritubular capillaries into the interstial fluid, and then are secreted
across the epithelium of the proximal tubule into the lumen;
valuble nutriens are actively or passively transported from the
filtarte to the interstital fluid and then move into the peritubular
capillaries;
5.
What does the descending loop of Henle do?
Reaborsption of water continues, transport epithelium is freely
permeable to water but not very to salt and other small solutes,
interstitial fluid blathing the tubule must be hyperosmotic to the
filtrate, solute concentration increases
6.
What does the ascending loop of Henle do?
Permable to salt but not water: absorbs salt s giving up water
7.
Distal tubule?
Plays a key role in regulating K and NaCl concentration of body
fluids by varying the amount of K that is secreted into the filtrate; contributes to pH
regulations by the controlled secretion of H+ and the reabs of bicarbonate
8.
Collecting duct?
Carries the filtrate through the medulla to the renal pelvis; actively
reabsorbs NaCl, determining how much salt is actually exreted in
the urine
9.
What is the tonicity of urine?
Hyperosmotic---hypertonic
10.
Why does this occur?
See number 8
***REVIEW TONICITY, AND REMEMBER THAT IF SOMETHING IS
HYPOTONIC, IT DOESN’T NECESSARILY MEAN IT IS ALSO
HYPOSMOTIC.***